The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, Vol. II (1st Edition)

by Charles Darwin

[470] Mr. Sproat (‘Scenes and Studies of Savage Life,’ 1868, p. 25) suggests, with reference to the beardless natives of Vancouver’s Island, that the custom of plucking out the hairs on the face, “continued from one generation to another, would perhaps at last produce a race distinguishable by a thin and straggling growth of beard.” But the custom would not have arisen until the beard had already become, from some independent cause, greatly reduced. Nor have we any direct evidence that the continued eradication of the hair would lead to any inherited effect. Owing to this cause of doubt, I have not hitherto alluded to the belief held by some distinguished ethnologists, for instance M. Gosse of Geneva, that artificial modifications of the skull tend to be inherited. I have no wish to dispute this conclusion; and we now know from Dr. Brown-Séquard’s remarkable observations, especially those recently communicated (1870) to the British Association, that with guinea-pigs the effects of operations are inherited.

[471] ‘Ueber die Richtung,’ ibid. s. 40.

[472] On the “Limits of Natural Selection,” in the ‘North American Review,’ Oct. 1870, p. 295.

[473] The Rev. J. A. Picton gives a discussion to this effect in his ‘New Theories and the Old Faith,’ 1870.

INDEX.

• A.
• Abbott, C., on the battles of seals, ii. [240].
• Abductor of the fifth metatarsal, presence of, in man, i. [128].
• Abercrombie, Dr., on disease of the brain affecting speech, i. [58].
• Abipones, marriage-customs of the, ii. [373].
• Abou-Simbel, caves of, i. [217].
• Abortion, prevalence of the practice of, i. [134].
• Abstraction, i. [62].
• Acalles, stridulation of, i. [384].
• Acanthodactylus capensis, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [36].
• Accentor modularis, ii. [198].
• Acclimatisation, difference of, in different races of men, i. [216].
• Achetidæ, stridulation of the, i. [352], [353], [355];
  • rudimentary stridulating organs in female, i. [359].
• Acilius sulcatus, elytra of the female, i. [343].
• Acomus, development of spurs in the female of, ii. [162].
• Acridiidæ, stridulation of the, i. [352], [356];
  • rudimentary stridulating organs in female, i. [359].
• Acting, i. [232].
• Actiniæ, bright colours of, i. [322].
• Admiral butterfly, i. [392].
• Adoption of the young of other animals by female monkeys, i. [41].
• Advancement in the organic scale, Von Baer’s definition of, i. [211].
• Aeby, on the difference between the skulls of man and the quadrumana, i. [190].
• Æsthetic faculty, not highly developed in savages, i. [64].
• Affection, maternal, i. [40];
  • manifestation of, by animals, i. [40];
  • parental and filial, partly the result of natural selection, i. [81];
  • shown by birds in confinement, for certain persons, ii. [110];
  • mutual, of birds, ii. [108].
• Africa, probably the birthplace of man, i. [199];
  • South, crossed population of, i. [225];
  • South, retention of colour by the Dutch in, i. [242];
  • South, proportion of the sexes in the butterflies of, i. [310];
  • tattooing practised in, ii. [339];
  • Northern, coiffure of natives of, ii. [340].
• Agassiz, L., on conscience in dogs, i. [78];
  • on the coincidence of the races of man with zoological provinces, i. [218];
  • on the number of species of man, i. [226];
  • on the courtship of the land-snails, i. [324];
  • on the brightness of the colours of male fishes during the breeding season, ii. [13];
  • on the frontal protuberance of the males of Geophagus and Cichla, ii. [13], [20];
  • on the slight sexual differences of the South Americans, ii. [323];
  • on the tattooing of the Amazonian Indians, ii. [342].
• Age, in relation to the transmission of characters in birds, ii. [183];
  • variation in accordance with, in birds, ii. [213].
• Agelæus phœniceus, ii. [116].
• Ageronia feronia, noise produced by, i. [387].
• Agrion, dimorphism in, i. [363].
• Agrion Ramburii, sexes of, i. [362].
• Agrionidæ, difference in the sexes of, i. [362].
• Agrotis exclamationis, i. [369].
• Ague, tertian, dog suffering from, i. [13].
• Aïthurus polytmus, young of, ii. [220].
• Ainos, hairiness of the, ii. [321].
• Alca torda, young of, ii. [217]. Alces palmata, ii. [259].
• Alder and Hancock, MM., on the nudibranch mollusca, i. [326].
• Algen, Mr., on the stridulation of Scolytus, i. [379].
• Allen, J. A., on the relative size of the sexes of Callorhinus ursinus, ii. [260];
  • on the mane of Otaria jubata, ii. [267];
  • on the pairing of seals, ii. [279];
  • on sexual differences in the colour of bats, ii. [286].
• Allen, S., on the habits of Hoplopterus, ii. [48];
  • on the plumes of herons, ii. [82];
  • on the vernal moult of Herodias bubulcus, ii. [84].
• Alligator, courtship of the male, i. [272], ii. [29];
  • roaring of the male, i. [331].
• Amadavat, pugnacity of male, ii. [49].
• Amadina Lathami, display of plumage by the male, ii. [95].
• Amadina castanotis, display of plumage by the male, ii. [95].
• Amazons, butterflies of the, i. [309];
  • fishes of the, ii. [17].
• America, variation in the skulls of aborigines of, i. [108];
  • wide range of aborigines of, i. [218];
  • lice of the natives of, i. [220];
  • general beardlessness of the natives of, ii. [322].
• America, North, butterflies of, i. [309];
  • Indians of, women a cause of strife among the, ii. [324];
  • Indians of, their notions of female beauty, ii. [344], [347].
• America, South, character of the natives of, i. [216];
  • population of parts of, i. [225];
  • piles of stones in, i. [233];
  • extinction of the fossil horse of, i. [239];
  • desert-birds of, ii. [224];
  • slight sexual difference of the aborigines of, ii. [323];
  • prevalence of infanticide in, ii. [361].
• American languages, often highly artificial, i. [112].
• Americans, wide geographical range of, i. [112];
  • and negroes, difference of, i. [247];
  • aversion of, to hair on the face, ii. [348];
  • native, variability of, i. [226].
• Ammophila, on the jaws of, i. [342].
