Coral Reefs; Volcanic Islands; South American Geology — Complete

by Charles Darwin

Abich, on a new variety of feldspar [ 446]
Abrolhos islands [415]
Absence of recent formations on the S. American coasts [409]
Aguerros on elevation of Imperial [305]
Albite, constituent mineral in andesite [ 446]
—— in rocks of Tierra del Fuego [ 427]
—— in porphyries [444]
—— crystals of, with orthite [ 447]
Alison, Mr., on elevation of Valparaiso [ 307], [310]
Alumina, sulphate of [439]
Ammonites from Concepcion [400], [405]
Amolanas, Las [493]
Amygdaloid, curious varieties of [444]
Amygdaloids of the Uspallata range [471]
—— of Copiapo [498]
Andesite of Chile [446]
—— in the valley of Maypu [449], [450]
—— of the Cumbre pass [460], [466]
—— of the Uspallata range [ 475]
—— of Los Hornos [480]
—— of Copiapo [488], [491]
Anhydrite, concretions of [450], [463]
Araucaria, silicified wood of [394], [474]
Arica, elevation of [323]
Arqueros, mines of [481]
Ascension, gypsum deposited on [328]
—— laminated volcanic rocks of [ 439], [440]
Augite in fragments, in gneiss [414]
—— with albite, in lava [347]
Austin, Mr. R. A. C., on bent cleavage lamina [ 434]
Austin, Captain, on sea-bottom [302]
Australia, foliated rocks of [438]
Azara labiata, beds of, at San Pedro [ 277], [352]
Baculites vagina [400]
Bahia Blanca, elevation of [280]
—— formations near [355]
—— character of living shells of [ 408]
Bahia (Brazil), elevation near [280]
—— crystalline rocks of [414]
Ballard, M., on the precipitation of sulphate of soda [349]
Banda Oriental, tertiary formations of [ 365]
—— crystalline rocks of [418]
Barnacles above sea-level [311]
—— adhering to upraised shells [ 306]
Basalt of S. Cruz [389]
—— streams of, in the Portillo range [456]
—— in the Uspallata range [ 472]
Basin chains of Chile [333]
Beagle Channel [427], [ 430]
Beaumont, Elie de, on inclination of lava-streams [390], [457]
—— on viscid quartz-rocks [ 475]
Beech-tree, leaves of fossil [391]
Beechey, Captain, on sea-bottom [299]
Belcher, Lieutenant, on elevated shells from Concepcion [306]
Bella Vista, plain of [325]
Benza, Dr., on decomposed granite [417]
Bettington, Mr., on quadrupeds transported by rivers [374]
Blake, Mr., on the decay of elevated shells near Iquique [322]
—— on nitrate of soda [346]
Bole [444]
Bollaert, Mr., on mines of Iquique [503]
Bones, silicified [402]
—— fossil, fresh condition of [ 366]
Bottom of sea off Patagonia [292], [298]
Bougainville, on elevation of the Falkland islands [290]
Boulder formation of S. Cruz [285], [295]
—— of Falkland islands [290]
—— anterior to certain extinct quadrupeds [371]
—— of Tierra del Fuego [391]
Boulders in the Cordillera [339], [341]
—— transported by earthquake-waves [ 344]
—— in fine-grained tertiary deposits [401]
Brande, Mr., on a mineral spring [461]
Bravais, M., on elevation of Scandinavia [ 320]
Brazil, elevation of [279]
—— crystalline rocks of [414], [418]
Broderip, Mr., on elevated shells from Concepcion [306]
Brown, Mr. R., on silicified wood of Uspallata range [474]
Brown, on silicified wood [495]
Bucalema, elevated shells near [307]
Buch, Von, on cleavage [438]
—— on cretaceous fossils of the Cordillera [453], [465]
—— on the sulphureous volcanoes of Java [509]
Buenos Ayres [352]
Burchell, Mr., on elevated shells of Brazil [ 279]
Byron, on elevated shells [303]
Cachapual, boulders in valley of [339], [341]
Caldcleugh, Mr., on elevation of Coquimbo [ 314]
—— on rocks of the Portillo range [ 456]
Callao, elevation near [323]
—— old town of [327]
Cape of Good Hope, metamorphic rocks of [ 439]
Carcharias megalodon [402]
Carpenter, Dr., on microscopic organisms [ 352]
Castro (Chiloe), beds near [394]
Cauquenes Baths, boulders near [339], [341]
—— pebbles in porphyry near [ 443]
—— volcanic formation near [ 447]
—— stratification near [449]
Caves above sea-level [303], [307], [322]
Cervus pumilus, fossil-horns of [ 304]
Chevalier, M., on elevation near Lima [ 323]
Chile, structure of country between the Cordillera and the Pacific [333]
—— tertiary formations of [ 337]
—— crystalline rocks in [435]
—— central, geology of [441]
—— northern, geology of [479]
Chiloe, gravel on coast [294]
—— elevation of [303]
—— tertiary formation of [337], [405]
—— crystalline rocks of [433]
