Musk-Ox, Bison, Sheep and Goat

by Caspar Whitney; George Bird Grinnell; Owen Wister

[11] Light brown to ecru tinged with drab. Horns similar to Canadensis. Range the semi-desert country in Southern states from Texas to California.

[12] Darker than Nelsoni, but not so dark as Canadensis. Size large. Horns broad and massive; molar teeth larger than in any known American sheep; tail vertebra long. Range Chihuahua Mountains in Northern and Western Mexico.

[13] White and gray. In size about that of the Dalli and Stonei. Horns white; curved closer to head than Dalli and Stonei. Range Upper Yukon River. Range more in the timber than Stonei or Dalli; habits very much those of Canadensis.

[14] The ram’s horns cease growing at the time of the rutting season, and do not begin again until the spring brings nourishing food. This causes the rings on the horns, it is said, which indicate the number of winters old the sheep is.

[15] “Records of Big Game,” Rowland Ward, third edition.

[16] “Records of Big Game,” Rowland Ward, third edition.

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INDEX

• Age indicated by rings on rams’ horns, [208] n.
• Alaska, buffalo range as extending to, [123].
• Fossil remains of musk-oxen found in, [85].
• Mountain sheep in, [176], [181] n., [223-224], [226], [246].
• Remains of buffaloes found in, [123-124].
• Rumors of musk-oxen in, [85-93].
• White goat found in, [246], [250], [275].
• Alaskan bighorn [Ovis Canadensis dalli], [176], [181] n., [223-224], [226], [246].
• Alces [Moose], [120].
• Alleghanies, the, eastern boundary of buffalo range, [120].
• Allen, Professor J. A., [79], [80].
• Monograph on American bisons by, [119].
• Animals, attachment of, to one locality, [138-146].
• Antelope, white goat an, [232].
• Antelope-hunting on horses, [197].
• Antilope americana, white goat termed, [259].
• Antilope lanigera, [259].
• Arctic islands, musk-oxen on, [51], [60], [85], [93].
• Argalis, Asiatic, mountain sheep distinguished from, [223].
• Arizona, mountain sheep in, [247].
• Arkansas, musk-ox skull found in, [85].
• Audubon, J. J., [122], [147].
• “Missouri River Journal” quoted, [157-159].
• Aurochs, European bison called, [111].
• Aylmer Lake, musk-ox killed at, [94].
• Babiche, [41], [67].
• Bache Peninsula, musk-oxen killed on, [76-79].
• Bad Lands, mountain sheep in the, [176].
• “Barren Ground of Northern Canada,” W. Pike’s, [47].
• Barren Grounds, hunting in, [17-29].
• Physical character of, [34-35].
• Route for best reaching, [50-51].
• Snowfall in, [35].
• Bear River Valley, buffalo formerly abundant in, [125].
• Bedson, S. L., experiments in breeding buffalo by, [148].
• Bent, George, [128].
• Bent, Colonel William, [128].
• Berlin, live musk-ox in, [103].
• Big Bend country, description of, [264].
• Bighorn, American [Ovis canadensis], [223-224].
• See Mountain sheep.
• Alaskan [Ovis canadensis dalli], [176], [181] n., [223-224], [226], [246].
• “Biological Survey of Mount Shasta,” [250].
• Birds, attachment of, to certain localities, [142].
• Bison, American [Bos bison], [111-166].
• Mountain, [126], [135-136].
• Points distinguishing, from European bison, [165].
• Prairie [Bos bison typicus], [165].
• Reported relation of musk-ox to, [75].
• See Buffaloes.
• Bitter Root Mountains, white goat found in, [275].
• Blackfeet Indians, white buffalo skin dedicated to Sun by, [127].
• Blainville, M. de, [259].
• Bodfish, Captain H. H., [93], [103].
• Bonneville, Captain, on buffaloes in Bear River Valley, [125].
