[179] ‘Generelle Morphologie,’ 1866, B. ii. s. clv.
[180] Carl Vogt’s ‘Lectures on Man,’ Eng. translat. 1864, p. 151.
[181] C. Carter Blake, on a jaw from La Naulette, ‘Anthropolog. Review,’ 1867, p. 295. Schaaffhausen, ibid. 1868, p. 426.
[182] ‘The Anatomy of Expression,’ 1844, p. 110, 131.
[183] Quoted by Prof. Canestrini in the ‘Annuario,’ &c., 1867, p. 90.
[184] These papers deserve careful study by any one who desires to learn how frequently our muscles vary, and in varying come to resemble those of the Quadrumana. The following references relate to the few points touched on in my text: vol. xiv. 1865, p. 379-384; vol. xv. 1866, p. 241, 242; vol. xv. 1867, p. 544; vol. xvi. 1868, p. 524. I may here add that Dr. Murie and Mr. St. George Mivart have shewn in their Memoir on the Lemuroidea (‘Transact. Zoolog. Soc.’ vol. vii. 1869, p. 96), how extraordinarily variable some of the muscles are in these animals, the lowest members of the Primates. Gradations, also, in the muscles leading to structures found in animals still lower in the scale, are numerous in the Lemuroidea.
[185] Prof. Macalister in ‘Proc. R. Irish Academy,’ vol. x. 1868, p. 124.
[186] Prof. Macalister (ibid. p. 121) has tabulated his observations, and finds that muscular abnormalities are most frequent in the fore-arms, secondly in the face, thirdly in the foot, &c.
[187] The Rev. Dr. Haughton, after giving (‘Proc. R. Irish Academy,’ June 27, 1864, p. 715) a remarkable case of variation in the human flexor pollicis longus, adds, “This remarkable example shews that man may sometimes possess the arrangement of tendons of thumb and fingers characteristic of the macaque; but whether such a case should be regarded as a macaque passing upwards into a man, or a man passing downwards into a macaque, or as a congenital freak of nature, I cannot undertake to say.” It is satisfactory to hear so capable an anatomist, and so embittered an opponent of evolutionism, admitting even the possibility of either of his first propositions. Prof. Macalister has also described (‘Proc. R. Irish Acad.’ vol. x. 1864, p. 138) variations in the flexor pollicis longus, remarkable from their relations to the same muscle in the Quadrumana.
[188] The authorities for these several statements are given in my 'Variation of Animals under Domestication,’ vol. ii. p. 320-335.