Chlorite-schist, near M. Video [419]
Chonos archipelago, tertiary formations of [ 393]
—— crystalline rocks of [430]
Chupat, Rio, scoriæ transported by [ 280]
Claro, Rio, fossiliferous beds of [485]
Clay-shale of Los Hornos [480]
Clay-slate, formation of, Tierra del Fuego [ 424]
—— of Concepcion [433]
—— feldspathic, of Chile [442], [444], [448]
—— —— of the Uspallata range [468], [470]
—— black siliceous, band of, in porphyritic formations of Chile [445]
Claystone porphyry, formation of, in Chile [ 442]
—— origin of [445]
—— eruptive sources of [444]
Cleavage, definition of [414]
—— at Bahia [415]
—— Rio de Janeiro [415]
—— Maldonado [418]
—— Monte Video [420]
—— S. Guitru-gueyu [421]
—— Falkland I. [424]
—— Tierra del Fuego [428]
—— Chonos I. [434]
—— Chiloe [435]
—— Concepcion [434]
—— Chile [435]
—— discussion on [436]
Cleavage-laminæ superficially bent [ 434]
Cliffs, formation of [301]
Climate, late changes in [345]
—— of Chile during tertiary period [ 408]
Coal of Concepcion [399]
—— S. Lorenzo [504]
Coast-denudation of St. Helena [301]
Cobija, elevation of [322]
Colombia, cretaceous formation of [504]
Colonia del Sacramiento, elevation of [ 278]
—— Pampean formation near [ 355]
Colorado, Rio, gravel of [295]
—— sand-dunes of [281], [294]
—— Pampean formation near [ 355]
Combarbala [479], [ 481]
Concepcion, elevation of [305]
—— deposits of [399], [405]
—— crystalline rocks of [433]
Conchalee, gravel-terraces of [311]
Concretions of gypsum, at Iquique [345]
—— in sandstone at S. Cruz [ 387]
—— in tufaceous tuff of Chiloe [ 387]
—— in gneiss [414]
—— in claystone-porphyry at Port Desire [421]
—— in gneiss at Valparaiso [ 435]
—— in metamorphic rocks [436]
—— of anhydrite [450]
—— relations of, to veins [ 473]
Conglomerate claystone of Chile [443], [445]
—— of Tenuyan [454], [458], [478]
—— of the Cumbre Pass [462], [466]
—— of Rio Claro [485]
—— of Copiapo [496], [499]
Cook, Captain, on form of sea-bottom [ 300]
Copiapo, elevation of [321]
—— tertiary formations of [ 403]
—— secondary formations of [ 489]
Copper, sulphate of [489]
—— native, at Arqueros [482]
—— mines of, at Panuncillo [ 481]
—— veins, distribution of [ 505]
Coquimbo, elevation and terraces of [ 312]
—— tertiary formations of [ 404]
—— secondary formations of [ 482]
Corallines living on pebbles [299]
Cordillera, valleys bordered by gravel fringes [337]
—— basal strata of [442]
—— fossils of [453], [465], [486], [487], [493], [503]
—— elevation of [442], [459], [474], [476], [500], [502], [510], [512], [517]
—— gypseous formations of [450], [452], [461], [463], [479], [483], [489], [491], [503]
—— claystone-porphyries of [ 442]
—— andesitic rocks of [446]
—— volcanoes of [447], [511], [517]
Coste, M., on elevation of Lemus [303]
Coy inlet, tertiary formation of [390]
Crassatella Lyellii [392]
Cruickshanks, Mr., on elevation near Lima [ 327]
Crystals of feldspar, gradual formation of, at Port Desire [422]
Cumbre, Pass of, in Cordillera [502]
Cuming, Mr., on habits of the Mesodesma [ 310]
—— on range of living shells on west coast [407]
Dana, Mr., on foliated rocks [438]
—— on amygdaloids [444]
Darwin, Mount [427]
D’Aubuisson, on concretions [397]
—— on foliated rocks [438]
Decay, gradual, of upraised shells [323], [327]
Decomposition of granite rocks [417]
De la Beche, Sir H., his theoretical researches in geology [299]
—— on the action of salt on calcareous rocks [327]
—— on bent cleavage-laminæ [ 434]
Denudation on coast of Patagonia [292], [300], [409]
—— great powers of [410]
—— of the Portillo range [456], [458]
Deposits, saline [344]
Despoblado, valley of [496], [497], [499]
Detritus, nature of, in Cordillera [338]
Devonshire, bent cleavage in [434]
Dikes, in gneiss of Brazil [414], [418]
—— near Rio de Janeiro [417]
—— pseudo, at Port Desire [ 423]
—— in Tierra del Fuego [426]
—— in Chonos archipelago, containing quartz [432]
—— near Concepcion, with quartz [ 434]
—— granitic-porphyritic, at Valparaiso [435]
—— rarely vesicular in Cordillera [ 347]
—— absent in the central ridges of the Portillo pass [452]
—— of the Portillo range, with grains of quartz [456]
—— intersecting each other often [ 466]
—— numerous at Copiapo [498]
Domeyko, M., on the silver mines of Coquimbo [ 482]
