Beginnings of the American People

by Carl L. Becker

New Brunswick, 191.
"New Castle trade," 137.
Newcastle, Duke of, 149, 151, 155.
New England, named, 56;
land grants in, 57;
and the English colonial system, 138;
united under Andros, 145;
conquers Louisburg, 155;
population of, 162;
social conditions in, 168 ff.;
frontier in, 174;
not attractive to foreigners, 178;
religious division in, 189;
coast towns raided, 262.
See Massachusetts Bay.
New England Confederation, 106.
New England Council, 57, 91.
New England theology, 190.
New Hampshire, 67, 174, 179.
New Haven, 105, 107.
New Jersey, 132, 145, 146.
"New Light," 188.
New Netherland, 45, 128, 131.
New Orleans, 152.
New Port, 103, 168.
"New Side," 188.
New Spain, 31, 150.
Newspapers, 191, 222.
Newton, Isaac, 126.
Newtown, 104.
New York, founded, 130;
annexed to New England, 132, 145;
control of judges in, 164;
social conditions in, 167;
paper money in, 208, 209;
avoided by foreign settlers, 178;
and the Restraining Act, 226;
riots in, 226;
non-importation agreement in, 229, 230;
permitted to issue bills of credit, 230;
and East India Company tea, 232, 233;
Howe occupies the city of, 255;
war conditions in, 268;
projected attack on the city of, 269;
evacuated by British and Loyalists, 272.
Niagara, 153, 159.
Nicolet, Jean, 141.
Nicolls, Col. Richard, 131.
Noel, Martin, 135 ff.
Nombre de Dios, 43.
Nonconformists, 87, 88, 90.
Non-importation agreements, 221, 222, 229, 230, 246.
North, Lord, 230, 231, 250, 270.
Northampton, 188.
North Carolina, 175, 269.
Northwest, conquest of the, 265-67.
Nova Britannia, 67.
Nova Scotia, 122, 155.
Oderic, Friar Beatus, 9.
Ohio Valley. See Frontier; Defense.
Old colonial system. See Colonial control.
Oldham, John, 104.
"Old Light," 188.
"Old Side," 188.
Orient, importance of the relations of Europe and the, 1, 4-7, 13.
Oswego, 153, 154, 156, 157, 159.
Otis, James, 231, 237.
Overpopulation of England, colonization and the belief in, 67, 138.
Palatinate, 177.
Paper money. See Currency.
Parliament. See English Government.
Particularism, 262, 263.
Partridge, Lieutenant-Governor, 148.
Party: the Conservatives, attitude toward Stamp Act, 222;
and the Townshend Acts, 227, 229, 230;
and the tea episode, 232;
fear the growing influence of lower classes, 240 ff.;
tend to become Loyalist, 244;
in the First Congress, 245 ff.;
support Galloway's plan, 246;
disappearance of the, 248 ff.;
influence in forming the new state constitutions, 263.
the Loyalists, oppose Grenville's measures, 217;
in the First Congress, 245;
the "Association" creates the party of, 247 ff.;
growth of the, 249 ff.;
New York the headquarters of, 255;
in Philadelphia, 259;
property confiscated, 259;
encouraged by the conquest of South Carolina, 262;
take part in the war, 267, 268;
ruined by the Treaty of 1783, 271;
America suffers loss by the exile of, 272.
the Radicals, oppose Stamp Act, 219 ff.;
organize as Sons of Liberty, 222;
take advanced ground on the Townshend Acts, 227-30;
active opposition to the East India Company's tea monopoly, 232, 233;
aim to revolutionize colonial governments, 240 ff.;
control First Congress, 245 ff.;
establish revolutionary government, 217 ff.;
not wholly satisfied with new State Governments, 263.
Pastorius, Francis Daniel, 178.
Patent for Rhode Island, 103.
Peace of Paris, of 1763, effect on colonial policy of England, 205;
of 1783, provisions of the, 270-72.
Pegalotti, 9.
Peking, 5, 8.
Penn, William, 133.
Pennsylvania, founded, 133;
charter annulled and restored, 146;
taxation of proprietary estates in, 164;
mecca of the Germans, 177;
and of the Scotch-Irish, 179;
Quaker government opposed by western counties of, 242;
Loyalist stronghold, 259.
Penry, John, 88.
Pepys, Samuel, 125.
Perestrello, Felipe Moñiz de, 22.
Periwigs, badge of "gentle folk," 173, 174.
