108. "An effect is but the sum of all the partial causes, the concurrence of which constitutes its existence." "The cause of an event is its invariable and unconditional antecedent." Explain and compare these two theories of causation. Does either alone exhaust the scientific conception of cause? [S]
109. Under what logical conditions are statistical inferences authorised, and what is the nature of their conclusions? [S]
110. Distinguish between Psychology, Metaphysics, and Logic; and discuss briefly their mutual relations. [S]
111. All processes of inference in which the ultimate premises are particular cases are equally induction.
Induction is an inverse deduction.
Explain and contrast these two theories of the relation of induction to deduction. [S]
112. What are the Fallacies specially incident to Induction?—or to the application of the theory of Probabilities? [S]
113. What is meant by the personal error (or personal equation) in observation? Discuss its importance in different branches of knowledge. [S]
114. Define and illustrate:—Paralogism, ignoratio elenchi, fallacia accidentis, argumentum ad verecundiam, illicit process, undistributed middle, etc.
115. State the three fundamental laws of thought, explain their meaning, and consider how far they are independent of each other? [L]