• Ammotragus tragelaphus, hairy forelegs of, ii. [282], [285].
• Amphibia, affinity of, to the ganoid fishes, i. [204];
• vocal organs of the, ii. [331].
• Amphibians, i. [213], ii. [24];
• breeding whilst immature, ii. [215].
• Amphioxus, i. [204].
• Amphipoda, males sexually mature while young, ii. [215].
• Amunoph III., negro character of features of, i. [217].
• Anal appendages of insects, i. [342].
• Analogous variation in the plumage of birds, ii. [74].
• Anas, ii. [180].
• Anas acuta, male plumage of, ii. [84].
• Anas boschas, male plumage of, ii. [84].
• Anas histrionica, ii. [214].
• Anastomus oscitans, sexes and young of, ii. [217];
  • white nuptial plumage of, ii. [228].
• Anatidæ, voices of, ii. [60].
• Anax junius, difference in the sexes of, i. [362].
• Anglo-Saxons, estimation of the beard among the, ii. [349].
• Animals, cruelty of savages to, i. [94];
  • domesticated, more fertile than wild, i. [132];
  • characters common to man and, i. [185];
  • domestic, change of breeds of, ii. [369].
• Annelida, i. [327].
• Annulosa, i. [327].
• Anolis cristatellus, male, crest of, ii. [32];
  • pugnacity of the male, ii. [32];
  • throat-pouch of, ii. [33].
• Anobium tessellatum, sounds produced by, i. [384].
• Anser canadensis, ii. [116].
• Anser cygnoides, ii. [114];
  • knob at the base of the beak of, ii. [129].
• Anser hyperboreus, whiteness of, ii. [228].
• Antelope, prong-horned, horns of, i. [289].
• Antelopes, generally polygamous, i. [267];
  • horns of, i. [289], ii. [245];
  • canine teeth of some male, ii. [241];
  • use of horns of, ii. [251];
  • dorsal crests in, ii. [282];
  • dewlaps of, ii. [284];
  • winter change of two species of, ii. [299];
  • peculiar markings of, ii. [299].
• Antennæ, furnished with cushions in the male of Penthe, i. [343].
• Anthidium manicatum, large male of, i. [347].
• Anthocharis cardamines, i. [388], [393], [394];
  • sexual difference of colour in, i. [409].
• Anthocharis genutia, i. [393].
• Anthocharis sara, i. [393].
• Anthophora acervorum, large male of, i. [347].
• Anthophora retusa, difference of the sexes in, i. [366].
• Anthus, moulting of, ii. [83].
• Anthropidæ, i. [195].
• Antigua, Dr. Nicholson’s observations on yellow fever in, i. [245].
• Antics of birds, ii. [68].
• Antilocapra americana, horns of, i. [289], ii. [245].
• Antilope bezoartica, horned females of, ii. [246], [248];
  • sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [288].
• Antilope Dorcas and euchore, ii. [245].
• Antilope euchore, horns of, ii. [251].
• Antilope montana, rudimentary canines in the young male of, ii. [258].
• Antilope niger, sing-sing, caama, and gorgon, sexual differences in the colours of, ii. [289].
• Antilope oreas, horns of, i. [289].
• Antilope saiga, polygamous habits of, i. [267].
• Antilope strepsiceros, horns of, i. [289].
• Antilope subgutturosa, absence of suborbital pits in, ii. [280].
• Antipathy, shown by birds in confinement, to certain persons, ii. [110].
• Ants, i. [186];
  • playing together, i. [39];
  • memory in, i. [45];
  • intercommunication of, by means of the antennæ, i. [58];
  • large size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. [145];
  • soldier-, large jaws of, i. [155];
  • difference of the sexes in, i. [365];
  • recognition of each other by, after separation, i. [365].
• Ants, White, habits of, i. [364].
• Anura, ii. [25].
• Apatania muliebris, male unknown, i. [314].
• Apathus, difference of the sexes in, i. [366].
• Apatura Iris, i. [386], [388].
• Apes, anthropomorphous, i. [196];
  • difference of the young, from the adult, i. [13];
  • building platforms, i. [53];
  • probable speedy extermination of the, i. [201];
  • Gratiolet on the evolution of, i. [230];
  • semi-erect attitude of some, i. [142];
  • mastoid processes of, i. [143];
  • influence of the jaw-muscles on the physiognomy of, i. [144];
  • female, destitute of large canines, i. [156];
  • imitative faculties of, i. [161];
  • canine teeth of male, ii. [241];
  • females of some, less hairy beneath than the males, ii. [377].
• Apes, long-armed, their mode of progression, i. [143].
• Apis mellifica, large male of, i. [347].
• Apollo, Greek statues of, ii. [350].
• Apoplexy in Cebus Azaræ, i. [12].
• Approbation, influence of the love of, i. [86], [92], [164], [165].
• Appendages, anal, of insects, i. [342].
• Aprosmictus scapulatus, ii. [174].
• Aquatic birds, frequency of white plumage in, ii. [229].
• Aquila chrysaëtos, ii. [105].
• Arab women, elaborate and peculiar coiffure of, ii. [353].
• Arabs, gashing of cheeks and temples among the, ii. [339].
• Arachnida, i. [337].
• Arakhan, artificial widening of the forehead by the natives of, ii. [351].
• Arboricola, young of, ii. [190].
• Archeopteryx, i. [204].
• Arctiidæ,, coloration of the, i. [396].
• Ardea asha, rufescens, and cærulea, change of colour in, ii. [231], [232].
• Ardea cærulea, breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214].
• Ardea gularis, change of plumage in, ii. [232].
• Ardea herodias, love-gestures of the male, ii. [68].
• Ardea ludoviciana, age of mature plumage in, ii. [213];
  • continued growth of crest and plumes in the male of, ii. [216].
• Ardea nycticorax, cries of, ii. [51].
• Ardeola, young of, ii. [190].
• Ardetta, changes of plumage in, ii. [179].
• Argenteuil, i. [29].
• Argus pheasant, ii. [72], [97], [181];
  • display of plumage by the male, ii. [91];
  • ocellated spots of the, ii. [134], [141];
  • gradation of characters in the, ii. [141].