• Bos bison athabascæ [Wood bison], [117], [123], [165].
• Bos bison typicus [Prairie bison], [165].
• British Columbia, mountain sheep in, [225], [226].
• White goat in, [231], [250], [275].
• Brown, Arthur, on southern range of white goat, [247].
• Brush, absence of, from Barren Grounds, [35-36].
• “Buck-fever,” [203-207].
• Buffaloes, agility of, [135-136].
• Attachment to one locality, [140-146].
• Battles between males, [131-132].
• Bulls, [129-132].
• Butchering of, by Indians, described, [157-159].
• Calves, [132-135], [146-147].
• Color of, [126-128], [132-133].
• Cross-breeding of, [147-150].
• Description, [165].
• Domestication, [147-150].
• Extermination of, [111-119].
• Habits, [129-130].
• Hair, [165].
• Height, [165].
• Herds of, [117], [161-163].
• Hides, [130-131].
• Horns, [165].
• Indians hold sacred, [127-129].
• Methods of hunting, [150-156].
• Migrations, [137-142].
• Panics among, [136-137].
• Range, [119-126], [165].
• Rubbing-stones, [131], [163].
• Rutting season, [131-132].
• Superstitions concerning, [127-130].
• “Surround” method of hunting, [150-156].
• Trails, [138].
• Weight, [165].
• Young, [132-135], [146-147].
• See Bison.
• Buffalo-running, [159-161].
• California, absence of white goat from, [244-245].
• California mountain sheep [Ovis canadensis nelsoni], [223], [226].
• Calves, buffalo, [132-133], [146-147].
• Of musk-oxen, [100], [103], [132-133].
• Camping in Barren Grounds, [64-69].
• Canoes, musk-ox hunting in, [61-62].
• Cape Bryant, musk-oxen killed at, [93].
• Capote, caribou-skin, [55].
• Capra americana, white goat called, [259].
• Capra montana, [259].
• Caribou, course of migration, in Barren Grounds, [44], [47-48].
• Cervus canadensis [Elk], [120].
• Chamois, relation of white goat to, [232].
• Charging, false reputation of musk-oxen for, [73-75].
• Cheyenne Indians, white buffalo skins dedicated to Sun by, [127].
• Coffee a luxury in the North, [50].
• Cogmolik Indians, [92].
• Colorado, buffalo-horns from, [166].
• Colorado Cañon, mountain sheep in, [247].
• Copenhagen, live musk-ox in, [105].
• Corsica, the moufflon of, [182].
• Coues, Dr. Elliott, [256].
• Dakota, disappearance of mountain sheep from, [178-179].
• Deer-hunting on horses, [197].
• District of Columbia, buffaloes reported as once found in, [120-121].
• Dodge, Colonel, [115], [133], [161].
• Dogs, question of shipping, into the Barren Grounds, [41-42].
• Scarcity of, in North Country, [38-39].
• See Sledge-dogs.
• Domestication of buffaloes, [147-150].
• Drought, buffaloes driven from Mississippi by, [121].
• Duffel, the, defined, [39].
• Duke of Bedford, live musk-ox owned by, [103].
• Dunbar, William, [257], [259].
• Dung of musk-ox, [100].
• Earl of Lonsdale, musk-ox horns owned by, [99-100].
• Elk [Cervus canadensis], [120].
• Slaughter of, at Jackson’s Hole, Ky., [273].
• Elk-hunting on horses, [197].
• Equipment for Barren Ground expedition, [53-54].
• Europe, fossil remains of musk-oxen found in, [85].
• Specimens (live) of musk-ox in, [103].
• Ewe and lamb, Wister’s experience with, [210-222].
• Feeding, problem of, in Barren Grounds, [41-42].
• Firth, John, [91].
• Flesh of musk-oxen, [100-103].
• Flowers in the Barren Grounds, [62].
• Fort Resolution, [39], [50].
• Fossil remains of musk-oxen, [85].
• Franz Josef Land, musk-oxen unknown in, [93].
• Fremont, J. C., on western range of buffaloes, [125].
• Fur, color of, of musk-oxen, [80], [104].
• Gass, [175], [179], [256].
