Common Science - Carleton Washburne

Calcium chlorid, [114].
Camera, lens of, [143], 148;
- human eye as a small, [151]*-153;
- explanation of, [327]-332.
Capillary attraction, [36]*-40;
- difference between adhesion, cohesion, and, [47].
Carbon, in electric battery, [203]-206;
- resistance of, to electric current, [231];
- an element, [293], [299];
- one of chief elements in fuel, [315]-316.
Carbon dioxid, in seltzer siphon, [17];
- produced by joining of carbon with oxygen, [315];
- combining of water and, by plants, [332]-333;
- releasing of, in baking powder, [349]-350;
- bubbling of, in effervescence, [365]-366;
- in soda water, springs, and baking soda, [366]-367;
- limewater test for, [375]-376.
Carbonic acid gas, commercial name for pure carbon dioxid, [365]-366.
Cat's hairs, static electricity in, [201].
Caustic soda, a common base, [356].
Center of weight, [30]-33*.
Centrifugal force, [5], [72]-74;
- law of, [74]-75.
Charcoal, production of, [316].
Charging water with carbon dioxid, [366].
Chemical analysis, [370]-376.
Chemical change, and energy, [293] ff.;
- burning (oxidation), [312]-322;
- caused by heat, [323]-325;
- caused by light, [326]-335;
- caused by electricity, [335]-339;
- energy released by, [340]-341;
- helped by solution, [349]-351.
Chemical equations, [297]-299.
Chlorine, an element, [299].
Chlorophyll in plants, work of, [332].
Cigar-box telegraph, construction of, [249]*, [380]-381*.
Circuits, electric, [219]-220*;
- breaking and making, [220]-221;
- connecting in parallel, [221]-223*;
- grounded, [225]-229*;
- short, [240]-245*.
Cloth, action of acids on, [354]*;
- action of an alkali on, [356], [357]*.
Clouds, how formed, [277]-278.
Coal, carbon and hydrogen in, [315].
Cohesion, [39], [44]*-49.
Cold, caused by expansion, [94];
- is the absence of heat, [95], [120].
Color, [161]-172*.
Comb, electricity produced by rubbing, [197]-198.
Compass, use of, [190]-195*.
Complete electric circuits, [219]-224*.
Compounds, how elements hide in, [300];
- definition of, [308]-309;
- mixtures distinguished from, [309]-310.
Concave mirrors, [154]*, [155]*, [157];
- magnification by, [157];
- in reflecting telescopes, [157].
Conduction, of heat, [116]-118;
- of electricity, [213]-218.
Conductors of electricity, good and poor, [213].
Conduits for electric wires, [237].
Conservation of energy, [57] ff.
Convection, carrying of heat by, [118]-119.
Convex lens, [148]-149*;
- in microscope, [155]-157*;
- in telescope, [157].
Cooling from expansion, [94]-96.
Coolness at night and in winter, [127]-128.
Copper, a good conductor of electricity, [215];
- an element, [299];
- nickel plating of, [336]-339*;
- etching of, with acid, [352]*-353.
Copper nitrate, salt called, [353].
Cream, separating from milk, by centrifugal force, [75]-76.
Crystals, formation of, [265]-268.
Cylinder of engine, [344]*.

Dead Sea, reason for salt in, [104]-105*.
Decay, a kind of oxidation, [313].
Dew, [275];
- how formed, [287].
Dictaphone, working of, [175], [178], [179]*.
Diffusion, [268]-274;
- of light, [158]-161.
Direct-current electricity, [211]-212.
Distilling of liquids, [112]-115*.
Doorbell, electric battery for ringing, [204]-205.
"Down," meaning of word, [4].
Drainpipe, cleaning of, with lye, [358].
Dry-cell battery, [206]*.
Dust, reason for clinging to walls, [43]-44.
- making of, [347].
Dynamite, [343]*;
Dynamo, how electric current is made to flow by, [207]*-210*.