—— on the fossils of Coquimbo [ 486]
D’Orbigny, M. A., on upraised shells of Monte Video [278]
—— on elevated shells at St. Pedro [ 278]
—— on elevated shells near B. Ayres [279]
—— on elevation of S. Blas [ 281]
—— on the sudden elevation of La Plata [293]
—— on elevated shells near Cobija [ 322]
—— on elevated shells near Arica [ 322]
—— on the climate of Peru [ 324]
—— on salt deposits of Cobija [ 345]
—— on crystals of gypsum in salt-lakes [349]
—— on absence of gypsum in the Pampean formation [353]
—— on fossil remains from Bahia Blanca [359], [360]
—— on fossil remains from the banks of the Parana [362]
—— on the geology of St. Fé [ 363]
—— on the age of Pampean formation [ 367], [376]
—— on the Mastodon Andium [ 379]
—— on the geology of the Rio Negro [ 381]
—— on the character of the Patagonian fossils [391]
—— on fossils from Concepcion [ 399]
—— —— from Coquimbo [ 404]
—— —— from Payta [ 405]
—— on fossil tertiary shells of Chile [406]
—— on cretaceous fossils of Tierra del Fuego [426]
—— —— from the Cordillera of Chile [453], [465], [486], [488], [493], [504]
Earth, marine origin of [304], [308]
Earthenware, fossil [326]
Earthquake, effect of, at S. Maria [293]
—— elevation during, at Lemus [ 303]
—— of 1822, at Valparaiso [ 310]
—— effects of, in shattering surface [325]
—— fissures made by [325]
—— probable effects on cleavage [ 325]
Earthquakes in Pampas [290]
Earthquake-waves, power of, in throwing up shells [310]
—— effects of, near Lima [ 327]
—— power of, in transporting boulders [344]
Edmonston, Mr., on depths at which shells live at Valparaiso [309]
Ehrenberg, Professor, on infusoria in the Pampean formation [355], [359], [362]
—— on infusoria in the Patagonian formation [383], [384], [386], [391], [392]
Elevation of La Plata [278]
—— Brazil [279]
—— Bahia Blanca [280], [357]
—— San Blas [281]
—— Patagonia [281], [291], [293]
—— Tierra del Fuego [288]
—— Falkland islands [290]
—— Pampas [289], [377]
—— Chonos archipelago [303]
—— Chiloe [304]
—— Chile [304]
—— Valparaiso [307], [310]
—— Coquimbo [312], [320]
—— Guasco [320]
—— Iquique [322]
—— Cobija [322]
—— Lima [323]
—— sudden, at S. Maria [293]
—— —— at Lemus [ 303]
—— insensible, at Chiloe [ 304]
—— —— at Valparaiso [ 311]
—— —— at Coquimbo [ 314]
—— axes of, at Chiloe [398], [405]
—— —— at P. Rumena [ 398], [405]
—— —— at Concepcion [ 398], [405]
—— unfavourable for the accumulation of permanent deposits [410]
—— lines of, parallel to cleavage and foliation [416], [417], [424], [428], [432], [434], [438]
—— lines of, oblique to foliation [ 431]
—— areas of, causing lines of elevation and cleavage [441]
—— lines of, in the Cordillera [ 442]
—— slow, in the Portillo range [ 475]
—— two periods of, in Cordillera of Central Chile [476]
—— of the Uspallata range [ 474]
—— two periods of, in Cumbre Pass [ 476]
—— horizontal, in the Cordillera of Copiapo [500]
—— axes of, coincident with volcanic orifices [503]
—— of the Cordillera, summary on [ 510], [513], [ 517]
Elliott, Captain, on human remains [279]
Ensenada, elevated shells of [278]
Entre Rios, geology of [363]
Equus curvidens [364], [379]
Epidote in Tierra del Fuego [426]
—— in gneiss [435]
—— frequent in Chile [445]
—— in the Uspallata range [ 475]
—— in porphyry of Coquimbo [ 482]
Erman, M., on andesite [347]
Escarpments, recent, of Patagonia [301]
Extinction of fossil mammifers [370]
Falkland islands, elevation of [290]
—— pebbles on coast [297], [299]
—— geology of [424]
Falkner, on saline incrustations [347]
Faults, great, in Cordillera [461], [469]
Feldspar, earthy, metamorphosis of, at Port Desire [422]
—— albitic [347]
—— crystals of, with albite [ 347]
—— orthitic, in conglomerate of Tenuyan [454]
—— in granite of Portillo range [ 455]
—— in porphyries in the Cumbre Pass [466]
Feuillée on sea-level at Coquimbo [ 314]
Fissures, relations of, to concretions [ 397]
—— upfilled, at Port Desire [ 424]
—— in clay-slate [470]
Fitton, Dr., on the geology of Tierra del Fuego [427]
Fitzroy, Captain, on the elevation of the Falkland islands [427]
—— on the elevation of Concepcion [ 305]
Foliation, definition of [414]
—— of rocks at Bahia [414]
—— Rio de Janeiro [415]
—— Maldonado [418]
—— Monte Video [420]
—— S. Guitru-gueyu [421]
—— Falkland I. [424]
