The Fundamentals of Bacteriology

by Charles Bradfield Morrey

• D. ACTINOMYCETALES—
• Family I. Actinomycetaceæ Buchanan, 1918.
• Genus 1. Actinobacillus, Brampt, 1900.
• Type species, Actinobacillus lignieresi Brampt, 1900.
• Genus 2. Leptotrichia Trevisan, 1879.
• Type species, Leptotrichia buccalis (Robin, 1847) Trevisan.
• Genus 3. Actinomyces Harz, 1877.
• Type species, Actinomyces bovis Harz.
• Genus 4. Erysipelothrix Rosenbach, 1909.
• Type species, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiæ (Kitt, 1893) Rosenbach, swine erysipelas.
• Family II. Mycobacteriaceæ Chester, 1897.
• Genus 1. Mycobacterium Lehmann and Neumann, 1896.
• Type species, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Koch, 1882) L. and N.
• Genus 2. Corynebacterium Lehmann and Neumann, 1896.
• Type species, Corynebacterium diphtheriæ
• (Loeffler, 1882) L. and N.
• Genus 3. Fusiformis Hoelling, 1910.
• Type species, Fusiformis termitidis Hoelling. Vincent’s angina.
• Genus 4. Pfeifferella Buchanan, 1918.
• Type species, Pfeifferella mallei (Loeffler, 1896) Buchanan. Glanders bacillus.