• Gaudet, Hudson’s Bay Company post factor, [53].
• Goat, relation between sheep and, [182].
• See White goat.
• Grease, craving for, in the North, [47].
• Great Lakes northern boundary of buffalo range, [121].
• Greenland, musk-oxen in, [51], [79-80], [85].
• Green River, buffaloes found on tributaries of, [125].
• Grinnell Land, fossil remains of musk-oxen in, [85].
• Musk-oxen of, [79-80].
• Haggerty, Captain, [90].
• Hair of white goat, [239], [240-241], [257].
• Haplocerus montanus [Rocky Mountain goat], [231], [259], [274].
• See White goat.
• Harlan’s musk-ox [Ovibos bombifrons], [76], [85].
• Headgear in Barren Ground hunting, [33-34].
• Heads of musk-oxen, [99-100].
• Henry, Alexander, Journal of, [118], [161-162].
• Hides, of buffaloes, [130-131].
• White goat, [241].
• Hodgson, Mr., Hudson’s Bay Company trader, [91].
• Hoofs of white goat, [239-240].
• Hornaday, W. T., [120-121], [148], [165].
• Horns, of mountain sheep, [181] n.
• Musk-oxen’s, [76], [98-100].
• Rings on rams’, [208] n.
• White goat’s, [239].
• Horses, antelope-hunting on, [197].
• Buffalo-hunting on, [153-155].
• Deer-hunting on, [197].
• Sheep-hunting on, [192-193].
• Hostility between sheep and goat, [233-237], [245-246].
• Hudson’s Bay Company posts, [37].
• Hunter, Dr., [257], [259].
• Hunting seasons in Barren Grounds, [44-48], [50-52].
• Idaho, white goat in, [247], [250].
• India, sheep found in, [182].
• Indians, Alaskan, [90], [91], [92].
• For Barren Ground hunting, [52-53].
• Buffaloes formerly sacred to, [127].
• Methods of, in hunting musk-oxen, [47-49].
• Slaughter of buffalo by, [157-159].
• Innuits, musk-ox hunting by, [60-61].
• Jackson’s Hole, elk-killing at, [273].
• Jones, C. J., experiments in breeding buffalo by, [148].
• Kamchatka, sheep found in, [182].
• Kentucky, buffaloes formerly in, [122].
• Domestication of buffaloes in, [147].
• Skull of musk-ox found in, [85].
• Kids of white goat, [271].
• Knife for musk-ox hunting, [67].
• Kodak, hunting with a, [261].
• Kogmolik Indians, [92].
• Kookpugmioot Indians, [92].
• Lambs of mountain sheep, [208-222].
• “Land of Little Sticks,” [17], [36].
• Laramie Plains, buffaloes on the, [124], [125].
• Lewis, Meriwether, [175-176], [245], [255-257].
• Confusion of goat and sheep by, [251], [255-260].
• Livingston, Mont., mountain sheep seen at, [171-173], [183-184].
• London, live musk-ox in, [103].
• Loucheaux Indians, [91].
• Lydekker, Professor R., [75], [79].
• “The Royal Natural History” of, [246].
• Mackenzie River, musk-oxen not found west of, [86-93].
• Maclaine of Lochbuie, the, horns of sheep owned by, [224].
• Maps, mistakes in, [244-245].
• Mazama Sericea, white goat named, [259].
• Mexico, mountain sheep in, [181] n., [247].
• Migrations, buffalo, [137-142].
• Caribou, in Barren Grounds, [44], [47-48].
• Mississippi, buffaloes formerly in, [121].
• “Missouri River Journal,” Audubon’s, quoted, [157-159].
• Moccasins essential in Barren Ground outfit, [39].
• Montana, bison horns from, [166].
• Mountain sheep in, [225], [226].
• White goat in, [250], [275].
• Moore, Francis, “Voyage to Georgia” of, [121].
• Moose [Alces], [120].
• Mosquitoes in Barren Grounds, [44].
• Moufflon, the, of Corsica, [182].
• Mt. Evarts, sheep on, [273].
• Mountain bison, [126], [135-136].
• Mountain sheep [American bighorn, Ovis canadensis], [171-226].
• Color, [179-180].
• Description, [179-183], [223-224].
• Distribution, [176], [224].
• Habitat, [199], [246-247].
• Height, [224].
• Hide, [179].