—— Tierra del Fuego [427]
—— Chonos archipelago [430]
—— Chiloe [433]
—— Concepcion [434]
—— Chile [435]
—— discussion on [435]
Forbes, Professor E., on cretaceous fossils of Concepcion [400]
—— on cretaceous fossils and subsidence in Cumbre Pass [465]
—— on fossils from Guasco [ 488]
—— —— from Coquimbo [ 483], [487]
—— —— from Copiapo [ 493]
—— on depths at which shells live [ 409], [496]
Formation, Pampean [352]
—— —— area of [ 371]
—— —— estuary origin [ 373]
—— tertiary of Entre Rios [ 363]
—— of Banda Oriental [365]
—— volcanic, in Banda Oriental [ 367]
—— of Patagonia [381]
—— summary on [391]
—— tertiary of Tierra del Fuego [ 391]
—— —— of the Chonos archipelago [393]
—— —— of Chiloe [ 394]
—— —— of Chile [ 394]
—— —— of Concepcion [ 398], [404]
—— —— of Navidad [ 400]
—— —— of Coquimbo [ 402]
—— —— of Peru [ 404]
—— —— subsidence during [402]
—— volcanic, of Tres Montes [ 393]
—— —— of Chiloe [ 394]
—— —— old, near Maldonado [418]
—— —— with laminar structure [440]
—— —— ancient, in Tierra del Fuego [426]
—— recent, absent on S. American coast [409]
—— metamorphic, of claystone-porphyry of Patagonia [421], [440]
—— foliation of [436]
—— plutonic, with laminar structure [440]
—— palaeozoic, of the Falkland I. [ 424]
—— claystone, at Concepcion [ 433]
—— Jurassic, of Cordillera [ 512]
—— Neocomian, of the Portillo Pass [ 453]
—— volcanic, of Cumbre Pass [ 465]
—— gypseous, of Los Hornos [479], [487]
—— —— of Coquimbo [ 482]
—— —— of Guasco [ 487]
—— —— of Copiapo

[ 488]
—— —— of Iquique [ 503]
—— cretaceo-oolitic, of Coquimbo [ 486], [495]
—— —— of Guasco [ 487], [494]
—— —— of Copiapo [ 495]
—— —— of Iquique [ 504]
Fossils, Neocomian, of Portillo Pass [ 453]
—— —— of Cumbre Pass [ 465]
—— secondary, of Coquimbo [ 485]
—— —— of Guasco [ 487]
—— —— of Copiapo [ 494]
—— —— of Iquique [ 503]
—— palæozoic, from the Falklands [424]
Fragments of hornblende-rock in gneiss [ 414]
—— of gneiss in gneiss [416]
Freyer, Lieutenant, on elevated shells of Arica [323]
Frezier on sea-level at Coquimbo [314]
Galapagos archipelago, pseudo-dikes of [ 424]
Gallegos, Port, tertiary formation of [ 390]
Garnets in gneiss [415]
—— in mica-slate [427]
—— at Panuncillo [481]
Gardichaud, M., on granites of Brazil [ 417]
Gay, M., on elevated shells [306]
—— on boulders in the Cordillera [ 339], [341]
—— on fossils from Cordillera of Coquimbo [487]
Gill, Mr., on brickwork transported by an earthquake-wave [327]
Gillies, Dr., on heights in the Cordillera [ 448]
—— on extension of the Portillo range [458]
Glen Roy, parallel roads of [319]
—— sloping terraces of [340]
Gneiss, near Bahia [414]
—— of Rio de Janeiro [415]
—— decomposition of [417]
Gold, distribution of [506]
Gorodona, formations near [362]
Granite, axis of oblique, to foliation [ 431]
—— andesitic [446]
—— of Portillo range [455]
—— veins of, quartzose [432], [475]
—— pebble of, in porphyritic conglomerate [493]
—— conglomerate [497]
Grauwacke of Uspallata range [468]
Gravel at bottom of sea [293], [298]
—— formation of, in Patagonia [ 295]
—— means of transportation of [ 298]
—— strata of, inclined [467]
Gravel-terraces in Cordillera [337]
Greenough, Mr., on quartz veins [437]
Greenstone, resulting from metamorphose hornblende-rock [419]
—— of Tierra del Fuego [426]
—— on the summit of the Campana of Quillota [442]
—— porphyry [443]
—— relation of, to clay-slate [ 443]
Gryphæa orientalis [483]
Guasco, elevation of [321]
—— secondary formation of [ 487]
Guitru-gueyu, Sierra [421]
Guyana, gneissic rocks of [415]
Gypsum, nodules of, in gravel at Rio Negro [ 296]
—— deposited from sea-water [ 327]
—— deposits of, at Iquique [ 345]
—— crystals of, in salt lakes [ 346]
—— in Pampean formation [353]
—— in tertiary formation of Patagonia [382], , ,
—— great formation of, in the Portillo Pass [461], [463]
—— —— in the Cumbre Pass [461], [463]
—— —— near Los Hornos [ 479]
—— —— at Coquimbo [ 482]
—— —— at Copiapo [ 490], [492]
—— —— near Iquique [ 504]
—— of San Lorenzo [504]
Hall, Captain, on terraces at Coquimbo [ 316]
Hamilton, Mr., on elevation near Tacna [ 323]
Harlan, Dr., on human remains [279]
Hayes, Mr. A., on nitrate of soda [346]
Henslow, Professor, on concretions [437]
Herbert, Captain, on valleys in the Himalaya [ 335]