• Argyll, Duke of, the fashioning of implements peculiar to man, i. [52];
  • on the contest in man between right and wrong, i. [104];
  • on the physical weakness of man, i. [156];
  • on the primitive civilisation of man, i. [181];
  • on the plumage of the male Argus pheasant, ii. [91];
  • on Urosticte Benjamini, ii. [151];
  • on the nests of birds, ii. [167];
  • on variety as an object in nature, ii. [230].
• Argynnis aglaia, colouring of the lower surface of, i. [396].
• Aricoris epitus, sexual differences in the wings of, i. [345].
• Aristocracy, increased beauty of the, ii. [356].
• Arms, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [116];
  • direction of the hair on the, i. [192].
• Arms and hands, free use of, indirectly correlated with diminution of canines, i. [144].
• Arrest of development, i. [121], [122].
• Arrow-heads, stone, general resemblance of, i. [233].
• Arrows, use of, i. [232].
• Arteries, variations in the course of the, i. [108].
• Artery, effect of tying, upon the lateral channels, i. [116].
• Arthropoda, i. [328].
• Arts practised by savages, i. [234].
• Ascension, coloured incrustation on the rocks of, i. [326].
• Ascidia, affinity of the lancelet to, i. [205];
• tadpole-like larvæ of, i. [205].
• Ascidians, i. [324];
  • bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Asinus, Asiatic and African species of, ii. [306].
• Asinus tæniopus, ii. [306].
• Ass, colour-variations of the, ii. [305].
• Ateles, effects of brandy on an, i. [12];
• absence of the thumb in, i. [140].
• Ateles beelzebuth, ears of, i. [23].
• Ateles marginatus, colour of the ruff of, ii. [291];
  • hair on the head of, ii. [109];
  • on the recognition of a dog by a turkey, ii. [110];
  • on the selection of a mate by female birds, ii. [307].
• Ateuchus, stridulation of, i. [384].
• Ateuchus cicatricosus, habits of, i. [376].
• Athalia, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Attention, manifestations of, in animals, i. [44].
• Audouin, V., on a hymenopterous parasite with a sedentary male, i. [273].
• Audubon, J. J., on the pugnacity of male birds, ii. [43], [48];
  • on Tetrao cupido, ii. [50];
  • on Ardea nycticorax, ii. [51];
  • on Sturnella ludoviciana, ii. [51];
  • on the vocal organs of Tetrao cupido, ii. [56];
  • on the drumming of the male Tetrao umbellus, ii. [61];
  • on sounds produced by the nightjar, ii. [63];
  • on Ardea herodias and Cathartes jota, ii. [68];
  • on the spring change of colour in some finches, ii. [86];
  • on Mimus polyglottus, ii. [116];
  • on the turkey, ii. [119], [121];
  • on variation in the male scarlet tanager, ii. [126];
  • on the habits of Pyranga æstiva, ii. [167];
  • on local differences in the nests of the same species of birds, ii. [171];
  • on the habits of woodpeckers, ii. [175];
  • on Bombycilla carolinensis, ii. [180];
  • on young females of Tanagra æstiva acquiring male characters, ii. [180];
  • on the immature plumage of thrushes, ii. [185];
  • on the immature plumage of birds, ii. [186] et seq.;
  • on birds breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214];
  • on the growth of the crest and plumes in the male Ardea ludoviciana, ii. [216];
  • on the change of colour in some species of Ardea, ii. [231];
  • on the speculum of Mergus cucullatus, ii. [291];
  • on the musk-rat, ii. [298].
• Audubon and Bachman, MM., on squirrels fighting, ii. [239];
  • on the Canadian lynx, ii. [267].
• Austen, N. L., on Anolis cristatellus, ii. [32], [33].
• Australia, half-castes killed by the natives of, i. [220];
  • lice of the natives of, i. [220];
  • not the birthplace of man, i. [199];
  • prevalence of female infanticide in, ii. [364].
• Australia, South, variation in the skulls of aborigines of, i. [108].
• Australians, colour of newborn children of, ii. [318];
  • height of the sexes of, ii. [320];
  • women a cause of war among the, ii. [323].
• Axis deer, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. [290].
• Aymaras, measurements of the, i. [119];
  • no grey hair among the, ii. [320];
  • hairlessness of the face in the, ii. [322];
  • long hair of the, ii. [348].
• Azara, on the proportion of men and women among the Guaranys, i. [302];
  • on Palamedea cornuta, ii. [48];
  • on the beards of the Guaranys, ii. [322];
  • on strife for women among the Guanas, ii. [324];
  • on infanticide, ii. [344], [364];
  • on the eradication of the eyebrows and eyelashes by the Indians of Paraguay, ii. [348];
  • on polyandry among the Guanas, ii. [366];
  • celibacy unknown among the savages of South America, ii. [367];
  • on the freedom of divorce among the Charruas, ii. [372].
• 
  B.
• Babbage, C., on the greater proportion of illegitimate female births, i. [302].
• Babirusa, tusks of the, ii. [264].
• Baboon, employing a mat for shelter against the sun, i. [53];
  • manifestation of memory by a, i. [45];
  • protected from punishment by its companions, i. [78];
  • rage excited in, by reading, i. [42].
• Baboon, Cape, mane of the male, ii. [267];
  • Hamadryas, mane of the male, ii. [267].
• Baboons, effects of intoxicating liquors on, i. [12];
  • ears of, i. [23];
  • manifestation of maternal affection by, i. [41];
  • using stones and sticks as weapons, i. [51];
  • co-operation of, i. [75];
  • silence of, on plundering expeditions, i. [79];
  • diversity of the mental faculties in, i. [110];
  • hands of, i. [139];
  • habits of, i. [141];
  • variability of the tail in, i. [150];
  • apparent polygamy of, i. [266];
  • polygamous and social habits of, ii. [362].
• Bachman, Dr., on the fertility of mulattoes, i. [221].
• Baer, K. E. von, on embryonic development, i. [14].
• Bagehot, W., on the social virtues among primitive men, i. [93];
  • on the value of obedience, i. [162];
  • on human progress, i. [166];
  • on the persistence of savage tribes in classical times, i. [239].
• Bailly, E. M., on the fighting of stags, ii. [252];
  • on the mode of fighting of the Italian buffalo, ii. [250].
