PAGE
Chapter I. Growth of Wood.—Kinds of trees used for lumber; The formation of wood; Tissues; The medullary rays; The grain in trees; Defects found in lumber; When to cut lumber[1]
Chapter II. Lumbering and Varieties of Wood.—The manufacture of lumber; To saw lumber of irregular dimensions; The grading of lumber; The testing of lumber; Surveying or estimating lumber; Qualities of wood[12]
Chapter III. Care of Lumber.—The piling of lumber; Permanent lumber ways; To minimize the warping of lumber; Weather-dried lumber; Kiln-dried lumber; Moist air kilns; Induced draft kilns; Results of the two systems; Filling a kiln; Length of time lumber should be left in the kiln; The care of kiln-dried lumber; Steaming wood; Preserving wood[45]
Chapter IV. Tools.—How to purchase tools; Benches; Rules; The try-square; The steel, or framing, square; The bevel; The gauge; The hammer; The hatchet; The mallet; Saws; The knife blade; Planes; Sharpening a plane; The jack plane; The jointer; The smoothing plane; The block plane; The correct position; Chisels; Gouges; The drawshave; The spokeshave; Bits; The bitbrace, or stock; The screwdriver; Compasses, or dividers; Pliers; The scraper; Edges; Nail sets; Wrenches; Handscrews; A grindstone; Emery, corundum, carborundum; Whetstones; Files; Saw filing[57]
Chapter V. Glue and Sandpaper.—Different kinds of glue; How to use glue; The testing of sandpaper; How to use sandpaper[118]
Chapter VI. Wood Finishing.—Filling; Staining wood; Shellac; Wax finishing; Oil finish; Varnish; Polishing; Brushes[128]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG.PAGE
1.Section of Yellow Pine[2]
2.Section of Oak Tree Trunk[5]
3.Defects in Lumber[7]
4.Felling a Tree[12]
5.Cutting Small Branches from Felled Spruce[13]
6.Skidway of Spruce Logs[14]
7.Load of White Pine Logs[14]
8.Hauling Logs by Steel Cable[15]
9.Loading Logs from Shedway to Train[16]
10.Boom of Logs[16]
11.Log Jam[17]
12.Sawmill in the Big Tree District[18]
13.Circular Saw[20]
14.Double Cut Band Saw[21]
15.Plain, Slash, or Bastard Sawing[22]
16.Four Methods of Quartering[22]
17.Lumber Scale[27]
18.Beech and Sugar Maple Forest[31]
19.White Pine Forest[39]
20.Douglas Spruce Forest[41]
21.Red Spruce and Balsam Fir Killed by Fire[43]
22.Permanent Lumber Ways[46]
23.Warping of Lumber[48]
24.Lumber piled in Double Courses[49]
25.Manual-training Bench[58]
26.Carpenter’s Bench[58]
27.Two-foot, Four-fold Rule[59]
28.Zigzag Rule[59]
29.Position of Try-square in Squaring an Edge[60]
30.Use of Two Try-squares to see if Piece of Wood is “Out of Wind”[60]
31.Position of Try-square when Making Line[61]
32.Steel, or Framing, Square[62]
33.Bevel and Steel Square[62]
34.Marking Gauge[63]
35.Marking Gauge in Use[64]
36.Claw Hammer[64]
37.Toenailing and Tacking[65]
38.Blind Nailing and Use of a Nail Set[66]
39.Hatchet and Handaxe[67]
40.Mallets (Square-faced and Round)[67]
41.Saws—Rip-, Cutting-off, and Compass, or Keyhole[68]
42.Backsaw[69]
43.Use of the Saw[71]
44.Reset Saw Handle[72]
45.Knife Blades[72]
46.Section of an Iron Plane[73]
47.Result of Using Plane with Improperly Adjusted Cap Iron[74]
48.Result of Using Plane with Cap Iron Adjusted Properly[74]
49.Setting a Plane[76]
50.Whetting and Grinding of Plane[77]
51.Whetting or Oilstoning the Beveled Side of a Cutter[78]
52.Whetting or Oilstoning the Plain Side of the Plane Iron[79]
53.Shape of Edge of Plane Iron[80]
54.Jack Plane[81]
55.Method of Guiding a Jointer[83]
56.Knuckle Joint Block Plane[84]
57.Use of the Block Plane[84]
58.Using Block Plane upon Small Pieces[85]
59.Incorrect Use of Jack Plane[86]
60.Beginning the Stroke with a Jack Plane[87]
61.Ending the Stroke with a Jack Plane[87]
62.Chisels[89]
63.Drawshave[90]
64.Spokeshave[90]
65.Auger Bit[91]
66.Cross-handled Auger[91]
67.German Bit and Twist Drill[92]
68.Extension Bit and Center Bit[92]
69.Filing an Auger Bit[93]
70.Ratchet Bitbrace[94]
71.Compasses[95]
72.Calipers[95]
73.Pliers[95]
74.Nippers[95]
75.Scraper[96]
76.Edges of Scrapers[97]
77.Angle of Burnisher with Sides of Scraper[97]
78.Method of Grasping Scraper for Sharpening[98]
79.Top Views of the Angles of the Burnisher[99]
80.Angle to be avoided in Sharpening Scraper[100]
81.Turning back the Edge of a Scraper[100]
82.Method of Grasping the Scraper when Working upon a Broad Surface[101]
83.Method of Grasping the Scraper when Working within Small Area[101]
84.Method of Grasping the Scraper when Working upon an Edge[102]
85.Monkey Wrench[103]
86.Effect of the Unskillful Use of a Handscrew[103]
87.Correct Use of Handscrew[104]
88.Emery Wheel Dresser[106]
89.Jointing a Saw[109]
90.Hand Saw Set[110]
91.Anvil Saw Set[110]
92.Angle of the File with the Edge of the Saw[111]
93.Angle of the File with the Sides of the Saw[111]
94.Results of Filings as shown in Fig. 93[112]
95.Method of Carrying a File to obtain the Hook of a Cutting-off Saw[112]
96.Removing the Burr after Filing a Saw[113]
97.Use of Sandpaper upon a Broad Surface[124]
98.Sandpapering Panel Work[126]
99.Method of Grasping Sandpaper in Rubbing down Shellac Finish[134]

ELEMENTS OF WOODWORK

CHAPTER I

Growth of Wood

1. Kinds of trees used for lumber.—(A.) The classification of trees here considered is based upon the method by which the trunk, or stem, of a tree is formed. The term exogenous is applied to outside growers, around which a layer of wood grows each year, and from which is cut the lumber of commerce. As the wood-worker is interested mainly in trees which grow by this method, we will do no more than mention the endogenous, or inside-growing, trees or plants of the nature of palm trees, cornstalks, etc., in which the woody fiber is formed upon the inside of the stem.

(B.) The new wood formed each year upon exogenous trees is known as the annual layer, or ring; the separate layers being more prominent in open-grained woods, such as oak, ash, and chestnut, than in close-grained woods, such as maple, cherry, poplar, and birch. It is the difference in the character and structure of these layers which makes some woods hard and others soft, some with open and others with close grain, and which also, with the coloring matter peculiar to each kind of wood, causes its individuality and adaptability to certain uses. (The color and odor of wood are caused by chemical combinations, and are not part of the substance of the wood.)

Fig. 1.—Section of Yellow Pine.