Herradura Bay, elevated shells of [315]
—— tertiary formations of [ 402]
Himalaya, valleys in [335]
Hippurites Chilensis [483], [486]
Hitchcock, Professor, on dikes [414]
Honestones, pseudo, of Coquimbo [483]
—— of Copiapo [489]
Hooker, Dr. J. D., on fossil beech-leaves [ 391]
Hopkins, Mr., on axes of elevation oblique to foliation [432]
—— on origin of lines of elevation [ 440], [512]
Hornblende-rock, fragments of, in gneiss [ 414]
Hornblende-schist, near M. Video [420]
Hornos, Los, section near [479]
Hornstone, dike of [433], [434]
Horse, fossil tooth of [358], [364]
Huafo island [393], [ 404]
—— subsidence at [411]
Huantajaya, mines of [503]
Humboldt, on saline incrustations [347]
—— on foliations of gneiss [ 415]
—— on concretions in gneiss [ 435]
Icebergs, action on cleavage [434], [436]
Illapele, section near [479]
Imperial, beds of shells near [305]
Incrustations, saline [347]
Infusoria in Pampean formation [352], [355], [360], [363]
—— in Patagonian formation [382], [383], [384], [391]
Iodine, salts of [347], [ 348]
Iquique, elevation of [322]
—— saliferous deposits of [ 344]
—— cretaceo-oolitic formation of [ 503]
Iron, oxide of, in lavas [463], [499]
—— in sedimentary beds [480], [482]
—— tendency in, to produce hollow concretions [398]
—— sulphate of [489]
Isabelle, M., on volcanic rocks of Banda Oriental [368]
Joints in clay-slate [428]
Jukes, Mr., on cleavage in Newfoundland [ 437]
Kamtschatka, andesite of [347]
Kane, Dr., on the production of carbonate of soda [328]
King George’s sound, calcareous beds of [ 312]
Lakes, origin of [300]
—— fresh-water, near salt lakes [ 350]
Lava, basaltic, of S. Cruz [389]
—— claystone-porphyry, at Chiloe [ 395]
—— —— ancient submarine [446]
—— basaltic, of the Portillo range [ 457]
—— feldspathic, of the Cumbre Pass [ 463]
—— submarine, of the Uspallata range [471], [473], [476]
—— basaltic, of the Uspallata range [475]
—— submarine, of Coquimbo [484], [486]
—— of Copiapo [490], [496], [499]
Lemus island [393], [ 404]
Lemuy islet [394]
Lignite of Chiloe [395]
—— of Concepcion [398]
Lima, elevation of [323]
Lime, muriate of [328], [ 344], [347]
Limestone of Cumbre Pass [462]
—— of Coquimbo [483], [485]
—— of Copiapo [493]
Lund and Clausen on remains of caves in Brazil [378], [380]
Lund, M., on granites of Brazil [417]
Lyell, M., on upraised shells retaining their colours [289]
—— on terraces at Coquimbo [ 315]
—— on elevation near Lima [ 327]
—— on fossil horse’s tooth [ 364]
—— on the boulder-formation being anterior to the extinction of North American mammifers [ 371]
—— on quadrupeds washed down by floods [374]
—— on age of American fossil mammifers [379]
—— on changes of climate [ 409]
—— on denudation [410]
—— on foliation [438]
MacCulloch, Dr., on concretions [437]
—— on beds of marble [440]
Maclaren, Mr., letter to, on coral-formations [ 413]
Macrauchenia Patachonica [358], [370]
Madeira, subsidence of [302]
Magellan, Strait, elevation near, of [ 288]
Magnesia, sulphate of, in veins [387]
Malcolmson, Dr., on trees carried out to sea [ 475]
Maldonado, elevation of [277]
—— Pampean formation of [365]
—— crystalline rocks of [418]
Mammalia, fossil, of Bahia Blanca [356], [364]
—— —— near St. Fé [363]
—— —— of Banda Oriental [366]
—— —— of St. Julian [ 369]
—— —— at Port Gallegos [ 391]
—— washed down by floods [ 373]
—— number of remains of, and range of, in Pampas [376]
Man, skeletons of (Brazil) [279]
—— remains of, near Lima [ 325]
—— Indian, antiquity of [325]
Marble, beds of [418]
Maricongo, ravine of [500]
Marsden, on elevation of Sumatra [305]
Mastodon Andium, remains of [362]
—— range of [378]
Maypu, Rio, mouth of, with upraised shells [ 307]
—— gravel fringes of [339]
—— debouchement from the Cordillera [449]
Megalonyx, range of [379]
Megatherium, range of [379]
Miers, Mr., on elevated shells [311]
—— on the height of the Uspallata plain [335]
Minas, Las [418]
Mocha Island, elevation of [305]
—— tertiary form of [398]
—— subsidence at [411]
Molina, on a great flood [341]
Monte Hermoso, elevation of [280]
—— fossils of [355]
Monte Video, elevation of [278]
—— Pampean formation of [365]
—— crystalline rocks of [419]
Morris and Sharpe, Messrs., on the palæozoic fossils of the Falklands [424]
Mud, Pampean [352]