• Bain, A., on the sense of duty, i. [71];
  • aid springing from sympathy, i. [77];
  • on the basis of sympathy, i. [82];
  • on love of approbation, &c., i. [86];
  • on the idea of beauty, ii. [354].
• Baird, W., on a difference in colour between the males and females of some Entozoa, i. [321].
• Baker, Mr., observation on the proportion of the sexes in pheasant-chicks, i. [306].
• Baker, Sir S., on the fondness of the Arabs for discordant music, ii. [67];
  • on sexual difference in the colours of an antelope, ii. [289];
  • on the elephant and rhinoceros attacking white or grey horses, ii. [295];
  • on the disfigurements practised by the negroes, ii. [296];
  • on the gashing of the cheeks and temples practised in Arab countries, ii. [339];
  • on the coiffure of the North Africans, ii. [340];
  • on the perforation of the lower lip by the women of Latooka, ii. [341];
  • on the distinctive characters of the coiffure of central African tribes, ii. [342];
  • on the coiffure of Arab women, ii. [353].
• “Balz” of the Black-cock, ii. [45], [100].
• Bantam, Sebright, i. [259], [294].
• Banteng, horns of, ii. [247];
  • sexual differences in the colours of the, ii. [289].
• Banyai, colour of the, ii. [346].
• Barbarism, primitive, of civilised nations, i. [181].
• Barbs, filamentous, of the feathers, in certain birds, ii. [74].
• Barr, Mr., on sexual preference in dogs, ii. [272].
• Barrington, Daines, on the language of birds, i. [55];
  • on the clucking of the hen, ii. [51];
  • on the object of the song of birds, ii. [52];
  • on the singing of female birds, ii. [54];
  • on birds acquiring the songs of other birds, ii. [55];
  • on the muscles of the larynx in song-birds, ii. [55];
  • on the want of the power of song by female birds, ii. [163].
• Barrow, on the widow-bird, ii. [98].
• Bartlett, A. D., on the tragopan, i. [270];
  • on the development of the spurs in Crossoptilon auritum, i. [290];
  • on the fighting of the males of Plectropterus gambensis, ii. [46];
  • on the knot, ii. [82];
  • on display in male birds, ii. [87];
  • on the display of plumage by the male Polyplectron, ii. [89];
  • on Crossoptilon auritum and Phasianus Wallichii, ii. [93];
  • on the habits of Lophophorus, ii. [121];
  • on the colour of the mouth in Buceros bicornis, ii. [129];
  • on the incubation of the cassowary, ii. [204];
  • on the Cape Buffalo, ii. [250];
  • on the use of the horns of antelopes, ii. [251];
  • on the fighting of male wart-hogs, ii. [266];
  • on Ammotragus tragelaphus, ii. [282];
  • on the colours of Cercopithecus cephus, ii. [291];
  • on the colours of the faces of monkeys, ii. [310];
  • on the naked surfaces of monkeys, ii. [377].
• Bartram, on the courtship of the male alligator, ii. [29].
• Basque language, highly artificial, i. [61].
• Bate, C. S., on the superior activity of male crustacea, i. [272];
  • on the proportions of the sexes in crabs, i. [315];
  • on the chelæ of crustacea, i. [330];
  • on the relative size of the sexes in crustacea, i. [332];
  • on the colours of crustacea, i. [335].
• Bates, H. W., on variation in the form of the head of Amazonian Indians, i. [111];
  • on the proportion of the sexes among Amazonian butterflies, i. [309];
  • on sexual differences in the wings of butterflies, i. [345];
  • on the field-cricket, i. [353];
  • on Pyrodes pulcherrimus, i. [367];
  • on the horns of Lamellicorn beetles, i. [370], [371];
  • on the colours of Epicaliæ, &c., i. [388];
  • on the coloration of tropical butterflies, i. [391];
  • on the variability of Papilio Sesostris and Childrenæ, i. [402];
  • on male and female butterflies inhabiting different stations, i. [403];
  • on mimickry, i. [411];
  • on the caterpillar of a Sphinx, i. [416];
  • on the vocal organs of the umbrella-bird, ii. [58];
  • on the toucans, ii. [227];
  • on Brachyurus calvus, ii. [309].
• Batokas, knocking out two upper incisors, ii. [340].
• Batrachia, ii. [25];
  • eagerness of male, i. [272].
• Bats, sexual differences in the colour of, ii. [286].
• Battle, law of, i. [182];
  • among beetles, i. [375];
  • among birds, ii. [40];
  • among mammals, ii. [239] et seq.;
  • in man, ii. [323].
• Beak, sexual difference in the forms of the, ii. [39];
  • in the colour of the, ii. [72].
• Beaks, of birds, bright colours of, ii. [227].
• Beard, development of, in man, ii. [317];
  • analogy of the, in man and the quadrumana, ii. [319];
  • variation of the development of the, in different races of men, ii. [321];
  • estimation of, among bearded nations, ii. [349];
  • probable origin of the, ii. [379].
• Beards, in monkeys, i. [192];
  • of mammals, ii. [282].
• Beautiful, taste for the, in birds, ii. [108];
  • in the quadrumana, ii. [296].
• Beauty, sense of, in animals, i. [63];
  • appreciation of, by birds, ii. [111];
  • influence of, ii. [338], [343];
  • variability of the standard of, ii. [370].
• Beavan, Lieut., on the development of the horns in Cervus Eldi, i. [288].
• Beaver, instinct and intelligence of the, i. [37], [38];
  • voice of the, ii. [277];
  • castoreum of the, ii. [279].
• Beavers, battles of male, ii. [239].
• Bechstein, on female birds choosing the best singers among the males, ii. [52];
  • on rivalry in song-birds, ii. [53];
  • on the singing of female birds, ii. [54];
  • on birds acquiring the songs of other birds, ii. [55];
  • on pairing the canary and siskin, ii. [115];
  • on a sub-variety of the monk pigeon, ii. [132];
  • on spurred hens, ii. [162].
• Beddoe, Dr., on causes of difference in stature, i. [115].
• Bee-eater, ii. [56].
• Bees, i. [73];
  • destruction of drones and queens by, i. [82];
  • pollen-baskets and stings of, i. [155];
  • female, secondary sexual characters of, i. [254];
  • difference of the sexes in, i. [365].
• Beetle, luminous larva of a, i. [345].
