Musical Instruments [1908]

by Carl Engel

In the preparation of the revised edition of the late Dr. Engel’s handbook, first published in 1875, care has been taken to make as few alterations as possible and to express no views from which he might have dissented.

The greatly enlarged chapter relating to post-mediæval instruments has been chiefly compiled from Dr. Engel’s Descriptive Catalogue of the musical instruments in the Museum, published in 1874.

The pages relating to the Ancient Egyptians have been revised by Dr. W. M. Flinders Petrie, those dealing with the Greeks, Etruscans and Romans by Dr. Cecil H. Smith, and the description of Chinese and Japanese instruments by Dr. Stephen W. Bushell. The thanks of the Board are due to these gentlemen for their valuable co-operation.

CONTENTS.
Page
Note			[iii]
List of Contents			[v]
” ”  Illustrations			[vii]
Chapter	I.	—Introduction	[1]
”	II.	—Pre-Historic Relics and Ancient Egyptian	[9]
”	III.	—Assyrian and Hebrew	[16]
”	IV.	—Greek, Etruscan and Roman	[27]
”	V.	—Oriental	[37]
”	VI.	—American Indian	[58]
”	VII.	—European Instruments of the Middle Ages	[83]
”	VIII.	—European Instruments of the Middle Ages	[92]
”	IX.	—European Instruments of the Middle Ages	[99]
”	X.	—Post-Mediæval Instruments	[104]
Appendix			[135]
Index			[139]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
Fig.	Page.
1.—	Music, after an oil painting attributed to Melozzo da Forlì (1438-1494)	[Frontispiece]
2.—	Painted Wooden Harp. Ancient Egyptian. XVIIIth dynasty (B.C. 1450)	Facing	[10]
3.—	Bronze and Reed Flutes. Ancient Egyptian. B.C. 600, or later	Facing	[12]
4.—	Bronze Sistra. Ancient Egyptian. XXIInd-XXVIth dynasty (B.C. 1000-600)	Facing	[14]
5.—	Series of Bells. Ancient Egyptian. Late Period	[15]
6.—	A Muse with a Harp, and two others with Lyres. From a Greek vase	[29]
7.—	Pair of Bronze Flutes, with mouthpiece in the form of a bust of a Mænad holding a bunch of grapes. Greek	Facing	[30]
8.—	A Muse Playing the Diaulos. Greek	[31]
9.—	Wall Painting of a youth wearing a myrtle wreath and playing on the Double Pipes. Said to have been found in a columbarium in the Vigna Ammendola on the Appian Way near Rome, about 1823. British Museum	Facing	[34]
10.—	Tuba, Cornu and Lituus. Roman	[35]
11.—	Hsüan. Chinese	[42]
12.—	(a) Ch’in (a species of Lute). Modern Chinese
	(b) Shêng (Mouth Organ). Chinese. 19th century
	(c) Yueh-ch’in (Moon Guitar). Chinese. 19th century	Facing	[42]
13.—	(a) Koto (a species of Lute). Japanese. 19th century
	(b) Biwa (a species of Guitar). Modern Japanese
	(c) Sâmisen. Japanese	Facing	[44]
14.—	(a) Sârinda and Bow. Indian (Bengal). 19th century
	(b) Rudra Vina. Southern Indian (Madras). 19th century
	(c) Sârangi and Bow. Southern Indian. 19th century	Facing	[48]
15.—	(a) Kemángeh or Sitâra or Fiddle. Persian. About 1800
	(b) Nuy (Flute). Persian. 19th century
	(c) Santir (Dulcimer) Case. Persian	Facing	[54]
16.—	Pottery Whistles, with finger-holes. Ancient Mexican	[59]
17.—	Pottery Flageolets, with finger-holes. (a) and (c) Ancient Mexican; (b) from the Island of Sacrificios	Facing	[60]
18.—	Bone Flutes. Ancient Peruvian, (a) and (b) Truxillo;(c) Lima	Facing	[60]
19.—	Huayra-puhura, discovered in a Peruvian tomb	[64]
20.—	Wooden Trumpet. Used by Indians near the Orinoco	[65]
21.—	Juruparis, with and without cover. South American	[66]
22.—	Botuto. Used by Indians near the Orinoco	[68]
23.—	Cithara. From a 9th century MS. formerly in the monastery of St. Blasius in the Black Forest	[84]
24.—	Psalterium. From a 9th century MS. formerly in the monastery of St. Blasius in the Black Forest	[85]
25.—	Cithara. From a 9th century MS. formerly in the monastery of St. Blasius in the Black Forest	[85]
26.—	King playing Psaltery. After an engraving in N. X. Willemin’s Monuments Français Inédits, Vol. I., pl. 19, taken from Hortus Deliciarum, a MS. of the 12th century	[86]
27.—	Nablum. From a 9th century MS. at Angers	[86]
28.—	Female playing a Species of Citole. From a 9th century MS. formerly in the monastery of St. Blasius in the Black Forest	[86]
