1643—The germ of the American Union is planted by a confederation of Plymouth, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and New Haven. It was for mutual protection and support, and was kept alive about forty years.

1645—Clayborne causes an insurrection in Maryland.

—The Mohawks mediate between the Dutch and Algonquins.

—Witchcraft superstition commences.

1646—John Elliott becomes a missionary to the Indians.

1649—The Mohawk war on the French settlements and Jesuits.

1650—Common School laws passed in Connecticut.

1651—English “Navigation Act” forbids colonists to trade with any country but England, and restricts trade among the colonies. Thus the English make all the profits. English merchants set the price of purchases and sales.

1651—Persecution of the Quakers in Massachusetts.

—Proprietary government subverted in Maryland.