—— long deposited on the same area [ 376]
Murchison, Sir R., on cleavage [436]
—— on waves transporting gravel [ 299]
—— on origin of salt formations [ 505]
—— on the relations of metalliferous veins and intrusive rocks [507]
—— on the absence of granite in the Ural [512]
Nautilus d’Orbignyanus [400], [405]
Navidad, tertiary formations of, subsidence of [400], [411]
Negro, Rio, pumice of pebbles of [281]
—— gravel of [295]
—— salt lakes of [295]
—— tertiary strata of [384]
North America, fossil remains of [379]
North Wales, sloping terraces absent in [ 340]
—— bent cleavage of [434]
Neuvo Gulf, plains of [282]
—— tertiary formation of [ 384]
Owen, Professor, on fossil mammiferous remains [356], [358], [364], [366], [370]
Palmer, Mr., on transportation of gravel [ 300]
Pampas, elevation of [290]
—— earthquakes of [290]
—— formation of [295], [350]
—— localities in which fossil mammifers have been found [380]
Panuncillo, mines of [481]
Parana, Rio, on saline incrustations [ 347]
—— Pampean formations near [ 361]
—— on the S. Tandil [420]
Parish, Sir W., on elevated shells near Buenos Ayres [278], [279]
—— on earthquakes in the Pampas [ 290]
—— on fresh-water near salt lakes [ 350]
—— on origin of Pampean formation [ 373]
Patagonia, elevation and plains of [281]
—— denudation of [291]
—— gravel-formation of [295]
—— sea-cliffs of [301]
—— subsidence during tertiary period [411]
—— crystalline rocks of [421]
Payta, tertiary formations of [404]
Pebbles of pumice [280]
—— decrease in size on the coast of Patagonia [293]
—— means of transportation [ 298]
—— encrusted with living corallines [299]
—— distribution of, at the eastern foot of Cordillera [337]
—— dispersal of, in the Pampas [ 354]
—— zoned with colour [443]
Pentland, Mr., on heights in the Cordillera [ 460]
—— on fossils of the Cordillera [ 465]
Pernambuco [279]
Peru, tertiary formations of [403]
Peuquenes, Pass of, in the Cordillera [ 448]
—— ridge of [452]
Pholas, elevated shells of [303]
Pitchstone of Chiloe [395]
—— of Port Desire [421]
—— near Cauquenes [448]
—— layers of, in the Uspallata range [472]
—— of Los Hornos [480]
—— of Coquimbo [483]
Plains of Patagonia [282], [291]
—— of Chiloe [304]
—— of Chile [333]
—— of Uspallata [335]
—— on eastern foot of Cordillera [ 336]
—— of Iquique [346]
Plata, La, elevation of [277]
—— tertiary formation of [295], [353]
—— crystalline rocks of [418]
Playfair, Professor, on the transportation of gravel [300]
Pluclaro, axis of [483]
Pondicherry, fossils of [400]
Porcelain rocks of Port Desire [422]
—— of the Uspallata range [471], [473], [476]
Porphyry, pebbles of, strewed over Patagonia [ 296]
Porphyry, claystone, of Chiloe [395]
—— —— of Patagonia [ 421]
—— —— of Chile [442], [445]
—— greenstone, of Chile [444]
—— doubly columnar [448]
—— claystone, rare, on the eastern side of the Portillo Pass [454]
—— brick-red and orthitic, of Cumbre Pass [458], [467]
—— intrusive, repeatedly injected [ 467]
—— claystone of the Uspallata range [468]
—— —— of Copiapo [ 489], [499]
—— —— eruptive sources of [502]
Port Desire, elevation and plains of [ 283]
—— tertiary formation of [ 383]
—— porphyries of [421]
Portillo Pass in the Cordillera [448]
Portillo chain [454], [ 458]
—— compared with that of the Uspallata [478]
Prefil or sea-wall of Valparaiso [310]
Puente del Inca, section of [461]
Pumice, pebbles of [230]
—— conglomerate of R. Negro [ 382]
—— hills of, in the Cordillera [ 347]
Punta Alta, elevation of [280]
—— beds of [356]
Quartz-rock of the S. Ventana [421]
—— C. Blanco [421]
—— Falkland islands [424]
—— Portillo range [455]
—— viscidity of [475]
—— veins of, near Monte Video [ 420]
—— —— in dike of greenstone [426]
—— grains of, in mica slate [ 430]
—— —— in dikes [432], [434]
—— veins of, relations to cleavage [ 437]
Quillota, Campana of [442]
Quintero, elevation of [311]
Quiriquina, elevation of [306]
—— deposits of [399]
Rancagua, plain of [334]
Rapel, R., elevation near [307]
Reeks, Mr. T., his analysis of decomposed shells [328]
—— his analysis of salts [ 344]
Remains, human [324]
Rio de Janeiro, elevation near [279]
—— crystalline rocks of [415]
Rivers, small power of transporting pebbles [ 298]
—— small power of, in forming valleys [343]
