[37] St. Bartholomew’s day.
[38] Fronde.
[39] Revolution; Restoration; Civil war.
(d.) Choice between subject (or form) and country.
96. The only satisfactory method is double entry under the local and the scientific subject—to put, for instance, a work on the geology of California under both California and Geology, and to carry out this practice through the catalogue, so that the geographical student shall not be obliged to search for works on California under Botany, Geology, Natural history, Palæontology, Zoölogy, and a dozen similar headings, and the scientist shall not be sent to California, England, Russia, and a score of other places to find the various treatises on geology. But as this profusion of entry would make the catalogue very long, we are generally obliged to choose between country and scientific subject.
97. A work treating of a general subject with special reference to a place is to be entered under the place, with merely a reference from the subject.
Ex. Put Flagg’s “Birds and seasons of New England” under New England, and under Ornithology say See also New England. As New England ornithology and Ornithology of New England are merely different names of the same specific subject, it may be asked why we prefer the first. Because entry under Ornithology of New England, though by itself specific entry, is when taken in connection with the entries that would be grouped around it (Ornithology, Ornithology of America, Ornithology of Scotland, etc.), in effect class-entry; whereas the similar grouping under New England does not make that a class, inasmuch as New England botany, New England history, New England ornithology are not parts of New England, but simply the individual New England considered in various aspects. Of course the dictionary catalogue in choosing between a class and an individual prefers the latter. Its object is to show at one view all the sides of each object; the classed catalogue shows together the same side of many objects.
There is not as yet much uniformity in catalogues, nor does any carry out this principle so absolutely as the more obvious “specific” rule is obeyed. The Boston Public Library Supplement of 1866, for instance, has under the country Antiquities, Coinage, Description and History, Language, Religion (subjects), and Literature, and even Elocution and Poetry (forms), but not Ballads nor Periodicals, which appear under those words. Yet when Ballads are called Volkslieder they appear under the country Germany,—an instance of the independence of the title produced by foreign languages, the English title being entered by form-word, the foreign works having national classification, regardless of the title. There are many other classes that in most catalogues at present, instead of being confined to general works, absorb books which should rather have local entry, as Vases, Gems, Sculpture, Painting, and other branches of the fine arts, Ballads, Epigrams, Plays, and other forms of literature. In catalogues of merely English libraries this is perhaps as well (see § [122]), but the multiplication of books and the accession of foreign literatures render more system necessary.
To show the procedure under this rule, suppose we have a collection of books on coins. Let the general works go under Numismatics; let works on any particular coin, as a Pine-tree shilling or a Queen Anne’s farthing, go under the name of the coin; let works on the coins of a country be put under its name; refer from the country to all the particular coins on which you have monographs, and from Numismatics both to all the separate coins and to all the countries on whose coinage you have treatises. {49}
(e.) Between subjects that overlap.