Peru, conquest of, 84.
Philadelphia, growth of, 162;
Germans land at, 178;
First Congress meets in, 234;
taken by Howe, 257;
evacuated by Clinton, 261.
Philip II, 34-37.
Philippine Islands, 28.
Philip's War, 119.
Phillips, George, 98.
"Philosophers," America and the French, 199, 200.
Piedmont of Virginia, 179.
Pine Barrens, 179.
Pinzon, 26, 28.
Pioneers. See Frontier.
Piquet, Père, 156.
Piracy, 40, 146.
Pitt, William, and the Seven Years' War, 158 ff.;
opposes Stamp Act, 223;
admires papers of the First Congress, 247.
Pittsfield, 175.
Pizarro, Francisco, 34.
Pizarro, Hernando, 34.
Plan for a British-American Parliament, Galloway's, 246.
Plantation type of colony. See Colonial control.
Plantation in Virginia, the, 70 ff., 74, 166.
Pliny, 13.
Plymouth colony, 57, 87, 107.
Plymouth Company, 56.
Pola, Marco, 8, 9.
Politics. See Government: Party.
Pope, Alexander, 126, 170.
Population, of the colonies, 66, 161, 162;
of Virginia, 69, 71;
of Massachusetts Bay, 93;
of Carolina, 129, 130;
of New York, 132;
of Pennsylvania, 134;
of Louisiana, 152;
of New France, 157;
German and Scotch-Irish, 177.
Porto Rico, 32.
Portsmouth, 103.
Portugal, 19, 37, 150.
Post office established in the colonies, 191.
Potosi, mines of, 34.
Pownall, Governor of Massachusetts, 158.
Precious metals, European interest in Asia largely determined by the
desire for, 10-14;
America valuable to Spain because of, 31 ff.;
important for the national state of the sixteenth century, 49 ff.;
flow into England from Portugal and the West Indies, 150;
lack of specie in frontier communities, 183;
drain of specie leads to use of paper money, 208.
Presbyterians in America, 180 ff., 189, 190, 194.
Prices, 14, 149.
Prince, Thomas, 188.
Princeton College, 184, 190, 193 ff.
Privateers, Elizabethan, 41 ff.
Proclamation of 1763, 210, 215, 219.
Proprietary estates in Pennsylvania, taxation of, 164.
Proprietary feudal grant, as an instrument of colonization, 54, 55.
Protectorate, 127.
Protestant sects, in the sixteenth century, 111;
on the American frontier, 185 ff.;
effect of the Great Awakening on, 188 ff.
Protestantism;
European origin of, 80 ff.;
in England, 86;
a Church-State incompatible with the principles of, 110 ff.
Providence, founding of, 103.
Provincialism in the eighteenth century, 170, 174.
Ptolemaic theory, 17.
Puritanism, origin of, 80 ff.;
conception of morals, 84;
in England, 86 ff.;
in New England, 91 ff.;
and the Massachusetts State Church, 110 ff.;
decline of the rigid ideals of, 122, 125;
in the eighteenth century, 168, 194.
Purse, control of the, 164.
Quakers, in Massachusetts, 108 ff.;
in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, 133, 134;
indifferent to defense of the frontier, 157;
control Pennsylvania in the eighteenth century, 167 ff.;
Revolution destroys political power of the, 242.
Quebec, 45, 159.
Quincy, Josiah, 230, 238, 239, 249, 250.
Quit-rents, 68, 77, 95, 164, 178.
Radicals. See Party.
Radisson, 141.
Raids, Clinton's policy of, 261 ff.
Raleigh, Sir Walter, 46, 54, 55.
Rail, Colonel, 256.
Randolph, Edward, 121.
Randolph, Peyton, 245.
Receiver-general of the customs in Virginia, 77.
Redstone, 179, 266.
Reed, Joseph, 245, 261.
Reformation. See Protestantism.
Religion, transformation of, 168 ff.;
on the frontier, 175, 180, 184;
politics influenced by, 193;
John Adams's ideal of, 197;
Franklin's idea of, 198.
See Puritanism.

Renaissance, 31.
Representative government. See Government.
Requisitions, 213.
Restraining Act, 226.
Revolution of 1688, 145, 147.
Rhode Island, 103, 107, 146, 168.
Rice, 130, 166.
Riders, assemblies make use of, 164.
Rights. See Colonial rights.
Robinson, John, 88, 90.