—— drainage of, in the Cordillera [ 449], [513]
Roads, parallel, of Glen Roy [319]
Rocks, volcanic, of Banda Oriental [367]
—— Tres Montes [393]
—— Chiloe [394]
—— Tierra del Fuego [426]
—— with laminar structure [ 440]
Rodents, fossil, remains of [356]
Rogers, Professor, address to Association of American Geologists [412]
Rose, Professor G., on sulphate of iron at Copiapo [489]
S. Blas, elevation of [281]
S. Cruz, elevation and plains of [284]
—— valley of [285]
—— nature of gravel in valley of [ 296]
—— boulder formation of [371]
—— tertiary formation of [ 386]
—— subsidence at [412]
S. Fé Bajada, formations of [363]
S. George’s bay, plains of [282]
S. Helena island, sea-cliffs, and subsidence of [301]
S. Josef, elevation of [281]
—— tertiary formation of [ 383]
S. Juan, elevation near [278]
S. Julian, elevation and plains of [284]
—— salt lake of [348]
—— earthy deposit with mammiferous remains [369]
—— tertiary formations of [ 384]
—— subsidence at [411]
S. Lorenzo, elevation of [323]
—— old salt formation of [ 504]
S. Mary, island of, elevation of [305]
S. Pedro, elevation of [278]
Salado, R., elevated shells of [279]
—— Pampean formation of [353]
Salines [348]
Salt, with upraised shell [324], [327]
—— lakes of [348]
—— purity of, in salt lakes [ 349]
—— deliquescent, necessary for the preservation of meat [349]
—— ancient formation of, at Iquique [504]
—— —— at S. Lorenzo [ 504]
—— strata of, origin of [505]
Salts, superficial deposits of [344]
Sand-dunes of the Uruguay [279]
—— of the Pampas [281]
—— near Bahia Blanca [281], [293]
—— of the Colorado [281], [294]
—— of S. Cruz [286]
—— of Arica [323]
Sarmiento, Mount [427]
Schmidtmeyer on auriferous detritus [ 506]
Schomburghk, Sir R., on sea-bottom [299]
—— on the rocks of Guyana [ 415]
Scotland, sloping terraces of [340]
Sea, nature of bottom of, off Patagonia [ 292]
—— power of, in forming valleys [ 343]
Sea cliffs, formation of [301]
Seale, Mr., model of St. Helena [301]
Sebastian Bay, tertiary formation of [ 391]
Sedgwick, Professor, on cleavage [336]
Serpentine of Copiapo [489]
Serpulæ, on upraised rocks [325]
Shale-rock, of the Portillo Pass [452]
—— of Copiapo [493]
Shells, upraised state of, in Patagonia [ 288]
—— elevated, too small for human food [308]
—— transported far inland, for food [309]
—— upraised, proportional numbers varying [312], [324]
—— —— gradual decay of [ 323], [324], [ 327]
—— —— absent on high plains of Chile [335]
—— —— near Bahia Blanca [358]
—— preserved in concretions [ 394], [397]
—— living and fossil range of, on west coast [406], [408]
—— living, different on the east and west coast [411]
Shingle of Patagonia [295]
Siau, M., on sea-bottom [299]
Silver mines of Arqueros [431]
—— of Chanuncillo [494]
—— of Iquique [503]
—— distribution of [506]
Slip, great, at S. Cruz [387]
Smith, Mr., of Jordan Hill, on upraised shells retaining their colours [289]
—— on Madeira [302]
—— on elevated seaweed [325]
—— on inclined gravel beds [ 467]
Soda, nitrate of [346]
—— sulphate of, near Bahia Blanca [ 348], [349]
—— carbonate of [347]
Soundings off Patagonia [293], [299]
—— in Tierra del Fuego [300]
Spirifers [486], [ 488]
Spix and Martius on Brazil [417]
Sprengel on the production of carbonate of soda [328]
Springs, mineral, in the Cumbre Pass [ 461]
Stratification of sandstone in metamorphic rocks [414]
—— of clay-slate in Tierra del Fuego [428]

—— of the Cordillera of Central Chile [442], [448], [461]
—— little disturbed in Cumbre Pass [ 460], [466]
—— disturbance of, near Copiapo [ 501]
Streams of lava at S. Cruz, inclination of [ 390]
—— in the Portillo range [ 457]
String of cotton with fossil-shells [ 325]
Struthiolaria ornata [392]
Studer, M., on metamorphic rocks [438]
Subsidence during formation of sea-cliffs [ 301]
—— near Lima [327]
—— probable, during Pampean formation [376]
—— necessary for the accumulation of permanent deposits [411]
—— during the tertiary formations of Chile and Patagonia [413]
—— probable during the Neocomian formation of the Portillo Pass [453]
—— probable during the formation of conglomerate of Tenuyan [459]
—— during the Neocomian formation of the Cumbre Pass [465]
—— of the Uspallata range [474], [477]
—— great, at Copiapo [496]
—— —— during the formation of the Cordillera [510]
