Elements of woodwork

by Charles A. King

73. Describe oil finish and its application. Describe its qualities.

74. Describe briefly the manufacture of varnish. Describe ideal conditions for flowing varnish. Describe and demonstrate the method of flowing varnish.

75. Describe and demonstrate the process of polishing.

76. Describe the kinds of brushes suitable for different kinds of work. How should brushes be cleaned? What should be the general treatment of a brush? How may varnish brushes be kept ready for use?

INDEX

• Age of tree, [2].
• Alburnum, see Sapwood.
• Annual layer, formation of, [1], [2], [3];
• covering over breaks, [9], [10];
• in quarter-sawed lumber, [23];
• shrinking around, [48].
• Apple wood, description of, [29].
• Arkansas stone, [106].
• Ash, description of, [28].
• Auger, cross-handled, [91].
• Auger bit, described, [91];
• filing of, [92], [93].
• Axe, hand, described, [66].
• Backsaw, described, [69].
• Balsam fir, illustrated, [43].
• Band saw, [19].
• Bark, of tree trunk, [4], [5], [6].
• Basswood (or linden), description of, [29].
• Bast, of tree trunk, [4], [a]5], [6].
• Bastard sawing, [22].
• Beech, description of, [30], [31].
• Bell-faced hammer, described, [65].
• Benches, types of, described, [57-59].
• Bevel, described, [62].
• Bill stuff, sawing of, [22].
• Birch, description of, [30], [32].
• Bird’s-eye maple, description of, [36].
• Bitbrace, or stock, described, [93];
• ratchet, described, [94].
• Bits, described, [90].
• Black walnut, see Walnut.
• Black walnut stain, [130].
• Blemishes, in grading lumber, [23], [24].
• Blind nailing, described, [66].
• Block plane, description and use of, [84].
• Boards, sawing of, to dimension, [20];
• surveying or estimating of, [25];
• measuring of, [26];
• for siding, [28];
• piling of, [48], [49].
• Brushes, for gluing, [120];
• for staining and filling, [140].
• Burnisher, use of, in sharpening scraper, [97-100].
• Butternut (or white walnut), description of, [32].
• Buttonwood, see Sycamore.
• Cable, hauling logs by, [15].
• Calipers, described, [95].
• Cam, of plane, [73], [75].
• Cambium, of tree trunk, [4], [a]5], [6].
• Canoe birch, [32].
• Cap iron, of plane, use of, [74].
• Cap screw, of plane, use of, [73], [75].
• Carborundum, as grindstone, [106];
• as oilstone, [107].
• Carpenter’s bench, [57], [58].
• Cedar, description of, [32].
• Cellular grain of wood, [2].
• Center bit, described, [92].
• Checking, or cracking, of lumber, [6], [8].
• Cherry, description of, [32];
• stain, [130];
• how to darken, [131].
• Chestnut, description of, [33].
• Chisels, described, [88].
• Circular saw, [19], [20].
• Claw hammer, described, [64].
• Clefts, or splits, [9].
• Close-grained woods, filling of, [128];
• staining of, [130].
• Coarse-grained lumber, [8].
• Color of wood, [2], [25].
• Comb-grained lumber, [23].
• Common boards, grading of, [26];
• measuring of, [26].
• Compass (or keyhole) saw, described, [68];
• filing of, [113].
• Compasses, or dividers, described, [95].
• Coniferous trees, [2], [3].
• Corundum, as grindstone, [106];
• as oilstone, [107].
• Cross-grained lumber, [8].
• Culls, [24].
• Cup shakes, [7], [8].
• Cutting-off saw, described, [68];
• filing of, [111].
• Cypress, description of, [33].
• Decay of tree, how prevented, [25].
• Deciduous trees, [2].
• Defects in lumber, [7-10].
• Dimension timber, sawing of, [20], [22].
• Discolorations in lumber, [9], [24].
• Dividers, see Compasses.
• Drawshave, described, [90].
• Duramen, see Heartwood.
• Ebony stain, [132].
