Stellar atmospheres

by Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin

[TABLE XXXIV]

H. D.	Star		m	H	Class	Metalic Lines	Line Quality	H wings	Sr+	Si+
120198	84	UMa	5.53	6.4		x			9	10
108662	17	Com	5.38	2.7		x			7	8
170397	Br	2314	5.99	2.7		x	h		6	9
133029	+47°	2192	6.16	-		x	h		5	11
140160		Ser	5.26	3.5		x			10	5
94334		Uma	4.34	3.6		x	s		2	3
58142	21	Lyn	4.45	2.9			h		-	4
192913	+27°	3668	6.69	-			h		?	7
225132	2	Cet	4.62	1.2			h		-	4
41841	89	Lep	5.50	2.2					-	-
222661		Aqr	4.62	4.8			h		-	-
87887	15	Sex	4.6	1.9					-	5
213323	38	Peg	5.51	3.3					-	-
25642		Per	4.33	2.2					-	4
114330		Vir	4.44	3.2			s		-	3
109485	23	Com	4.78	4.1			s		-	3
103632		Cra	5.16	3.8				x	-	-
110411		Vir	4.95	5.6				x	-	-
133962	k	Boo	5.59	4.6				x	-	-
188260	13	Vul	4.50	2.5			h	x	-	4
124224		12	4.90	3.8					-	11
183056	4	Cyg	5.2	-0.4					-	9
183986	+35°	3658	6.04	-				x	-	5
196502	73	Dra	5.18	1.2		x	s		12	10
148367		Oph	4.68	4.3		x	s	x	9	8
118022	78	Vir	4.93	3.5		x			10	9
182564		Dra	4.63	2.9		x			7	7
125337		Vir	4.60	-1.9		x	h		7	6
214734	30	Cep	5.21	1.6		x			3?	5
7804	89	Psc	5.28	4.2		x		x	5	7
220825		Psc	4.94	-		x			6	7
72968	3	Hya	5.61	2.8		x			6	7
56405	Paris	8971	5.39	4.7		x	s	s	3?	6
20677	32	Per	4.98	3.8		x		x	-	5
48250	12	Lyn	4.89	1.8		x		x	-	5
107612	-	Com	6.56	-				x	9	-
18519,20		Ari	4.6	1.1	,		s		3	3
107966	13	Com	5.10	2.7					-	-
108382	16	Com	5.04	0.6					-	-
108945	21	Com	5.39	1.9		x			11	9
108642	+26°	2138	6.48	-		x			8	6
89904	27	Lmi	6.1	3.0		x	h	x	6	9
108651	+26°	2353	6.69	-		x	h		7	6
170296		Scu	4.73	-0.5		x	h	x	-	7
115331	196	Cen	6.0	3.4			h		9	-
108486	+26°	2352	6.57	-					7	-
104321		Vir	4.57	2.2					5	-
222345		Aqr	5.16	4.6		x			-	9
14690	70	Cet	5.62	4.3		x			7	?
189849	15	Vul	4.74	3.3		x	s	x	9	6
28546	81	Tau	5.49	5.7		x			9	9
40536	2	Mon	5.10	4.0		x	h?		7	7
15089		Cas	4.59	0.5		x			12	9
91312	Gr	1658	4.85	5.6		x	s	x	5	6
159560		Dra	4.95	6.0					8	-
90277	30	Lmi	4.85	5.0		x			9	9
57749		86	5.83	2.3		x			9	6
92787		135	5.28	7.6		x	s		9	6
112429	8	Dra	5.27	3.0		x			7	7
28485	80	Tau	5.70	5.8			h		6	5
28677	85	Tau	6.04	-		-			7	-

