Mouth: labrum finely hairy, but without any teeth; mandibles, with the 4th tooth small; the 5th confluent, with the sometimes smooth, sometimes pectinated inferior angle. Maxillæ, rather broad, with a slight notch under the upper pair of spines. Cirri, first pair, with one ramus, having 29 segments, and above one third longer than the shorter ramus, having 17 segments; these latter segments are remarkable by the extent to which their upper front surfaces are laterally produced into projections, twice as long as the breadth of that portion of the segment which is articulated to the adjoining segment. These projections have a double row of serrated spines on their upper edge, and a beautiful radiating bundle at the end; the projections decrease in length, both in the upper and lower segments. The second cirrus (Pl. [29], fig. [4]) has the segments (13 in number, in the same individual with the segments above enumerated) of both rami produced in the same singular manner as in the first pair. The third pair have only inverted conical segments, coloured darker purple than the other cirri. The sixth pair had in the same individual 31 or 32 segments, and therefore one or two more than in the longer ramus of the first pair.[93] The segments in the posterior cirri have their anterior faces shield-shaped, and bear 6 or 7 pairs of spines, with some minute intermediate spines. There is the usual point at the dorsal basis of the penis.
[93] Under the Genus (p. [190]) I have given the numbers of the segments in the cirri of this species at successive ages.
Range.—This species is common on the southern shores of England and in the Channel Islands: the largest specimens which I have seen came from these quarters. The most northern point whence I have seen specimens, is Tenby, in South Wales. This species is common throughout the Mediterranean; I have seen specimens from Malaga, Sicily, Algiers, and Smyrna; thence it ranges down the western coast of Africa, as far south as the Gambia and Loanda, in 9° south latitude. I believe British specimens are more often corroded than those from further south. Amongst some old, ill-kept specimens in a box in the British Museum, marked “Kingston, Jamaica,” there were some of this species: also I received some specimens, marked “S. America,” from Mr. G. B. Sowerby: again, Ellis, in Phil. Trans., vol. 50, part 11, gives a figure (Tab. 34, fig. 15) of some specimens from the West Indies, which I believe to be [B. perforatus]: hence, it is in some degree probable that this species, like [B. tintinnabulum], and [amphitrite], and [improvisus], may be found on both sides of the equatorial Atlantic. [Balanus perforatus] is attached, together with [B. tulipiformis], [trigonus], [amphitrite], [Chthamalus stellatus], and Pollicipes cornucopia, usually to rocks, near the lower limit of the tidal level; but I believe, from specimens kindly sent me by Mr. Mac Andrew, that it is frequently obtained by dredging; one specimen was even marked 30 fathoms. According to Poli, it is sometimes attached to the bottoms of vessels; and I have seen a specimen adhering to the floating Lepas Hillii.
Affinities.—This is a distinct species, closely allied to no other species, but comes nearest to [B. lævis], which is its representative in Southern America, and on the whole west coast of that continent. It is allied to that species, and differs from most other species, in the general form of the shell, its small orifice, narrow radii, and often deeply cup-formed basis. It agrees to a certain extent in the colouring, though the purple here is much more prevalent, and is not confined to the shelly matter filling up the parietal tubes. It agrees with that species in the general structure of the scutum; but the two or three deep, longitudinal furrows are here absent; and the minute ridge, parallel to and almost under the adductor ridge, is a peculiarity confined to this and very few species in the genus. The terga differ from those of [B. lævis], chiefly in the spur being narrower, and in the apex being beaked. Lastly, the highly protuberant segments of the one ramus in the first cirrus, and of both rami in the second pair, are here remarkable. With regard to the varieties, I have nothing to add to their short diagnostic characters above given.
18. [BALANUS] CONCAVUS. Pl. [4], fig. [4 a]-[4 e].
BALANUS CONCAVUS. Bronn. Italiens Tertiär-Gebilde (1831) et Lethæa Geognostica, b. ii, s. 1155 (1838), Tab. 36, fig. 12.[94]
------ CYLINDRACEUS, var. c. Lamarck. Animaux sans Vertèbres (1818).
LEPAS TINTINNABULUM. Brocchi. Conchologia Sub-Appen., t. ii, p. 597 (1814).