Sulphur, volcanic exhalations of [509]
Sumatra, promontories of [305]
Summary on the recent elevatory movements [ 259], [329], [ 514]
—— on the Pampean formation [ 371], [515]
—— on the tertiary formations of Patagonia and Chile [391], [404], [513]
—— on the Chilean Cordillera [ 508]
—— on the cretaceo-oolitic formation [508]
—— on the subsidences of the Cordillera [509]
—— on the elevation of the Cordillera [511], [517]
Tacna, elevation of [323]
Tampico, elevated shells near [329]
Tandil, crystalline rocks of [420]
Tapalguen, Pampean formation of [353]
—— crystalline rocks of [420]
Taylor, Mr., on copper veins of Cuba [ 506]
Temperature of Chile during the tertiary period [408]
Tension, lines of, origin of, axes of elevation and of cleavage [440]
Tenuy Point, singular section of [395]
Tenuyan, valley of [454], [478]
Terraces of the valley of S. Cruz [286]
—— of equable heights throughout Patagonia [290]
—— of Patagonia, formation of [ 294]
—— of Chiloe [304]
—— at Conchalee [311]
—— of Coquimbo [316]
—— not horizontal at Coquimbo [ 317]
—— of Guasco [320]
—— of S. Lorenzo [323]
—— of gravel within the Cordillera [ 337]
Theories on the origin of the Pampean formation [372]
Tierra Amarilla [489]
Tierra del Fuego, form of sea-bottom [ 300]
—— tertiary formations of [ 391]
—— clay-slate formation of [ 424]
—— cretaceous formation of [ 426]
—— crystalline rocks of [426]
—— cleavage of clay-slate [427], [436]
Tosca rock [352]
Trachyte of Chiloe [394]
—— of Port Desire [421]
—— in the Cordillera [347]
Traditions of promontories having been islands [305]
—— on changes of level near Lima [ 327]
Trees buried in plain of Iquique [346]
—— silicified, vertical, of the Uspallata range [473]
Tres Montes, elevation of [303]
—— volcanic rocks of [393]
Trigonocelia insolita [392]
Tristan Arroyo, elevated shells of [278]
Tschudi, Mr., on subsidence near Lima [ 327]
Tuff, calcareous, at Coquimbo [313]
—— on basin-plain near St. Jago [ 334]
—— structure of, in Pampas [ 352]
—— origin of, in Pampas [374]
—— pumiceous, of R. Negro [ 382]
—— Nuevo Gulf [383]
—— Port Desire [383]
—— S. Cruz [386]
—— Patagonia, summary on Chiloe [ 391]
—— formation of, in Portillo chain [ 395]
—— great deposit of, at Copiapo [ 457]
Tuffs, volcanic, metamorphic, of Uspallata [ 471]
—— of Coquimbo [484]
Ulloa, on rain in Peru [324]
—— on elevation near Lima [ 327]
Uruguay, Rio, elevation of country near [ 278]
Uspallata, plain of [335], [515]
—— pass of [459]
—— range of [368]
—— concluding remarks on [ 476]
Valdivia, tertiary beds of [398]
—— mica-slate of [433]
Valley of S. Cruz, structure of [285]
—— Coquimbo [314]
—— Guasco, structure of [320]
—— Copiapo, structure of [ 321]
—— S. Cruz, tertiary formations of [ 386]
—— Coquimbo, geology of [482]
—— Guasco, secondary formations of [ 487]
—— Copiapo, secondary formations of [488]
—— Despoblado [496], [497], [499]
Valleys in the Cordillera bordered by gravel fringes [337]
—— formation of [338]
—— in the Cordillera [449]
Valparaiso, elevation of [307]
—— gneiss of [435]
Vein of quartz near Monte Video [419]
—— in mica-slate [430]
—— relations of, to cleavage [ 437]
—— in a trap dike [426]
—— of granite, quartzose [432], [475]
—— remarkable, in gneiss, near Valparaiso [435]
Veins, relations of, to concretions [ 396]
—— metalliferous, of the Uspallata range [475]
—— metalliferous, discussion on [ 505]
Venezuela, gneissic rocks of [415]
Ventana, Sierra, Pampean formation near [ 353]
—— quartz-rock of [421]
Villa Vincencio Pass [468]
Volcan, Rio, mouth of [449]
—— fossils of [453]
Volcanoes of the Cordillera [392], [447], [511]
—— absent, except near bodies of water [457]
—— ancient submarine, in Cordillera [502]
—— action of, in relation to changes of level [514]
—— long action of, in the Cordillera [517]
Wafer on elevated shells [322]
Waves caused by earthquakes, power of, in transporting boulders [326], [344]
—— power of, in throwing up shells [ 309]
Weaver, Mr., on elevated shells [329]
White, Martin, on sea-bottom [299]
Wood, silicified, of Entre Rios [364]
—— S. Cruz [388]
—— Chiloe [394], [396]
—— Uspallata range [473]
—— Los Hornos [479]
—— Copiapo [495], [497]
Yeso, Rio, and plain of [450]
Ypun Island, tertiary formation of [393]
Zeagonite [426]