• E. EUBACTERIALES
• Family I—Nitrobacteriaceæ—Proto- or autotrophic for N or C and sometimes for both (except Acetobacter).
• Tribe I—Nitrobactereæ—autotrophic for C.
• Genus 1. Hydrogenomonas Jensen, 1909.
• Type species, Hydrogenomonas pantotropha (Kaserer, 1906) Jensen; oxidizes free H.
• Genus 2. Methanomonas Jensen, 1909.
• Type species, Methanomonas methanica (Söhngen) Jensen; oxidizes CH₄.
• Genus 3. Carboxydomonas Jensen, 1909.
• Type species, Carboxydomonas oligocarbophila (Beijerinck and Van Delden, 1903) Jensen; oxidizes CO.
• Genus 4. Acetobacter Fuhrman, 1905.
• Type species, Acetobacter aceti (Thompson, 1852) Fuhrman; oxidizes alcohol to acetic acid.
• Genus 5. Nitrosomonas Winogradsky, 1892.
• Type species, Nitrosomonas europoea Winogradsky; oxidizes ammonia or ammonium salts to nitrous acid, hence nitrites.
• Genus 6. Nitrobacter Winogradsky, 1892.
• Type species, Nitrobacter Winogradskyi Committee of 1917; oxidizes nitrous acid (nitrites) to nitric acid (nitrates).
• Tribe II—Azotobactereæ—prototrophic for N.
• Genus 7. Azotobacter Beijerinck, 1901; large, free-living, aerobic N absorbers.
• Type species, Azotobacter chroococcum Beijerinck.
• Genus 8. Rhizobium Frank, 1889.
• Type species, Rhizobium leguminosarum Frank; root tubercle bacteria of legumes.
• Family II—Pseudomonadaceæ, Committee of 1917.
• Genus 1. Pseudomonas Migula, 1894.
• Type species, Pseudomonas violacea (Schroeter, 1872) Migula.
• Family III—Spirillaceæ Migula, 1894—all spiral bacteria.
• Genus 1. Vibrio Müller, 1786, emended by E. F. Smith, 1905.
• Type species, Vibrio choleræ (Koch, 1884) Schroeter, 1886.
• Genus 2. Spirillum Ehrenberg, 1830, emended Migula, 1894.
• Type species, Spirillum undula (Müller, 1786) Ehrenberg.
• Family IV—Coccaceæ Zopf, 1884, emended Migula, 1894—all cocci.
• Tribe I—Neissereæ.
• Genus 1. Neisseria Trevisan, 1885.
• Type species, Neisseria gonorrhoeae Trevisan.
• Tribe II—Streptococceæ Trevisan, 1889.
• Genus 2. Diplococcus Weichselbaum, 1886.
• Type species, Diplococcus pneumoniae Weichselbaum.
• Genus 3. Leuconostoc Van Tieghem, 1878.
• Type species, Leuconostoc mesenterioides (Cienkowski) Van Tieghem.
• Genus 4. Streptococcus Rosenbach, 1884; emended Winslow and Rogers, 1905.
• Type species, Streptococcus pyogenes Rosenbach.
• Tribe III—Micrococceæ Trevisan, 1889.
• Genus 5. Staphylococcus Rosenbach, 1884; animal parasites.
• Type species, Staphylococcus aureus Rosenbach.
• Genus 6. Micrococcus Cohn, 1872, emended Winslow and Rogers, 1905. Facultative parasites or saprophytes.
• Type species,
• Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter, 1872) Cohn.
• Genus 7. Sarcina Goodsir, 1842, emended Winslow and Rogers, 1905.
• Type species, Sarcina ventriculi Goodsir.
• Genus 8. Rhodococcus Zopf, 1891, emended Winslow and Rogers, 1905; cocci with red pigment.
• Type species, Rhodococcus rhodochrous Zopf.
• Family V—Bacteriaceæ Cohn, 1872, emended by Committee of 1917; bacilli without spores not above included.
• Tribe I—Chromobactereæ Committee of 1919; producing red or violet pigment, mainly water forms.
• Genus 1. Erythrobacillus Fortineau, 1905.
• Type species, Erythrobacillus prodigiosus (Ehrenberg, 1848) Fortineau.
• Genus 2. Chromobacterium Bergonzini, 1881.
• Type species, Chromobacterium violaceum Bergonzini.
• Tribe II—Erwineæ Committee 1919; plant pathogens.
• Genus 3. Erwinia Committee 1917.
• Type species, Erwinia amylovora (Burrill, 1883) Committee 1917.
• Tribe III—Zopfeæ Committee of 1919; Gram +, no pigment, non-carbohydrate-fermenting.
• Genus 4. Zopfius Wenner and Rettger, 1919.
• Type species, Zopfius zopfii (Kurth) Wenner and Rettger.
• Tribe IV—Bactereæ Committee of 1919; Gram -, carbohydrate fermenters.
• Genus 5. Proteus Hauser, 1885; liquefy gelatin.
• Type species, Proteus vulgaris Hauser.
• Genus 6. Bacterium Ehrenberg, 1828, emended Jensen, 1909; liquefy gelatin rarely.
• Type species, Bacterium coli.
• Tribe VI—Lactobacilleæ Committee of 1919; Gram +, high acid, thermophils.
• Genus 7. Lactobacillus Beijerinck, 1901.
• Type species, Lactobacillus caucasicus (Kern?) Beijerinck; Bulgarian bacillus.
• Tribe VI—Pasteurelleæ Committee of 1919; organisms of hemorrhagic septicemia.
• Genus 8. Pasteurella Trevisan, 1888.
• Type species, Pasteurella cholerae-gallinarum (Flügge, 1886); Trevisan.
• Tribe VII—Hemophileæ Committee of 1917; require hemoglobin for growth.
• Genus 9. Hemophilus Committee of 1917.
• Type species, Hemophilus influenzae (Pfeiffer, 1893) Committee of 1917.
• Family VI—Bacillaceæ Fischer, 1895. Spore forming rods.
• Genus 1. Bacillus Cohn, 1872; aerobic, no change of form around the spore.
• Type species, Bacillus subtilis Cohn.
• Genus 2. Clostridium Prazmowski, 1880; anaërobic
• , frequently enlarged around spore.
• Type species, Clostridium butyricum Prazmowski.

As compared with Migula’s classification it is to be noted that there are 38 genera listed by the Committee instead of 13 in the same general groups.

The following list of Genera conservanda submitted by the Committee was formally adopted by the Society and these are therefore its official names for the organisms included in these genera.

• Acetobacter Fuhrman
• Actinomyces Harz
• Bacillus Cohn
• Bacterium Ehrenberg
• Chromobacterium Bergonzini
• Clostridium Prazmowski
• Erythrobacillus Fortineau
• Leptotrichia Trevisan
• Leuconostoc Van Tieghem
• Micrococcus Cohn
• Rhizobium Frank
• Sarcina Goodsir
• Spirillum Ehrenberg
• Staphylococcus Rosenbach
• Streptococcus Rosenbach
• Vibrio Müller

It is greatly to be desired that the Society’s Classification when finally completed shall become the standard in the United States at least.

Such names as have been adopted by the Society are used throughout this work.