• Beetles, i. [366];
  • size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. [145];
  • dilatation of the fore tarsi in male, i. [343];
  • blind, i. [367];
  • stridulation of, i. [378].
• Belgium, ancient inhabitants of, i. [237].
• Bell, Sir C, on emotional muscles in man, i. [5];
  • “snarling muscles,” i. [127];
  • on the hand, i. [141].
• Bell, T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in moles, i. [305];
  • on the newts, ii. [24];
  • on the croaking of the frog, ii. [27];
  • on the difference in the coloration of the sexes in Zootoca vivipara, ii. [36];
  • on moles fighting, ii. [239].
• Bell-bird, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. [79].
• Bell-birds, colours of, ii. [228].
• Benevolence, manifested by birds, ii. [109].
• Bennett, A. W., on the habits of Dromœus irroratus, ii. [205].
• Bennett, Dr., on birds of paradise, ii. [89].
• Bernicla antarctica, colours of, ii. [228].
• Bernicle gander pairing with a Canada goose, ii. [114].
• Bettoni, E., on local differences in the nests of Italian birds, ii. [171].
• Bhoteas, colour of the beard in, ii. [319].
• Bhringa, disciform tail-feathers of, ii. [83].
• Bibio, sexual differences in the genus, i. [349].
• Bichat, on beauty, ii. [354].
• Bile, coloured, in many animals, i. [323].
• Bimana, i. [190].
• Birds, imitations of the songs of other birds by, i. [44];
  • dreaming, i. [46];
  • language of, i. [55];
  • sense of beauty in, i. [63];
  • pleasure of, in incubation, i. [79];
  • male, incubation by, i. [210];
  • and reptiles, alliance of, i. [213];
  • sexual differences in the beak of some, i. [255];
  • migratory, arrival of the male before the female, i. [259];
  • apparent relation between polygamy and marked sexual differences in, i. [270];
  • monogamous, becoming polygamous under domestication, i. [270];
  • eagerness of male in pursuit of the female, i. [272];
  • wild, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [306];
  • secondary sexual characters of, ii. [38];
  • difference of size in the sexes of, ii. [43];
  • fights of male, witnessed by females, ii. [49];
  • display of male, to captivate the females, ii. [50];
  • close attention of, to the songs of others, ii. [52];
  • acquiring the song of their foster-parents, ii. [55];
  • brilliant, rarely good songsters, ii. [56];
  • love-antics and dances of, ii. [68];
  • coloration of, ii. [74] et seqq.;
  • moulting of, ii. [80] et seqq.;
  • unpaired, ii. [103];
  • male, singing out of season, ii. [106];
  • mutual affection of, ii. [108];
  • in confinement, distinguish persons, ii. [110];
  • hybrid, production of, ii. [113];
  • European, number of species of, ii. [124];
  • variability of, ii. [124];
  • gradation of secondary sexual characters in, ii. [135];
  • obscurely coloured, building concealed nests, ii. [169];
  • young female, acquiring male characters, ii. [180];
  • breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214];
  • moulting of, ii. [214];
  • aquatic, frequency of white plumage in, ii. [229];
  • vocal courtship of, ii. [331];
  • naked skin of the head and neck in, ii. [377].
• Birgus latro, habits of, i. [334].
• Birkbeck, Mr. on the finding of new mates by Golden Eagles, ii. [105].
• Birthplace of man, i. [199].
• Births, numerical proportions of the sexes in, in animals and man, i. [263], [265];
  • male and female, numerical proportion of, in England, i. [300].
• Bischoff, Prof., on the agreement between the brains of man and of the Orang, i. [11];
  • figure of the embryo of the dog, i. [15];
  • on the convolutions of the brain in the human fœtus, i. [16];
  • on the difference between the skulls of man and the quadrumana, i. [190].
• Bishop, J., on the vocal organs of frogs, ii. [28];
  • on the vocal organs of corvine birds, ii. [55];
  • on the trachea of the Merganser, ii. [60].
• Bison, American, mane of the male, ii. [267].
• Bitterns, dwarf, coloration of the sexes of, ii. [179].
• Biziura lobata, musky odour of the male, ii. [38];
  • large size of male, ii. [43].
• Blackbird, sexual differences in the, i. [268];
  • proportion of the sexes in the, i. [307];
  • acquisition of a song by a, ii. [55];
  • colour of the beak in the sexes of the, ii. [72], [227];
  • pairing with a thrush, ii. [113];
  • colours and nidification of the, ii. [170];
  • young of the, ii. [219];
  • sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. [226].
• Black-buck, Indian, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. [288].
• Blackcap, arrival of the male, before the female, i. [259];
  • young of the, ii. [219].
• Black-cock, polygamous, i. [269];
  • proportion of the sexes in the, i. [306];
  • pugnacity and love-dance of the, ii. [45];
  • call of the, ii. [60];
  • moulting of the, ii. [83];
  • duration of the courtship of the, ii. [100];
  • sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. [226];
  • crimson eye-cere of the, ii. [227];
  • and pheasant, hybrids of, ii. [113].
• Black-grouse, characters of young, ii. [185], [194].
• Blackwall, J., on the speaking of the magpie, i. [59];
  • on the desertion of their young by swallows, i. [84];
  • on the superior activity of male spiders, i. [272];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in spiders, i. [314];
  • on sexual variation of colour in spiders, i. [337];
  • on male spiders, i. [338].
• Bladder-nose Seal, hood of the, ii. [278].
• Blaine, on the affections of dogs, ii. [270].
• Blair, Dr., on the relative liability of Europeans to yellow fever, i. [243].
• Blake, C. C., on the jaw from La Naulette, i. [126].
• Blakiston, Capt., on the American snipe, ii. [64];
  • on the dances of Tetrao phasianellus, ii. [69].
• Blasius, Dr., on the species of European birds, ii. [124].
• Bledius taurus, hornlike processes of male, i. [374].
• Bleeding, tendency to profuse, i. [292].
• Blenkiron, Mr., on sexual preference in horses, ii. [272].
• Blennies, crest developed on the head of male, during the breeding season, ii. [12].
• Blethisa multipunctata, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Bloch, on the proportions of the sexes in Fishes, i. [308].
• Blood, arterial, red colour of, i. [323].