• Horns, [223-225].
• Hostility to goat, [233-237], [245-246].
• Keenness of sight, [219].
• Lambs, [208-222].
• Method of hunting, [197-199].
• Range, [176], [224].
• Rutting season, [184], [208].
• Species and subdivisions, [180-182].
• Weight, [224].
• White goat and, [233-237], [245-246].
• White variety [Ovis dalli], [181], [201].
• Munn, Henry Toke, [47].
• Musk-ox of Barren Grounds [Ovibos moschatus], [17-106].
• Action when attacked, [59-60], [73-75].
• Appearance, [73].
• Calves, [100], [103], [130-131].
• Dung of, [100].
• Flesh, [100], [103].
• Fur, [97-98], [104-105].
• Genus, [75-80].
• Herds of, [97].
• Hides not valuable, [52].
• Horns, [98-100], [104], [106].
• Inaccessibility of, [50].
• Method of hunting, [56-69].
• Origin (reputed), [70].
• Permit necessary for hunting, [51].
• Range, [76], [79-80], [85-94], [105].
• Size, [94], [105].
• Specimens (live), [103].
• National Park, Colorado, buffaloes in, [117-118].
• See Yellowstone Park.
• Noonitagmiott Indians, [90].
• North Platte River, buffaloes on tributaries of, [126].
• Olympic Range, white goat not found in, [250].
• Ord, George, [259].
• Oreamnus montanus [Rocky Mountain goat], [231], [259], [274].
• Oregon, absence of white goat from, [250].
• Ovibos bombifrons [Harlan’s musk-ox], [76], [85].
• Ovibos moschatus [Barren Ground and Greenland type of musk-ox], [76], [80], [82], [83], [104-105].
• Ovibos pearyi, [80].
• Ovibos wardi, [76], [77], [79], [80], [82], [83], [104-105], [106].
• Ovis canadensis [American bighorn], [180-181], [208], [223-224].
• See Mountain sheep.
• Ovis canadensis auduboni, [181].
• Ovis canadensis dalli [Alaskan bighorn], [176], [181] n., [223-224], [226], [246].
• Ovis canadensis nelsoni [Californian sheep], [223], [224].
• Ovis canadensis stonei, [223].
• Ovis canadensis typica [Rocky Mountain sheep], [223], [259].
• Ovis cervina, [181].
• Ovis dalli, [181], [201].
• Ovis fannini [Saddleback sheep], [181-182], [213].
• Ovis mexicana, [181].
• Ovis montana, [259].
• Ovis nelsoni, [181], [187].
• Ovis stonei, [177], [181].
• Panics among buffaloes, [136-137].
• Pawnee Indians, buffalo skins sacred to, [127].
• Peary, Lieutenant, musk-ox captured by, [105].
• Musk-oxen killed by, [76-79], [93].
• Pemmican, from dried buffalo meat, [156].
• Scarcity of, in the North, [49].
• Philadelphia, white goat in Zoölogical Gardens at, [231], [237-238].
• Piccolo, Padre, [250].
• Pike, Warburton, [47], [62], [74], [94].
• Musk-ox heads owned by, [100].
• Pine, patches of, in Land of Little Sticks, [36].
• Platte River, buffaloes on tributaries of, [125-126].
• Prairie bison (Bos bison typicus), [165].
• Protection, government, of musk-oxen, [51].
• Provision question in musk-ox hunting, [36-38].
• Provisions in Barren Grounds, [62-63].
• Rae, J., Hudson’s Bay Company factor, [99].
• Railroads, effect of, on buffaloes, [113-116].
• Ram seen at Livingston, Mont., [171-173], [183-184].
• “Records of Big Game,” R. Ward’s, [104], [165], [223-224], [274].
• Red Desert Country, buffaloes in, [126].
• Red River, buffaloes on the, [162].
• Red River half-breeds, buffalo hunts of, [117], [154-155].
• Rings on rams’ horns, [208] n.
• Robinson, John (“Uncle Jack Robinson”), [124].
• Rocky Mountain goat [Haplocerus montanus or Oreamnus montanus], [231], [259], [274].
• See White goat.
• Rocky Mountain sheep [Ovis canadensis typica], [223], [259].
• “Royal Natural History, The,” Lydekker’s, [246], [247].
• Rubbing-stones, buffaloes’, [131], [163].