The Committee also submitted the following artificial key for determining the genera in the two orders ACTINOMYCETALES AND EUBACTERIALES:

• A—Typically filamentous forms ..........Actinomycetacae
• B—Mycelium and conidia formed ..........Actinomyces
• BB—No true mycelium
• C—Cells show branching
• D—Gram negative ..........Actinobacillus
• DD—Gram positive ..........Erysipelothrix
• CC—Cells never branch. Gram positive threads later fragmenting into rods ..........Leptotrichia
• AA—Typically unicellular forms (though chains of cells may occur)
• B—Cells spherical—COCCACEÆ
• C—Parasitic forms (except Leuconostoc), cells generally grouped in pairs or chains, never in packets, generally active fermenters.
• D—Cells in flattened coffee-bean-like pairs, gram -. ..........Neisseria
• DD—Not as D
• E—Saprophytes in zoögloea masses in sugar solutions. ..........Leuconostoc
• EE—Not as E. Gram +.
• F—Cells in lanceolate pairs or in chains. Growth on media not abundant.
• G—Cells in lanceolate pairs. Inulin generally fermented. ..........Diplococcus
• GG—Cells in chains. Inulin not generally fermented. ..........Streptococcus
• FF—Cells in irregular groups. Growth in media fairly vigorous. White or orange pigment. ..........Staphylococcus
• CC—Saprophytic forms. Cells in irregular groups or packets, not in chains. Fermentative powers low.
• D—Packets ..........Sarcina
• DD—No packets.
• E—Yellow pigment ..........Micrococcus
• EE—Red pigment ..........Rhodococcus
• BB—Rods:
• C—Spiral rods
• D—Short, comma-like rods. One to three flagella. ..........Vibrio
• DD—Long spirals. Five to twenty flagella. ..........Spirillum
• CC—Straight rods.
• D—No endospores.
• E—Rods of irregular shape or showing branched or filamentous involution forms.
• F—Cells irregular in shape. Staining unevenly. Animal parasites.
• G—Acid fast ..........Mycobacterium
• GG—Not acid fast.
• H—Cells elongated, fusiform ..........Fusiformis
• HH—Cells not elongated, sometimes branching.
• I—Gram positive. Slender, sometimes club-shaped. ..........Corynebacterium
• II—Gram negative. Rods sometimes form threads. Characteristic honey-like growth on potato. ..........Pfeifferella
• FF—Cells staining unevenly but with branched or filamentous forms at certain stages. Never acid fast. Not animal parasites.
• G—Metabolism simple, growth processes involving oxidation of alcohol or fixation of free N (latter in symbiosis with green plants).
• H—Cells minute. Symbiotic in roots of legumes. ..........Rhizobium
• HH—Oxidizing alcohol. Branching forms common. ..........Acetobacter
• GG—Not as G. Proteus-like colonies.
• H—Not attacking carbohydrates ..........Zopfius
• HH—
• Fermenting glucose and sucrose at least. ..........Proteus
• EE—Regularly formed rods.
• F—Metabolism simple, growth processes involving oxidation
• of C, H, or their simple compounds or the fixation of free N.—NITROBACTERIACEÆ.
• G—Fixing N or oxidizing its simple compounds.
• H—Fixing N, cells large, free in soil ..........Azotobacter
• HH—Oxidizing N compounds.
• I—Oxidizing NH₄ compounds ..........Nitrosomonas
• II—Oxidizing nitrites ..........Nitrobacter
• GG—Not as G.
• H—Oxidizing free H ..........Hydrogenomonas
• HH—Oxidizing simple C compounds, not free H.
• I—Oxidizing CO ..........Carboxydomonas
• II—Oxidizing CH₄ ..........Methanomonas
• FF—Not as F.
• G—Flagella usually present, polar—PSEUDOMONADACEÆ ..........Pseudomonas
• GG—Flagella when present peritrichic—BACTERIACEÆ
• H—Parasitic forms showing bi-polar staining. ..........Pasteurella
• HH—Not as H.
• I—Strict parasites growing only in presence of hemoglobin ..........Hemophilus
• II—Not as I.
• J—Water forms producing red or violet pigment.
• K—Pigment red ..........Erythrobacillus
• KK—Pigment violet ..........Chromobacterium
• JJ—Not as J.
• K—Plant pathogens ..........Erwinia
• KK—Not plant pathogens.
• L—Gram +, forming large amount of acid from carbohydrates, sometimes CO₂, never H ..........Lactobacillus
• LL—Gram -, forming H as well as CO₂ if gas is produced ..........Bacterium
• DD—Endospores present—BACILLACEÆ
• E—Aerobes, rods not swollen at sporulation. ..........Bacillus
• EE—Anaërobes
• , rods swollen at sporulation. ..........Clostridium