• Blood-pheasant, number of spurs in, ii. [46].
• Bluebreast, red-throated, sexual differences of the, ii. [195].
• Blumenbach, on Man, i. [111];
  • on the large size of the nasal cavities in American aborigines, i. [119];
  • on the position of man, i. [190];
  • on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Blyth, E., observations on Indian crows, i. [77];
  • on the structure of the hand in species of Hylobates, i. [140];
  • on the ascertainment of the sex of nestling bullfinches by pulling out breast-feathers, ii. [24];
  • on the pugnacity of the males of Gallinula cristata, ii. [41];
  • on the presence of spurs in the female Euplocamus erythropthalmus, ii. [46];
  • on the pugnacity of the amadavat, ii. [49];
  • on the spoonbill, ii. [60];
  • on the moulting of Anthus, ii. [83];
  • on the moulting of bustards, plovers, and Gallus bankiva, ii. [84];
  • on the Indian honey-buzzard, ii. [126];
  • on sexual differences in the colour or the eyes of hornbills, ii. [129];
  • on Oriolus melanocephalus, ii. [178];
  • on Palæornis javanicus, ii. [179];
  • on the genus Ardetta, ii. [179];
  • on the peregrine falcon, ii. [180];
  • on young female birds acquiring male characters, ii. [180];
  • on the immature plumage of birds, ii. [185];
  • on representative species of birds, ii. [190];
  • on the young of Turnix, ii. [202];
  • on anomalous young of Lanius rufus and Colymbus glacialis, ii. [211];
  • on the sexes and young of the sparrows, ii. [212];
  • on dimorphism in some herons, ii. [214];
  • on orioles breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214];
  • on the sexes and young of Buphus and Anastomus, ii. [217];
  • on the young of the blackcap and blackbird, ii. [219];
  • on the young of the stonechat, ii. [220];
  • on the white plumage of Anastomus, ii. [229];
  • on the horns of Antilope bezoartica, ii. [246];
  • on the horns of Bovine animals, ii. [247];
  • on the mode of fighting of Ovis cycloceros, ii. [249];
  • on the voice of the Gibbons, ii. [276];
  • on the crest of the male wild goat, ii. [282];
  • on the colours of Portax picta, ii. [287];
  • on the colours of Antilope bezoartica, ii. [288];
  • on the development of the horns in the Koodoo and Eland antelopes, i. [289];
  • on the colour of the Axis deer, ii. [290];
  • on sexual difference of colour in Hylobates hoolock, ii. [291];
  • on the hog-deer, ii. [303];
  • on the beard and whiskers in a monkey becoming white with age, ii. [319].
• Boar, wild, polygamous in India, i. [267];
  • use of the tusks by the, ii. [256];
  • fighting of, ii. [263].
• Boitard and Corbié, MM., on the transmission of sexual peculiarities in pigeons, i. [283];
  • on the antipathy shown by some female pigeons to certain males, ii. [118].
• Bold, Mr., on the singing of a sterile hybrid canary, ii. [53].
• Bombet, on the variability of the standard of beauty in Europe, ii. [370].
• Bombus, difference of the sexes in, i. [366].
• Bombycidæ, coloration of, i. [394];
  • pairing of the, i. [401].
• Bombycilla carolinensis, red appendages of, ii. [179].
• Bombyx cynthia, i. [346];
  • proportion of the sexes in, i. [309], [313];
  • pairing of, i. [401].
• Bombyx mori, difference of size of the male and female cocoons of, i. [346];
  • pairing of, i. [401].
• Bombyx Pernyi, proportion of sexes of, i. [313].
• Bombyx Yamamai, i. [346];
  • M. Personnat on, i. [310];
  • proportion of sexes of, i. [313].
• Bonaparte, C. L., on the call-notes of the wild turkey, ii. [60].
• Bond, F., on the finding of new mates by crows, ii. [104].
• Bone, implements of, skill displayed in making, i. [138].
• Boner, C., on the transfer of male characters to an old female chamois, ii. [245];
  • on the antlers of the red deer, ii. [252];
  • on the habits of stags, ii. [259];
  • on the pairing of red deer, ii. [269].
• Bones, increase of, in length and thickness, when carrying a greater weight, i. [116].
• Bonnet monkey, i. [192].
• Boomerang, i. [183].
• Boreus hyemalis, scarcity of the male, i. [314].
• Bory St. Vincent, on the number of species of man, i. [226];
  • on the colours of Labrus pavo, ii. [16].
• Bos gaurus, horns of, ii. [247].
• Bos primigenius, ii. [240].
• Bos sondaicus, horns of, ii. [247];
  • colours of, ii. [289].
• Botocudos, i. [181];
  • mode of life of, i. [247];
  • disfigurement of the ears and lower lip of the, ii. [341].
• Boucher de Perthes, J. C. de, on the antiquity of man, i. [3].
• Bourbon, proportion of the sexes in a species of Papilio from, i. [310].
• Bourien, on the marriage-customs of the savages of the Malay Archipelago, ii. [373].
• Bovidæ, dewlaps of, ii. [284].
• Bower-birds, ii. [102];
  • habits of the, ii. [69];
  • ornamented playing-places of, i. [63], ii. [112].
• Bows, use of, i. [232].
• Brachiopoda, i. [329].
• Brachycephalic structure, possible explanation of, i. [148].
• Brachyscelus, second pair of antennæ in the male, i. [337].
• Brachyura, i. [332].
• Brachyurus calvus, scarlet face of, ii. [309].
• Brain, of man, agreement of the, with that of lower animals, i. [10];
  • convolutions of, in the human fœtus, i. [16];
  • larger in some existing mammals than in their tertiary prototypes, i. [51];
  • relation of the development of the, to the progress of language, i. [57];
  • disease of the, affecting speech, i. [58];
  • influence of development of mental faculties upon the size of the, i. [145];
  • influence of the development of, on the spinal column and skull, i. [146];
  • difference in the convolutions of, in different races of men, i. [216].
• Brakenridge, Dr., on the influence of climate, i. [115].
• Braubach, Prof., on the quasi-religious feeling of a dog towards his master, i. [68];
  • on the self-restraint of dogs, i. [78].
• Brauer, F., on dimorphism in Neurothemis, i. [363].