• Edge, squaring an, with try-square, [60], [61].
• Edges, square and beveled, [97].
• Elm, description of, [34].
• Emery, as grindstone, [106];
• as oilstone, [107].
• Emery wheel, use of, in sharpening a plane, [77].
• Endogenous trees, [1].
• Estimating lumber, [25].
• Exogenous trees, [1].
• Extension bit, described, [92].
• Files, description and use of, [108-113].
• Filler, how to make, [128];
• how to spread, [129].
• Fine-grained lumber, [8].
• Finishing woods, [128-141].
• Flooring, best grades of, [23], [28].
• Framing, lumber for, [27], [28], [50].
• Framing square, [62].
• Gauge, description and use of, [63], [64].
• German bit, described, [92].
• Glue, different kinds of, [118];
• testing of, [119];
• how to use, [120-122].
• Gouges, described, [90].
• Grading of lumber, [23].
• Grain of woods, cause of, [1], [2], [6], [7];
• kinds of, [8].
• See also Close-grained, etc.
• Grindstone, use of, in sharpening a plane, [77];
• described, [105].
• Ground glue, [118].
• Gum (sweet gum), description of, [34].
• Hammer, described, [63].
• Handscrews, use of, [103-105], [122].
• Hard wood, cause of, [1], [2].
• Hatchet, described, [66].
• Hemlock, description of, [35].
• Heart shakes, [7], [8].
• Heartwood, formation of, [3], [4], [a]5].
• Hickory, description of, [35].
• Insects, injurious to trees, [10], [25].
• Inside finish, lumber for, [28].
• Jack plane, described, [81];
• use of, [86-88].
• Jointer, described, [82].
• Jointing a saw, [109].
• Joists or scantling, surveying of, [26].
• Keyhole saw, see Compass saw.
• Kiln, filling a, [53];
• length of time lumber should be left in, [54].
• Kiln-dried lumber, [28], [50-54].
• Kilns, moist air, [50];
• induced draft, [52].
• Knife blades, described, [72].
• Linden, see Basswood.
• Liquid filler, [128].
• Locust, description of, [35].
• Logging, [12-19].
• Lumber, unseasoned, [3];
• checking, or cracking of, [6];
• defects in, [7], [8];
• grain of, [1], [2], [6], [7], [8];
• when to cut, [10];
• manufacture of, [12-23];
• grading of, [23], [24];
• testing of, [24], [25];
• surveying or estimating of, [25-27];
• piling of, [45-49];
• weather-dried, [49];
• kiln-dried, [50-54].
• See also special subjects.
• Lumbering, processes of, [12].
• Mahogany, description of, [36];
• sanding of, [126];
• stain, [131].
• Mallets, described, [67].
• Manual-training bench, [57], [58].
• Maple, description of, [35];
• sugar maple, illustrated, [31].
• Medullary rays, [4], [a]5], [6];
• sawing woods having, [22].
• Moist air, or natural draft, kilns, [50].
• Moisture, in lumber, [4].
• Moldings, sandpapering of, [125].
• Monkey wrench, [103].
• Nail set, use of, [66], [102];
• burnisher made from, [99].
• Nailing, described, [65], [66].
• Nippers, described, [95].
• Oak, tree trunk, section of, [a]5];
• plain and quartered, [a]5];
• description of, [36].
• Odor of wood, [2], [25].
• Oil finish, [137].
• Oilstones, artificial, use of, [107].
• Open-grained woods, filling of, [128];
• staining of, [129].
• “Out of wind,” [60], [61].
• Outside finish, lumber for, [27], [28].
• Panel work, sandpapering, [126].
• Paper birch, [32].
• Paste filler, [128].
• Piling of lumber, [45-49].
• Pine, yellow, section of, [2];
• description of different varieties of, [36].
• Pine logs, load of white, [a]14].
• Pith, of tree trunk, [4], [a]5].
• Plain sawing, [22].
• Plane, adjusting mechanism of, [73-75];
• other parts of, [75], [76];
• sharpening a, [76-81].
• Planes, description and use of, [72-88].
• Pliers, described, [95].
• Polishing, [139].
• Poplar (or whitewood), description of, [40].