Earth, magnetism of, [190]-195.
Easy circuit, a short circuit an, [244]-245.
Echoes, explanation of, [183]-185.
Effervescence, process of, [365];
- generally due to freeing of carbon dioxid, [367]*-368;
- helped by stirring or shaking, [368].
Elasticity, [82]-86;
- of form distinguished from elasticity of volume, [86]-87.
Electrical apparatus, [216]-217*, [222]-223*;
- description of, [379]-380.
Electric arc, the, [233]*-240.
Electric battery, the, [203]-206*.
Electricity, magnetism and, [190] ff.;
- static, [196]-202;
- negative and positive charges of, [198]*-200;
- action of, in thunderstorms, [200]-201;
- flowing, [203] ff.;
- flowing of, in dynamo, [207]-210;
- alternating and direct-current, [211]-212;
- conduction of, [213]*-218;
- chemical change caused by, [335]-339.
Electric lamps, vacuums in, [12]*, [317];
- incandescent, [125];
- gas-filled, [317].
Electric motors, [256]*-257*.
Electrolysis apparatus, [294]-295*.
Electromagnets, [247]-257*.
Electrons, [193];
- description of, [197];
- number of, in negative and in positive charges, [198]-200.
Elements, defined, [293];
- chemists' abbreviations of, [297]-299;
- list of common, [299]-300;
- hiding of, in compounds, [300]-301.
Emulsion, defined, [261];
- difference between solution and, [263].
Energy released by chemical change, [340]-341.
Engine, working of cylinder and piston of, [344]*.
Ether, carrying of heat and light by, [124]-125;
- light as waves of, [163]-164.
Ether waves, [124]-125, [163]-164.
Evaporating dish, [101]*.
Evaporation, [100]-106*;
- part taken by, in formation of clouds, rain, and dew, [277].
Expansion, caused by heat, [88]-93;
- cooling from, [94]-96*.
Expansion ball and ring experiment, [91]*-92.
Explosions, use of, [342]* ff.;
- automobiles made to go by succession of, [344]-345;
- cause of, [345];
- shooting of guns caused by, [345]-346.
Explosives, manufacture of, [347].
Extension lights, [238].
Eye, lens of, [142];
- section of, [151]*;
- working of, [151]*-153.

Fading, process of, [326]-327.
Filament of incandescent lamp, [125].
Fire engines, need of, to force water high, [9].
Fire extinguishers, action of, [317].
Fires, caused by electric arcs, [236];
- putting out of, by water, [317].
- See Burning.
Flames, formation of, [318].
Floating, sinking and, [23]-28.
Focus of light, [142]*-149*.
Fogs, cause of, [288].
Food, light necessary to production of, [332]-333.
Force, overcoming of extra motion by, in lever, [63]-64*;
- reason for, of steam, [110].
Forecasters, weather, [282]-285.
Form, elasticity of, [86]-87.
Freckles, cause of, [327].
Freezing and melting, [96]-99.
Friction, [49]-55*;
- electricity produced by, [197]-198*.
Frost, [97], [275];
- explanation of, [287].
Fuel, chief elements in, [315]-316.
Fulcrum of lever, [59]-60*.
Fuse gap, the, [241]*, [379]*.
Fuses, short circuits and, [240]-245.

Gas, cooling of, on expanding, [94]-95;
- carbon and hydrogen in, [315];
- used for filling electric lamps, [317]-318;
- will not burn until hot enough, [323]-324;
- an explosion the sudden release of a confined, [348].
Gases, diffusion of, [269]-271;
- as elements, [293]-294.
Gas heaters, action of, [319], [321]*, [322]*.
Gasoline, evaporation of, [103];
- boiling of, [112];
- distilled from petroleum, [114];
- elements of, [315];
- action of, in making automobiles go, [344]-345.
Geysers, cause of, [110].
Glass, a poor conductor of heat, [118];
- used as insulator of electricity, [215].
Glowworms, reason for glowing of, [341]-342.
Gold, an element, [293], [299];
- plating of, [339].
Gravitation, defined, [3].
Gravity, [1];
- pull of, opposed to pull of adhesion, [42]-43.
Grease, friction diminished by, [53]-54;
- combined with lye to form soap, [357].
Great Salt Lake, reason for salt in, [104]-105.
Greeks, early knowledge of electricity possessed by, [196].
Green color of water, reason for, [169]-171*.
Grounded circuits, [225]-229*.
Gun, shooting of, caused by explosion, [345]-346.
Gunpowder, action of, in shooting of a gun, [345]-346;
- how made, [347].