• Brazil, skulls found in caves of, i. [218];
  • population of, i. [225];
  • compression of the nose by the natives of, ii. [352].
• Break between man and the apes, i. [200].
• Bream, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [308].
• Breeding, age of, in birds, ii. [214].
• Breeding season, sexual characters making their appearance in the, in birds, ii. [80].
• Brehm, on the effects of intoxicating liquors on monkeys, i. [12];
  • on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali, i. [13];
  • on revenge taken by monkeys, i. [40];
  • on manifestations of maternal affection by monkeys and baboons, i. [41];
  • on the instinctive dread of monkeys for serpents, i. [42];
  • on a baboon using a mat for shelter from the sun, i. [53];
  • on the use of stones as missiles by baboons, i. [51];
  • on the signal-cries of monkeys, i. [57];
  • on sentinels posted by monkeys, i. [74];
  • on co-operation of animals, i. [75];
  • on an eagle attacking a young Cercopithecus, i. [76];
  • on baboons in confinement protecting one of their number from punishment, i. [78];
  • on the habits of baboons when plundering, i. [79];
  • on the diversity of the mental faculties of monkeys, i. [110];
  • on the habits of baboons, i. [141];
  • on polygamy in Cynocephalus and Cebus, i. [266];
  • on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds, i. [306];
  • on the love-dance of the Black-cock, ii. [45];
  • on Palamedea cornuta, ii. [48];
  • on the habits of the Black-grouse, ii. [49];
  • on sound produced by Birds of Paradise, ii. [63];
  • on assemblages of grouse, ii. [101];
  • on the finding of new mates by birds, ii. [106];
  • on the fighting of wild boars, ii. [263];
  • on the habits of Cynocephalus hamadryas, ii. [362].
• Brent, Mr., on the courtship of fowls, ii. [117].
• Breslau, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Bridgman, Laura, i. [57].
• Brimstone butterfly, i. [393];
  • sexual difference of colour in the, i. [409].
• British, ancient, tattooing practised by, ii. [339].
• Broca, Prof., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, i. [28];
  • on the capacity of Parisian skulls at different periods, i. [146];
  • on the influence of natural selection, i. [152];
  • on hybridity in man, i. [220];
  • on human remains from Les Eyzies, i. [237];
  • on the cause of the difference between Europeans and Hindoos, i. [240].
• Brodie, Sir B., on the origin of the moral sense in man, i. [71].
• Bronn, H. G., on the copulation of insects of distinct species, i. [342].
• Bronze period, men of, in Europe, i. [160].
• Brown, R., sentinels of seals generally females, i. [74];
  • on the battles of seals, ii. [240];
  • on the narwhal, ii. [242];
  • on the occasional absence of the tusks in the female walrus, ii. [242];
  • on the bladder-nose seal, ii. [278];
  • on the colours of the sexes in Phoca grœnlandica, ii. [287];
  • on the appreciation of music by seals, ii. [333];
  • on plants used as love-philters, by North American women, ii. [344].
• Brown-Séquard, Dr., on the inheritance of the effects of operations by guinea pigs, ii. [380].
• Bruce, on the use of the elephant’s tusks, ii. [249].
• Brulerie, P. de la, on the habits of Ateuchus cicatricosus, i. [376];
  • on the stridulation of Ateuchus, i. [384].
• Brünnich, on the pied ravens of the Feroe islands, ii. [126].
• Bryant, Capt., on the courtship of Callorhinus ursinus, ii. [269].
• Bubas bison, thoracic projection of, i. [372].
• Bucephalus capensis, difference of the sexes of, in colour, ii. [29].
• Buceros, nidification and incubation of, ii. [169].
• Buceros bicornis, sexual differences in the colouring of the casque, beak, and mouth in, ii. [129].
• Buceros corrugatus, sexual difference in the beak of, ii. [72].
• Büchner, L., on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on the want of self-consciousness, &c., in low savages, i. [62];
  • on the use of the human foot as a prehensile organ, i. [142];
  • on the mode of progression of the apes, i. [142].
• Buckland, F., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in rats, i. [305];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in the trout, i. [308];
  • on Chimæra monstrosa, ii. [12].
• Buckland, W., on the complexity of crinoids, i. [61].
• Buckler, W., proportion of sexes of Lepidoptera reared by, i. [313].
• Buckinghamshire, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [300].
• Bucorax abyssinicus, inflation of the neck-wattle of the male, during courtship, ii. [72].
• Budytes Raii, i. [260].
• Buffalo, Cape, ii. [250].
• Buffalo, Indian, horns of the, ii. [247].
• Buffalo, Italian, mode of fighting of the, ii. [250].
• Buffon, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Bugs, i. [349].
• Buist, R., on the proportion of the sexes in salmon, i. [308];
  • on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. [3].
• Bulbul, pugnacity of the male, ii. [41];
  • display of under tail-coverts by the male, ii. [96].
• Bull, mode of fighting of the, ii. [250];
  • curled frontal hair of the, ii. [282].
• Bullfinch, sexual differences in the, i. [269];
  • piping, ii. [52];
  • female, singing of the, ii. [54];
  • courtship of the, ii. [94];
  • widowed, finding a new mate, ii. [105];
  • attacking a reed-bunting, ii. [111];
  • nestling, sex ascertained by pulling out breast-feathers, ii. [214].
• Bullfinches distinguishing persons, ii. [110];
  • rivalry of female, ii. [121].
• Bulls, two young, attacking an old one, i. [75];
  • wild, battles of, ii. [240].
• Bull-trout, male, colouring of, during the breeding season, ii. [14].
• Bunting, reed, head feathers of the male, ii. [95];
  • attacked by a bullfinch, ii. [111].
• Buntings, characters of young, ii. [184].
• Buphus coromandus, sexes and young of, ii. [217];
  • change of colour in, ii. [231], [232].
• Burchell, Dr., on the zebra, ii. [302];
  • on the extravagance of a Bushwoman in adorning herself, ii. [344];
  • celibacy unknown among the savages of South Africa, ii. [367];
  • on the marriage-customs of the Bushwomen, ii. [374].
• Burke, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Burmese, colour of the beard in, ii. [319].
• Burton, Capt., on negro ideas of female beauty, ii. [346];
  • on a universal ideal of beauty, ii. [351].