Robinson, Rev. William, 186.
Rochelle, capture of, 86.
Rockingham Whigs, 223.
Rolfe, John, 69.
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 196.
Roxbury, 104.
Rubruquis, William de, 9.
Rum, 168, 216.
Rutledge, John, 246.
Sagadahoc, 56.
St. Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, 84, 86.
St. Augustine, town of, 33.
St. Brandan, Isles of, 23.
St. John, Henry, Viscount Bolingbroke, 126, 171.
St. Louis, Fort, 143.
St. Lucar, 28.
Saint-Lusson, 141.
St. Paul, 84.
Salem, 93, 100, 101.
Sandwich, Earl of, 236.
Sandys, Sir Edwin, 59, 61, 65.
San Domingo, 32.
San Juan de Ulloa, 41, 42.
Santa Maria, 25.
Sanuto, Marino, 15.
Saratoga, battle of, 257, 260.
Sault Ste. Marie, 141.
Savannah, 262.
Saybrook Platform, 188.
Schiltberger, Johan, 9, 16.
Schnell, Rev. Mr., 186, 187.
Schuyler, Philip, 155.
Sciota, 154.
Scott, John Morin, 220.
Scotch-Irish, 153, 177, 180, 242.
Scrooby, 88.
Seabury, Samuel, 248.
Senegal, 20.
Separatists, 87 ff.
"Servants," 71, 176.
Seven Cities, the, 23, 33.
Seven Years' War, 156, 165, 191, 204, 208, 214.
Severac, Jordanus de, 9.
Sewall, Jonathan, 243, 244.
Shaftesbury. See Cooper.
Shenandoah Valley, 178, 180.
Shipbuilding, 168.
Shirley, William, 212, 242.
"Simple folk" in the eighteenth century, 173.
Six Nations. See Indians, Iroquois.
Slave trade, 71, 150, 166.
Slavery, in Virginia, 71;
in Barbados and the Bahamas, 128;
in the West Indies, 138;
slave population, 162;
in Rhode Island, 168;
on the frontier, 176, 183.
Smith, John, 56, 58.
Smuggling. See Trade, illicit.
Smyth, Sir Thomas, 59, 63, 65.
Social conditions, in England, 66, 67, 70;
in Virginia, 70, 78;
in New England, 95, 113, 116, 121;
in the eighteenth century, 166 ff.,172;
on the frontier, 175, 180, 184.
Somers, Sir George, 56.
Sons of Liberty. See Party.
"Soul Liberty," 103, 107.
South Carolina, founded, 128, 129;
in the eighteenth century, 166, 175;
occupied by the British, 262;
laid waste by guerrilla war, 267.
Southampton, Earl of, 61.
South Sea, 30-32.

South Sea Company, 149, 150.
Spain, and England, 34-37, 40, 136.
Spanish exploration and settlement in America, 31 ff.
Spanish Succession War, 178.
Specific appropriations, increase of assemblies' power through, 164.
Spotswood, Alexander, 164, 176.
"Squatters" in Pennsylvania, 178.
Stamp Act, passed, 213, 214;
opposition to the, 216, 218, 220;
legal and illegal methods of resisting, 220, 221;
repeal, 223;
effect of repeal, 224;
resolution of frontier counties of Pennsylvania on the, 241.
Staple Act. See Navigation Acts.
State Governments, 241, 259, 262.
Strahan, William, 170.
Stuart Restoration, 112, 125, 128, 134.
Suffolk Resolutions, First Congress approves the, 246.
Suffrage, 75, 96, 99, 122, 132, 165.
Sugar Act, 208, 215-18, 224.
Sumptuary legislation in Massachusetts, 116.
Swedes, on the Delaware, 132.
Synod of 1679, 119.
Syria, 13.
Tabriz, 5, 8.
Talon Intendant, 142.
Tarleton, Lieutenant-Colonel, 267.
Taxation. See Colonial rights.
Tea, 226, 231-33.
Tennant, Gilbert, 187.
Tennessee settlements, 267.
Theocracy. See Massachusetts Bay.
Thomas, Major, 255.
Tobacco, and the founding of Virginia, 62;
influence on Virginia institutions, 69-71;
official corruption in connection with the sale of, 77;
yields revenue to English customs, 127;
not permitted to be raised in England, 130, 131;
Virginia staple in eighteenth century, 167.
Tordesillas, Treaty of, 26.
Toscanelli, 29.
Town meeting, 95, 99.