SUBJECT INDEX

• , Class [166]
• classification [168]
• metallic lines and band absorption [167]
• peculiar [172]
• observational material [208]
• Abnormal abundance, effect on
• spectrum [172]
• Abnormal conditions, effect on
• spectrum [171]
• Absent elements [86]
• Absolute magnitudes for Draper
• classes [197]
• Absorbing efficiencies of atoms [136]
• Absorption coefficient [110]
• Absorption lines [11], [50]
• Abundance of atomic species, [135], [177],
• [183]
• Abundance of atoms, terrestrial [5]
• Aluminum [68], [122]
• Arc spectrum [13]
• [Atomic life] [21], [110]
• life, astrophysical [22], [158]
• nucleus [4]
• number [5]
• states, probabilities of [23]
• weights [5]
• Azimuthal quantum number [8], [204]
• Balmer lines in
• stars [166]
• lines, maximum [166]
• series limit [42]
• Barium [85], [126]
• Blackness of continuous background [49]
• Blending of lines [171]
• Bohr’s Table [9]
• Boundary temperature [27]
• Calcium [70], [122]
• Carbon [59], [121], [207]
• compounds [61]
• spectroscopic and chemical valencies [11]
• Central intensities of spectrum lines [51]
• Central temperature [27]
• Chemical symbols [5]
• Chemical valency [10]
• Chromium [77], [124]
• Chromosphere [35], [47], [159]
• Classification, meaning of [190]
• Classification, principles of [191]
• Cobalt [80]
• Color indices of stars [49]
• Conductivities of flames [112]
• Consistency of temperature scale [130]
• Continuous background of stellar
• spectrum [46], [48]
• Copper [80]
• Critical potential [14]
• Critical potential, astrophysical
• determination [156]
• c-stars [173]
• Definitions, index to [203]
• Density and radius of second type
• stars [36]
• Displacement rule [13], [20]
• Draper classes, homogeneity [193]
• Draper system [191]
• Duration of atomic states [21]
• Earth, composition of crust [185]
• origin of [185]
• total, composition of [187]
• Effective level [28], [136]
• Effective temperature [27]
• Effective temperature, Draper
• classes [197]
• Effect of conditions on spectrum [24]
• Electrons, extra-nuclear [8]
• Electron transfer [11]
• Elements [5]
• Elements, in stellar atmospheres [55]
• Emission lines, production of [11], [53]
• Emission lines, stars showing [53]
• Energy distribution in solar spectrum [49]
• Energy distribution in stellar
• spectrum [49]
• Equivalent outer orbits, electronic [10]
• Even number rule [177]
• Excitation [11]
• Excitation potential [15]
• Flash spectrum [40], [53]
• Formulae in theory of ionization [106]
• Fractional concentration [105]
• Furnace experiments [112]
• Galactic concentrations of Draper
• classes [197]
• Gallium [81]
• Gaseous nebulae, continuous
• spectrum [49]
• Giant and dwarf spectra [195]
• Giant and dwarf temperature
• differences [31]
• Helium [58], [121]
• Hot spark [18]
• Hydrogen, atom [12]
• continuous spectrum [57]
• energy levels [13]
• line intensities [121]
• peculiar behavior [56]
• secondary spectrum [56]
• stellar spectra [55]
• Inner quantum number [204]
• Ionization [11], [15], [97]
• as criterion of pressure [44]
• potential [15]
• " and atomic number [20]
• " astrophysical [156]
• " and temperature of
• maximum [157]
• temperature [30]
• temperature scale [33], [132], [133]
• Ionized atom, lines of [101]
• Intensity of lines [23], [116]
• accuracy [118]
• estimation [117]
• observational material [116]
• Intensity scales [117]
• Interior of star, ionization in [18]
• Iron [79], [125]
• Isotopes [5]
• Law of Mass Action [105], [110]
• Lead [86]
• Level of origin of lines [134]
