Table 67.—Distribution of color in offspring of barred White Leghorn × Black Cochin hybrids.
| Mother. | Father. | Offspring. | |||||||||
| No. | Gen. | Races. | Color. | No. | Gen. | Races. | Color. | Wh. | Spangled, barred and blue. | Black or Game. | |
| 263 | F1 | Bl. Coch. × Wh. Legh. | Barred. | 265 | F2 | Bl. Coch. × Wh. Legh. | Barred. | 8 | 8 | 16 | |
| 361 | F1 | Do. | Do. | 265 | F2 | Do. | Do. | 7 | 4 | 15 | |
| 364 | F1 | Do. | Do. | 265 | F2 | Do. | Do. | 8 | 9 | 9 | |
| Total. | 23 | 21 | 40 | ||||||||
CHAPTER XII.
GENERAL DISCUSSION.
A. RELATION OF HEREDITY AND ONTOGENY.
In studying heredity our attention must often be focused on the ontogenesis of the different characters, and we are sometimes inclined to regard the adult character as the product of the course of ontogenesis. But this is a superficial way of looking at things; the determiners of all characters are in the germ-plasm and together they direct the development of one part after another in orderly succession; a modernized form of the pre-formation doctrine seems logically necessary.
What do we know of the processes that take place in bringing the fertilized egg, freighted with its specific heredity, to its destination—the adult form? Modern embryological and cytological studies give us an insight into many of them. First of all, the egg has a certain organization that foreshadows something of its fate. Then cell-divisions begin, at first synchronous, but later becoming accelerated here and retarded there. Eventually (especially among animals) these cells become arranged into a membrane whose unequal growth in limited areas produces foldings. The folding of membranes, their stretching, local thickenings, or thinnings are largely the result of local inhibitions of water. Sometimes movements of individual cells occur out of the membranes into and through cavities or solid yolk-masses, and by the aggregation of such cells massive organs are sometimes formed. Local absorption of tissues already established may be effected in later life by such migratory cells. Membranes once established may form pockets or linear folds, as in gastrulation and gland formation; they may become perforated; two membranes may fuse along areas or lines and a perforation may even occur at the region of fusion. Linear strands or tubules may grow out, making connections, as nerves do, with distant organs; tubes may unite to form a network, or split lengthwise. Finally, membranes and masses undergo vacuolization, or masses may split apart or fuse together. Thus in the ontogeny that is proceeding under the control of heredity all is motion and change.
What are the factors that control all these movements—for these are the true factors of heredity? We do not know much about them, but we know some things. We know that cell-divisions occur at particular times and places under the influence of preceding division planes; but their normal occurrence may be interfered with by an abnormal chemical condition of the environment.
We have reason for concluding that each developmental process is a "response"—a reaction of the living, streaming protoplasm to changing environment. The nature of the response to any stimulus probably depends on the chemical constitution of the protoplasm—and this is hereditary. In an important sense heredity is the control of ontogeny.