[20] I had written a rough copy of this chapter before reading a valuable paper, “Caratteri rudimentali in ordine all’origine del uomo” (‘Annuario della Soc. d. Nat.,’ Modena, 1867, p. 81), by G. Canestrini, to which paper I am considerably indebted. Häckel has given admirable discussions on this whole subject, under the title of Dysteleology, in his ‘Generelle Morphologie’ and ‘Schöpfungsgeschichte.’
[21] Some good criticisms on this subject have been given by Messrs. Murie and Mivart, in ‘Transact. Zoolog. Soc.’ 1869, vol. vii. p. 92.
[22] ‘Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication,’ vol. ii. pp. 317 and 397. See also ‘Origin of Species,’ 5th edit. p. 535.
[23] For instance M. Richard (‘Annales des Sciences Nat.’ 3rd series, Zoolog. 1852, tom. xviii. p. 13) describes and figures rudiments of what he calls the “muscle pédieux de la main,” which he says is sometimes “infiniment petit.” Another muscle, called “le tibial postérieur,” is generally quite absent in the hand, but appears from time to time in a more or less rudimentary condition.
[24] Prof. W. Turner, ‘Proc. Royal Soc. Edinburgh,’ 1866-67, p. 65.
[25] Canestrini quotes Hyrt. (‘Annuario della Soc. dei Naturalisti,’ Modena, 1867, p. 97) to the same effect.
[26] ‘The Diseases of the Ear,’ by J. Toynbee, F.R.S., 1860, p. 12.
[27] See also some remarks, and the drawings of the ears of the Lemuroidea, in Messrs. Murie and Mivart’s excellent paper in ‘Transact. Zoolog. Soc.’ vol. vii. 1869, pp. 6 and 90.
[28] Müller’s ‘Elements of Physiology,’ Eng. translat., 1842, vol. ii. p. 1117. Owen, ‘Anatomy of Vertebrates,’ vol. iii. p. 260; ibid. on the Walrus, ‘Proc. Zoolog. Soc.’ November 8th, 1854. See also R. Knox, 'Great Artists and Anatomists,’ p. 106. This rudiment apparently is somewhat larger in Negroes and Australians than in Europeans, see Carl Vogt, ‘Lectures on Man,’ Eng. translat. p. 129.
[29] ‘The Physiology and Pathology of Mind,’ 2nd edit. 1868, p. 134.