29.—	Harp. From a 9th century MS. formerly in the monastery of St. Blasius in the Black Forest	[87]
30.—	Crwth. Welsh. 18th century	Facing	[90]
31.—	Organistrum	[93]
32.—	Sackbut	[94]
33.—	Organ. From a 12th century psalter in the library of Trinity College, Cambridge	[95]
34.—	Organ (Grand Orgue). After an engraving in N. X. Willemin’s Monuments Français Inédits	[96]
35.—	Bas-relief, representing a group of musicians, formerly at the abbey of St. Georges de Boscherville. Late 11th century (?). After an engraving in N. X. Willemin’s Monuments Français Inédits	Facing	[98]
36.—	Hurdy-Gurdy (Vielle). With arms of France and crowned monogram of Henry II. on back and front. About 1550	Facing	[100]
37.—	Tympanum of the Glory Gate of the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostella. Dated 1188. From a plaster cast in the Victoria and Albert Museum	Facing	[100]
38.—	Minstrel Gallery, Exeter Cathedral. 14th century. From a plaster cast in the Victoria and Albert Museum	Facing	[102]
39.—	Lute. Italian (Venetian). Beginning of the 17th century	Facing	[104]
40.—	Angel Playing a Lute. After an oil painting by Ambrogio da Predis. Late 15th century	Facing	[104]
41.—	Archlute. Inscribed “Rauche in Chandos Street, London, 1762"	Facing	[104]
42.—	Chitarrone. Italian. Made by Buchenberg in Rome, anno 1614	Facing	[106]
43.—	Pandurina. French. Second half of 16th century	Facing	[108]
44.—	Guitar. French (?). 17th century	Facing	[108]
45.—	Quinterna, or Chiterna. German. Dated 1539	Facing	[108]
46.—	Cither. German. End of 17th century	Facing	[108]
47.—	Harp Theorbo. Made by Harley. English. About 1800	Facing	[110]
48.—	Harp Ventura. English. Early 19th century	Facing	[110]
49.—	Banduria. English. Early 19th century	Facing	[110]
50.—	Harp. Old Irish	Facing	[110]
51.—	Harp. French. About 1770	Facing	[112]
52.—	Violin. Said to have belonged to James I. English. Early 17th century	Facing	[112]
53.—	Angel Playing a Viol. After an oil painting by Ambrogio da Predis. Late 15th century	Facing	[104]
54.—	Viola da Gamba. Italian. About 1600	Facing	[114]
55.—	Viola da Gamba. Italian. 17th century	Facing	[114]
56.—	Viola di Bardone, or Bariton, with Bow. German. 17th century	Facing	[114]
57.—	Viola d’Amore. Probably English. Late 17th century	Facing	[116]
58.—	Double-Bass, with Bow. Known as “The Giant.” Italian. 17th century	Facing	[116]
59.—	Sordino, or Pochette. Probably German. Late 17th or early 18th century	Facing	[118]
60.—	Bûche, or Scheitholz. Made by Fleurot, of the Val d’Ajol in the Vosges Mountains. Early 19th century	Facing	[118]
61.—	Virginal. Formerly belonging to Queen Elizabeth. Italian. Second half of 16th century	Facing	[118]
62.—	Virginal. Flemish. Second half of 16th century	Facing	[118]
63.—	Spinet. Made by Annibale dei Rossi of Milan. Italian. Dated 1577	Facing	[120]
64.—	Spinet. Signed “Johannes Player fecit” English. About 1700	Facing	[120]
65.—	Clavichord. Inscribed “Barthold Fritz fecit, Braunschweig, anno 1751.” German. 18th century	Facing	[120]
66.—	Clavicembalo. Signed “Joanes Antonius Baffo, Venetus.” Italian. Dated 1574	Facing	[122]
67.—	Clavecin. Made by Pascal Taskin of Paris. French. Dated 1786	Facing	[124]
68.—	Organ-Harpsichord, or Claviorganum. Formerly in the chapel of Ightham Mote, near Sevenoaks, Kent. Probably English	Facing	[124]
69.—	Triple Flageolet. Italian. About 1820	Facing	[124]
70.—	Flauto Dolce, or Flute. Ivory. Inscribed “Anciuti a Milan, 1740"	Facing	[124]
71.—	Flageolet. Italian. Middle of 18th century	Facing	[126]
72.—	Oboe. Made by Anciuti of Milan. Formerly in the possession of the composer Rossini. Latter half of 18th century	Facing	[126]
73.—	Bassoon, species of. English. Late 18th, or early 19th century	Facing	[128]
74.—	The Serpent. Made by Gerock Wolf, in London. English. Early 19th century	Facing	[128]
75.—	Serinette or Bird Organ. French. Period of Louis XIV.	Facing	[128]
76.—	Organ (Positive). German. Dated 1627	Facing	[128]
77.—	Bagpipes. English. 18th century	Facing	[130]
78.—	Handel’s Harpsichord. Made by Andreas Ruckers, of Antwerp, 1651	Facing	[134]

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS.

I.