• Life of atom [21]
• Life of atom, astrophysical [22], [158]
• Limit of Balmer series [42]
• Line intensity, data on [121]
• notes on [127]
• unknown lines [207]
• Lines of unknown origin [55]
• Lithium [59]
• Low temperature conditions, stellar
• atmosphere [94]
• Magnesium [67], [122]
• Magnesium, compounds [67]
• Manganese [78], [124]
• Marginal appearance [105], [135], [179]
• Marginal appearance, observational
• data [181]
• Mass numbers of isotopes [5]
• Maximum of lines [106]
• Meteorites, composition [187]
• Molecule, ionization of [19]
• Molybdenum [84]
• Nickel [80]
• Niobium [84]
• Nitrogen [63], [207]
• Nucleus, atomic [4]
• , Class [162]
• Occurrence of elements in stars [5]
• Optical depth [27], [35]
• Origin of line spectra [11]
• Orion nebula, continuous spectrum [49]
• Oxygen [65], [207]
• Oxygen, compounds [66]
• Palladium [84]
• Partial electron pressure [109]
• Partition function [107]
• Percentage of stars in Draper classes [197]
• Photosphere [35], [47]
• Photoelectric ionization [159]
• Physical constants, astrophysical
• evaluation [155]
• Physical constants, required by
• ionization theory [108]
• Potassium [70]
• Pressure, atmospheres of stars [25], [34]
• from Balmer series limit [44]
• from flash spectrum [40]
• from ionization theory [45]
• from line sharpness [38]
• from line width [39]
• from radiative equilibrium [40]
• shift of lines [26], [38]
• summary [45]
• gradient in outer layers of star [34]
• Quantum number [8]
• Quantum relation [11]
• Radiative equilibrium in outer layers
• of star [40]
• Radium [86]
• Radius and density of second type
• stars [36]
• Rare earths [85]
• Relative abundance of atoms,
• estimation [183]
• abundance of atoms in stellar
• atmosphere [177]
• intensities of spectrum lines [23]
• Reorganization time, see [atomic life]
• Residual intensity [51]
• Reversing layer [50]
• Reversing layer, mass and
• dimensions [47]
• Rhodium [84]
• Rubidium [81]
• Ruthenium [84]
• Rydberg constant [14], [155], [204]
• Saturation [52], [135]
• Scandium [72], [123]
• Series notation [55]
• Silicon [24], [68], [122]
• Silicon stars [169]
• Silver [84]
• Sodium [67]
• Sodium atom [8]
• Solar atmosphere [47]
• energy distribution [49]
• intensities [113]
• Space numbers for Draper classes [197]
• Spark spectrum [14]
• Special problems in stellar
• atmospheres [161]
• [Spectroscopic] valency electrons [10]
• Stark effect [26]
• Stars used for intensity estimates [119]
• Stellar atmosphere compared with
• earth’s crust [184]
• Stellar reversing layer [91]
• Strontium [81], [126]
• Strontium stars [169]
• Structure of absorption line [180]
• Subordinate lines [12]
• Subordinate series [99]
• Sulphur [70], [207]
• Surface gravity [35], [36]
• Symmetry number, see [spectroscopic]
• valency electrons
• Temperature class [24], [112]
• scale [28], [33]
• scale, ionization [33], [133]
• bright stars [31]
• giant and dwarf [31]
• Theory of solution [110]
• Tin [85]
• Titanium [72], [123]
• Titanium compounds [75]
• Total pressure in stellar atmospheres [110]
• Total quantum number [8]
• Typical giant star [41]
• Ultimate lines [11], [94], [111]
• Uniformity of stellar atmospheres [178]
• Valency, chemical [10]
• Valency, spectroscopic [10]
• Vanadium [75], [124]
• Weights of atomic states [107]
• Width of lines [39]
• Wings [51]
• Wolf-Rayet stars [164]
• absorption in [164]
• continuous spectrum [49]
• Yttrium [82], [129]
• Zeemann effect [25]
• Zinc [80], [126]
• Zirconium [83]