Hail, explanation of, [286].
Heat, a result of friction, [53];
- is the motion of molecules, [90];
- not caused by expansion, [94]-95;
- cold is absence of, [95], [120];
- required to evaporate liquids, [102]-103;
- conduction of, [116]-118;
- carried by air, by convection, [118]-119;
- radiation of, [122]-128;
- of incandescent lamp, [125]-126;
- brought to focus by convex lens, [149];
- chemical change caused by, [323]-325.
Heaters, hot-water, [120]*;
- electric, [230], [232];
- gas, [319], [321]*, [322]*.
Heat waves, cause of, [141].
Hydrochloric acid, getting hydrogen from, [301]-304;
- testing for silver with, [373].
Hydrofluoric acid, [351].
Hydrogen, an element, [294], [299];
- in water, [295]-296;
- experiments with, [301]-304*;
- one of chief elements in fuel, [315]-316;
- part taken by, in burning, [312]-319.

Ice, slight friction of, [52]*;
- action of molecules in, on freezing and melting, [96]-97;
- reason for floating of, [98]-99.
Incandescence, defined, [125].
Incandescent lamps, [125]-126;
- number of electrons in, [197];
- working of, [229]-232.
Inertia, [66]-71;
- definition of, [70].
Insulators, of heat, [118];
- of electricity, [213];
- substances used as, [215].
Iodine, an element, [299];
- testing with, for starch, [373]-374.
Iron, a good conductor of heat, [118];
- an element, [299].
Irons, electric, [229]*, [230], [232].
Iron salt, formed by lemon juice on steel, [353].
Iron ships, reason for floating, [24]*-26.

Kerosene, boiling of, [112];
- distilled from petroleum, [114];
- carbon and hydrogen in, [315].

Laughing gas, [309].
Lava in volcanoes, [110].
Lead, an element, [299].
Lead pencils, arc light from, [233]*-234*.
Leaning Tower of Pisa, [29]*-30.
Lemon juice, action of, on silver and on steel, [353];
- litmus test of, [359].
Lens, of eye, [142], [151]*-153;
- of camera, [143], [149]*, [328];
- convex, [148]-149;
- concave, [149]*;
- in telescope, [157].
Levers, [57]-65*.
Light, radiation of, [122], [123]*-128;
- reflection of, [129]-135*;
- refraction of, [136]*-141;
- focus of, [142]-149*;
- brought to focus by convex lens, [149];
- diffusion of, [158]-161*;
- color a kind of, [162];
- speed of, [182];
- chemical change caused by, [326]-335;
- and manufacture of food in plants, [332]-333.
Lightning, cause of, [200]-201.
Limewater test for carbon dioxid, [375]*-376.
Liquid air, [97], [112].
Liquids, absorption of, [36]-40;
- diffusion in, [272].
Litmus paper, experiments with, [358]-359.
Litmus test, the, [358]-359.
Lye, a common base, [356];
- experiment with, [356];
- soap made from, [357];
- used for clearing out drainpipe, [358];
- neutralization of, by acids, [363].

Machinery, oiling of, to decrease friction, [53]-54.
Magdeburg hemispheres, [15], [16]*-17.
Magnetism, [190] ff.
Magneto, of automobile, [210], [211]*;
- of old-fashioned telephone, [210]-211.
Magnets, [190]-195*.
Magnification, [150]-157;
- by concave mirror, [157].
Magnifying glass, convex lens in, [149];
- operation of, [150]-156*.
Manganese dioxid, an essential in explosives, [347].
Megaphone, working of, [184].
Melting, freezing and, [96]-99.
Membrane, diffusion through a, [272].
Mercury, cohesion of, [47]-48*;
- use of, in thermometer, [89]*, [90]-91;
- an element, [299].
Mercury-vapor lamps, [167]-168*, [172].
Metals, good conductors of heat, [118];
- good conductors of electricity, [215];
- as elements, [310];
- plating of, [336]-339*;
- action of acids on, [351]-353.
Microscope, [88];
- working of, [155]-157*.
Mirrors, concave, [154]*, [155]*, [157].
Mixtures, distinguished from compounds, [309]-310.
Molecular attraction, [36] ff.
Molecules, pull of, on each other, [46]-47;
- explanation of, [88]-89;
- heat defined as the motion of, [90];
- action of, in evaporation, [102]-103*;
- action of, in boiling water, [107];
- action of, in conduction of heat, [117];
- action of, in radiation of heat and light, [125];
- action of, in magnetizing, [194]*-195;
- made up of atoms, [196], [310];
- mingling of, [259] ff.;
- action of, in formation of clouds, rain, and dew, [277].
Moon, cause of ring around, [131].
Morse telegraph code, [253].
Motion-picture machines, lenses of, [143], [148].
Motor, the electric, [255]-257*.
Mountains, rainfall on, [286]-287.
Musical instruments, pitch of, [185]-187*, [188];
- vibrating devices of, [188].