• Rupicapra americana, white goat termed, [259].
• Rutting season, buffaloes’, [131-132].
• Mountain sheep’s, [184], [208].
• Saddleback sheep [Ovis fannini], [181-182], [213].
• Salt Lake Valley, buffaloes in, [124].
• Salvatierra, Padre de, [250].
• Saw Tooth Range, white goat in, [247].
• Schwatka, Frederick, [60], [61], [93].
• Serows, Rocky Mountain goat member of same group as, [274].
• Sheep. See Mountain sheep.
• Shoshone Indians, sheep-hunting on horses by, [193].
• Siberia, fossil remains of musk-oxen found in, [85].
• Skulls of musk-oxen, [75-76], [80], [82], [83].
• Slaughter of buffaloes in America, [114-119].
• Sledge, description of, in Barren Ground outfit, [40-41].
• Sledge-dogs, methods of harnessing, [60-61].
• Scarcity of, in North, [38-39].
• Snowfall in Barren Grounds, [35].
• Snows, effect on buffaloes, [124], [137].
• Snow-shoes, Barren Ground, [35].
• Spitzbergen, musk-oxen unknown in, [93].
• Stone, Andrew J., report as to western range of musk-oxen, [86-93].
• Stouch, Major G. W. II., [143].
• Stringer, Rev. I. O., [89], [90].
• Strouds, [53], [54].
• “Surround” method of hunting buffalo, [150-153].
• Sweetwater River, buffaloes on, [126].
• Tail, lack of, in mountain sheep, [182].
• Tea an essential in Barren Ground outfit, [39-40].
• Tennessee River southern boundary of buffalo range, [121].
• Tepee in Barren Ground outfit, [55], [57], [64].
• Teton Range, sheep-hunting in, [209-222].
• Tibet, sheep found in, [182].
• White goat in, [239].
• Tobacco, necessity of, in Barren Ground outfit, [39-40].
• Tooyogmioot Indians, [90].
• Tracks made by white goat, [239-240].
• Travelling, methods of, in Barren Ground hunting, [62-63].
• Trees, absence of, from Barren Grounds, [35-36].
• “Tripping” snow-shoes, [35].
• Vaches (vaches sauvages), [120].
• Virginia, domestication of buffaloes in, [147].
• “Voyage to Georgia,” Moore’s, [121].
• Ward, Rowland, [79].
• “Records of Big Game” by, cited, [104], [165], [223], [274].
• Washakie Needle, mountain sheep on the, [186-196].
• Washington (state), white goat found in, [250].
• White goat [Oreamnus montanus], [227-273].
• Color, [242-243], [274].
• Description, [239-242].
• Food, [249].
• Habitat, [231], [245-251].
• Hair, [257].
• Height, [274].
• Hide, [241].
• Horns, [258].
• Hostility to sheep, [233-237], [245-246].
• Immigration from Asia, [232-233], [245-246].
• Kids, [271].
• Lewis’s error about, [251], [255-260].
• Method of hunting, [260].
• Origin, [232-233].
• Relationship to chamois, [232].
• Sheep and, [233-237], [245-246].
• Size, [242].
• Species, [232], [259].
• Specimens (live), [231], [237-238].
• Track made by, [239-240].
• Various Latin names for, [259].
• Weight, [241], [274].
• Whitney, Casper, musk-ox head taken by, [100].
• Whitney, William C., live musk-ox bought by, [103].
• Wild cows, elk called, [120].
• Wood bison [Bos bison athabascæ], [117], [123], [165].
• Wool of musk-ox, [97-98], [104-105].
• Wycliff, Robert, [147], [148], [149].
• Wyoming, bison horns from, [166].
• Mountain sheep in, [185], [225], [226].
• White goat not found in, [245], [248].
• Yancey, John, [252].
• Yellowstone Park, bison horns from, [166].
• Buffaloes in, [117-118].
• Game in, [273].
• Yoke, breaking buffaloes to the, [149].
• Young, of buffaloes, [132-135], [146-147].
• Of mountain sheep, [208-222].
• Of musk-oxen, [100], [103].
• Of white goat, [271].
• Zoölogical gardens, musk-oxen in, [103].
• Zoölogical Gardens, Philadelphia, white goat in, [231], [237-238].