NAME INDEX

• Abbot [30], [48], [51]
• Adams [54], [75], [140], [149], [192], [195]
• Anderson [26]
• Aston [5]
• Babcock [23], [38]
• Baillaud [48]
• Baldet [62]
• Baxandall [55], [63], [64], [149], [172], [173]
• Belopolsky [173]
• Bohr [8], [42], [108]
• Bottlinger [51]
• Bowen [18]
• Brandt [17]
• Brill [29]
• Brooks [68]
• Brooksbank [66]
• Burns [159]
• Butler [63]
• Campbell, W. W. [60], [163]
• Cannon, A. J. [54], [163], [190], [198]
• Catalan [17], [77], [84]
• Chenault [17]
• Clarke, F. W. [5], [184], [185], [187]
• Coblentz [30]
• Compton, K. T. [17], [56], [59]
• Cortie [66]
• Coster [23]
• Curtis [159]
• Curtiss [58]
• Davies [17], [19]
• de Forcrand [60]
• de Gramont [59], [111]
• Dempster [22]
• Deslandres [58]
• Dorgelo [23]
• Duffendack [19]
• Dyson [86]
• Eddington [27], [34], [41], [53], [180]
• Einstein [23], [113], [163]
• Eldridge [17]
• Evershed [26], [38], [58], [62]
• Fairfield [56], [57], [159]
• Fermi [23]
• Foote [17]
• Fowler, A., [11], [14], [17], [38], [56], [60],
• [62], [65], [66], [68], [75], [186], [191]
• Fowler, R. H., [17], [37], [44], [61], [70],
• [93], [106-110], [108], [133], [135], [156], [166], [179]
• Franck [19], [22], [43]
• Füchtbauer [23]
• Gale [75]
• Giebeler [86]
• Gieseler [17]
• Gousmid [86]
• Grotrian [17], [22]
• Guckel [60]
• Hale [25], [75]
• Harper [79], [117], [176], [192]
• Harrison [181]
• Hartley [81]
• Hartmann [71]
• Hartree [17], [61]
• Heger [67], [72]
• Hertzsprung [31], [175]
• Hoffmann [23]
• Hopfield [17], [186]
• Horton [17], [19]
• Howe [43]
• Hubble [49], [57]
• Huggins [57]
• Hulburt [26]
• Huthsteiner [17]
• Jeffreys [185]
• Johnson, M. C. [53], [85]
• Johnson, R. C. [62]
• Joy [54], [149], [192], [195]
• Kiess, C. C. [13], [17], [72], [84], [86], [173]
• Kiess, H. K. [17]
• King, A. S. [24], [38], [69], [84], [112]
• King, E. S. [29]
• Knipping [19]
• Kohlschütter [51], [140]
• Kohn [60]
• Kossell [13], [21]
• Kramers [8], [23]
• Krüger [19]
• Landé [25]
• Lee [71]
• Lindblad [48], [57], [62], [169]
• Lindemann [26]
• Lockyer, J. N. [64], [70], [172], [173]
• Lundmark [198]
• Lunt [6], [85]
• Luyten [67], [162], [170]
• Lyman [18], [57], [58]
• Maury [173]
• McLennan [18], [63]
• Meggers [13], [17], [72], [75], [82]
• Menzel [44], [66-68], [71], [74-76], [79-81], [85],
• [109], [116], [133], [166], [181]
• Merrill, G. P. [817]
• Merrill, P. W. [54], [83]
• Merton [25], [60], [62]
• Mie [22]
• Millikan [18]
• Milne [17], [22], [28], [36], [37], [44], [48], [50], [61],
• [70], [93], [97], [106-110], [113], [133], [135], [140],
• [156], [158], [166], [179]
• Mitchell [58], [86]
• Mohler [17]
• Mulliken [61]
• Newall [63]
• Nicholson, J. W. [43]
• Noyes [112]
• Pannekoek [35], [140]
• Paschen [14], [17], [156]
• Payne [20], [38], [43], [58], [60], [68], [156],
• [163], [183]
• Plaskett, H. H. [14], [30], [48], [51], [54], [59],
• [60], [64], [65], [85], [156], [163], [184]
• Plaskett, J. S. [60], [71], [162], [163], [171]
• Pluvinel [62]
• Ramage [81]
• Rognley [17]
• Rosenberg [29]
• Rowland [127]
• Ruark [17]
• Rufus [62], [72]
• Russell [17], [26], [37], [39], [40], [44], [47],
• [52], [55], [56], [59], [70], [79], [80], [110], [175], [178],
• [184], [203]
• Saha [43], [85], [105], [113]
• St. John [25], [38]
• Sampson [30]
• Saunders [38], [55], [203]
• Scheiner [29]
• Schwarzschild [51], [137], [160]
• Seares [31]
• Shane [62]
• Shapley [36], [40], [51], [62], [162], [168],
• [170], [185], [198]
• Shaver [17]
• Shrum [64]
• Slipher [75]
• Smyth [17], [19]
• Sommerfeld [13], [17], [21], [23]
• Sponer [17]
• Stark [25]
• Stewart [26], [37], [39], [40], [44], [47], [91], [110], [175]
• Strutt [66]
• Takamine [26]
• Tate [17]
• Thomas [18]
• Turner [22]
• Udden [17]
• Urey [108]
• Van Maanen [162]
• Vegard [63]
• Violle [60]
• Von Zeipel [185]
• Walters [13], [72], [77], [79]
• Washington [5], [184], [185]
• Webb [22]
• Wien [22]
• Wilsing [29], [48]
• Wilson, E. B. [162]
• Wilson, H. A. [112]
• Wilson, H. H. [162]
• Woltjer [113]
• Wood [22], [42], [57]
• Wright [43], [56], [57], [66], [163], [173]
• Young [79], [117], [176], [192]
• Zeemann [25]