• Position, in using tools, [85].
• Preserving wood, [55].
• Prices, sliding scale of, [26].
• Quarter-sawed lumber, [22], [23], [48].
• Ratchet bitbrace, described, [94].
• Ratchet screwdrivers, described, [94].
• Redwood, description of, [40].
• Rift-sawed lumber, [23].
• Ripsaw, described, [67];
• filing of, [112].
• Rule, use of, in setting gauge, [63].
• Rules, fourfold and zigzag, described, [59].
• Sandpaper, testing of, [122];
• how to use, [123-127].
• See also Finishing.
• Sap, motion of, [3];
• allowed, in grading lumber, [23].
• Sapwood, formation of, [3], [4], [a]5].
• Saw filing, described, [109-113].
• Saw handle, reset, [72].
• Saw set, hand and anvil, described, [110].
• Sawing of lumber, [12], [18-23].
• Sawmills, types of, [18].
• Saws, description and use of, [67-72].
• Scale used in measuring lumber, [26], [27].
• Scraper, description of, [96];
• sharpening of, [97-102].
• Scratch plane, for use in gluing, [121].
• Screwdriver, described, [94].
• Shellac, use of, [132-136].
• Shingles, quality of, [28].
• Shrinking of lumber, quarter-sawed, [23], [48].
• Silver grain, [a]5], [6], [22].
• Skidways, use of, [13-17].
• Slash sawing, [22].
• Slip stones, use of, [107].
• Smoothing plane, described, [82].
• Soft wood, cause of, [1], [2].
• Spokeshave, described, [90].
• Spruce, cutting of, [13], [a]14] (figs. [5], [6]);
• description of, [40].
• Staining wood, [129-132].
• Star shakes, [7], [8], [48].
• Steaming wood, [55].
• Steel, or framing, square, [62].
• Stock, see Bitbrace.
• Straight-grained lumber, [8].
• Stumpage, explanation of, [13].
• Sugar maple forest, [31].
• Surveying of lumber, [25].
• Sycamore (or buttonwood), description of, [42].
• Tacking, described, [65].
• Testing of lumber, [24].
• Timbers to be buried, quality of, [28].
• Toenailing, described, [65].
• Tools, how to purchase, [57];
• description and use of, [57-108].
• Travoy road, [13], [15].
• Tree trunk, tissues of, [4].
• Trees, kinds of, used for lumber, [1], [2];
• annual layer of, [1];
• grain of, [1], [2], [6], [7], [8];
• age of, [2];
• defects in, [8-10];
• when to cut, [10];
• felling of, [12-15];
• decay of, [25].
• See also special subjects.
• Try-square, description and use of, [59-62], [71].
• Twist drill, described, [92].
• Varnish, [137].
• Vertical-grained lumber, [23].
• Vises, on benches, [59].
• Walnut, black, description of, [42];
• white, see Butternut.
• Walnut stain, black, [130].
• Warping of lumber, [48].
• Washita stone, [106].
• Waste, care in use of, [134].
• Wax finishing, [136].
• Ways, permanent lumber, [45].
• Weather-dried lumber, [12], [28], [49].
• Whetstones, description and use of, [106].
• Whetting and grinding of plane, [77-80].
• Whitewood, see Poplar.
• Wind shakes, or cup shakes, [7], [8].
• Winding sticks, [61].
• Wood, growth of, [1-11];
• grain of, [1], [2];
• color of, [2], [4];
• odor of, [2];
• soft and hard, [1], [2];
• qualities of, [27-29];
• varieties of, [29-42];
• steaming, [55];
• preserving, [55];
• filling grain of, [128];
• staining, [129].
• See also special subjects.
• Wrenches, described, [103].

VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

By JOHN M. GILLETTE, Professor of Sociology in the
State University of North Dakota

$1.00

In this volume is presented for teachers, superintendents, and teachers’ reading circles an illuminating discussion of the present general movement for vocational education. By this phrase is meant not only industrial education; but all the training courses needed to meet the practical demands of life.