Townshend, Charles, 206, 225, 230.
Trade, colonial industry and, 120, 168, 130-34, 149, 166, 215;
English colonization and, 50 ff., 125, 127, 129, 136, 138, 139, 147,
150, 218, 221, 222, 229;
illicit, 130-32, 140, 144, 145, 160, 205;
Indian, 73, 76, 140, 144, 145, 150, 152-56, 207, 208-11;
Oriental, 4-6, 13-15, 19.
Trade regulation. See Colonial control.
Travelers, thirteenth-century Oriental, 9-11.
Treasure. See Precious metals.
Trebizond, 8.
Trent, William, 154.
Trenton, 255, 256.
Trinidad, 26.
Turgot, 215.
Turkestan, 5.
Turks, 15, 17.
Ulster, 177.
Union. See Congress; Nationality.
United States, 271, 272.
Up-country. See Frontier.
Utrecht, Peace of, 150.
Vaca, Cabeza de, 33.
Valley Forge, 259.
Vandalia Company, 211.
Vane, Sir Harry, 102.
Van Tyne, Claude Halsted, 259, note.
Vassalboro, 175.
Vaughan, George, 148.
Velasquez, 32.
Venice, 6.
Vera Cruz, 150.
Vergennes, 258, 259.
Vermont, 175.
Verrazano, 30, 38.
Vespucci, Americus, 27.
Villeroi, 255.
Vincennes, 265-67.
Vindication of the Government of the New England Churches,
John Wise's, 196.
Virginia, founded, 55;
royal province, 63;
growth of, 67 ff.;
social and political conditions in, 73 ff., 166, 172;
sectional conflict in, 241;
instructs delegates for independence, 252;
raided by British troops, 262;
cedes Western lands, 265;
raided by Cornwallis, 269.
"Virtual" representation, 220.
Virtue. See Civic virtue.
"Vital" religion, 186 ff.
Vivaldi, the, 18.
Voltaire, Franklin and, 199.
Voyages, Hakluyt's, 46.
Wabash River, 266.
Waldseemüller, 27.
Walpole, Horace, Lord, 150.
Walpole, Horace, Earl of Orford, 214, 236, 262.
Walpole, Robert, Earl of Orford, 151.
War of Independence, 253 ff.
Warren, Joseph, 239.
Warwick, Earl of, 63.
Washington, Augustine, 154.
Washington, George, builds Fort Necessity, 157;
and the Braddock expedition, 192;
appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental Army, 254;
early campaigns of the war, 254-57;
thinks the "game nearly up," 255;
amazed at Howe's conduct, 257;
at Valley Forge, 259;
effort to bribe, 261;
criticism of, 264;
at West Point, 268;
at Yorktown, 269, 270;
bids farewell to his officers, 273;
army proposes to make him king, 273.
Washington, Lawrence, 154.
Watauga, 265.
Watertown, 98, 104.
Watling's Island, 25.
Wealth, colonial aristocracy based on, 166.
Wedderburne, Alexander, 225.
Wentworth, Thomas, Earl of Strafford, 91.
West. See Frontier.
West Indies, trade of continental colonies with, 120, 150, 166;
importance for English colonial system, 138;
planters influential in Parliament, 149.
West Point, 268.
Western lands, ceded to the Federal Government, 265.
Westward movement, 104. See Frontier.
Wethersfield, 104.
Whig oligarchy, attitude toward the colonies, 148 ff.;
and the Seven Years' War, 158.
Whigs, 251, 271.
Whitefield, the evangelist, 186, 188, 199.
Whitehall Ferry, 273.
White Plains, battle of, 255.
White Woman's Creek, 181.
William III, 126, 145.
Williams, Roger, 100, 103, 116.
Wills Creek, 153.
Wilmington, 269.
Wilson, John, 93, 102, 120.
Windsor, 104.
Wingfield, Edward Maria, 56.
Winthrop, John, 90, 93, 98, 102-105, 112, 115, 120.
Wisconsin River, 141.
Wise, John, 195.
Witchcraft delusion, 195.
Witherspoon, John, 194.
Wolfe, James, 159.
Woolen manufactures, 151.
Writs of assistance, 207.
Yale College, 169, 189.
Yarkand, 5.
Yeardley, Governor of Virginia, 75.
York, James, Duke of, 131.
Yorktown, surrender of Cornwallis at, 269, 270.
Yucatan, 32.
Zaiton, 8.