• Bushmen, i. [157].
• Bushwoman, extravagant ornamentation of a, ii. [344].
• Bushwomen, hair of, i. [216];
  • marriage-customs of, ii. [374].
• Busk, Prof. G., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, i. [28].
• Bustard, throat-pouch of the male, ii. [58];
  • humming noise produced by a male, ii. [65];
  • Indian, ear-tufts of a, ii. [73].
• Bustards, occurrence of sexual differences and of polygamy among the, i. [269];
  • love-gestures of the male, ii. [68];
  • double moult in, ii. [81], [83].
• Butler, A. G., on sexual differences in the wings of Aricoris epitus, i. [345];
  • >on the colouring of the sexes in species of Thecla, i. [389];
  • on the resemblance of Iphias glaucippe to a leaf, i. [394];
  • on the rejection of certain moths and caterpillars by lizards and frogs, i. [417].
• Butterfly, noise produced by a, i. [387];
  • Emperor, i. [386], [388];
  • meadow brown, instability of the ocellated spots of, ii. [132].
• Butterflies, proportion of the sexes in, i. [309];
  • forelegs atrophied in some male, i. [344];
  • sexual difference in the neuration of the wings of, i. [345];
  • pugnacity of male, i. [386];
  • protective resemblances of the lower surface of, i. [392];
  • display of the wings by, i. [396];
  • white, alighting upon bits of paper, i. [400];
  • attracted by a dead specimen of the same species, i. [400];
  • courtship of, i. [400];
  • male and female, inhabiting different stations, i. [403].
• Buxton, C., observations on macaws, i. [76];
  • on an instance of benevolence in a parrot, ii. [109].
• Buzzard, Indian honey-, variation in the crest of, ii. [126].
• 
  C.
• Cabbage butterflies, i. [393].
• Cachalot, large head of the male, ii. [242].
• Cadences, musical, perception of, by animals, ii. [333].
• Cæcum, i. [27];
  • large, in the early progenitors of man, i. [206].
• Cairina moschata, pugnacity of the male, ii. [43].
• Callianassa, chelæ of, figured, i. [330].
• Callionymus lyra, characters of the male, ii. [7].
• Callorhinus ursinus, relative size of the sexes of, ii. [260];
  • courtship of, ii. [269].
• Calotes nigrilabris, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [36].
• Cambridge, O. Pickard, on the sexes of spiders, i. [315].
• Camel, canine teeth of male, ii. [241], [257].
• Campbell, J., on the Indian elephant, i. [267], [268];
  • on the proportion of male and female births in the harems of Siam, i. [303].
• Campylopterus hemileucurus, i. [307].
• Canaries distinguishing persons, ii. [110].
• Canary, polygamy of the, i. [270];
  • change of plumage in, after moulting, i. [294];
  • female, selecting the best singing male, ii. [52];
  • sterile hybrid, singing of a, ii. [53];
  • female, singing of the, ii. [54];
  • selecting a greenfinch, ii. [115];
  • and siskin, pairing of, ii. [115].
• Canestrini, G., on rudimentary characters and the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on rudimentary characters, i. [17];
  • on the movement of the ear in man, i. [20];
  • on the variability of the vermiform appendage in man, i. [27];
  • on the abnormal division of the malar bone in man, i. [124];
  • on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. [124];
  • on the persistence of the frontal suture in man, i. [125];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in silk-moths, i. [309], [311].
• Canine teeth in man, i. [126];
  • diminution of, in man, i. [144];
  • diminution of, in horses, i. [144];
  • disappearance of, in male ruminants, i. [144];
  • large, in the early progenitors of man, i. [206]. Canines, and horns, inverse development of, ii. [257].
• Canoes, use of, i. [137], [234].
• Cantharis, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. [367].
• Capercailzie, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [306];
  • pugnacity of the male, ii. [45];
  • pairing of the, ii. [49];
  • autumn meetings of the, ii. [54];
  • call of the, ii. [61];
  • duration of the courtship of, ii. [100];
  • behaviour of the female, ii. [121];
  • inconvenience of black colour to the female, ii. [154];
  • sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. [226];
  • crimson eye-cere of the male, ii. [227];
  • polygamous, i. [269].
• Capital, i. [169].
• Capitonidæ, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171].
• Capra ægagrus, ii. [249];
  • crest of the male, ii. [282];
  • sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [289].
• Capreolus Sibiricus subecaudatus, ii. [298].
• Caprice, common to man and animals, i. [65].
• Caprimulgus, noise made by the males of some species of, with their wings, ii. [62].
• Caprimulgus virginianus, pairing of, ii. [49].
• Carabidæ, bright colours of, i. [367].
• Carbonnier, on the natural history of the pike, i. [308];
  • the relative size of the sexes in fishes, ii. [7].
• Carcineutes, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [173].
• Carcinus mænas, i. [331], [333].
• Carduelis elegans, sexual differences of the beak in, ii. [39].
• Carnivora, marine, polygamous habits of, i. [268];
  • sexual differences in the colours of, ii. [286].
• Carp, numerical proportion of the sexes in the, i. [308].
• Carr, R., on the peewit, ii. [48].
• Carrier pigeon, late development of the wattle in the, i. [293].
• Carrion beetles, stridulation of, i. [378].
• Carus, Prof. V., on the development of the horns in merino sheep, i. [289].
• Cassowary, sexes and incubation of the, ii. [204].
• Castoreum, ii. [279].
• Casuarius galeatus, ii. [204].
• Cat, convoluted body in the extremity of the tail of a, i. [30];
  • sick, sympathy of a dog with a, i. [77].
• Cataract in Cebus Azaræ, i. [12].
• Catarrh, liability of Cebus Azaræ to, i. [11].
• Catarrhine monkeys, i. [196].
• Caterpillars, bright colours of, i. [415].
• Cathartes aura, ii. [116].
• Cathartes jota, love-gestures of the male, ii. [68].
• Catlin, G., on the development of the beard among North American Indians, ii. [322];
  • on the great length of the hair in some North American tribes, ii. [348].
• Caton, J. D., on the development of the horns in Cervus virginianus and strongyloceros, i. [288];
  • on the presence of traces of horns in the female wapiti, ii. [245];
  • on the fighting of deer, ii. [252];
  • on the crest of the male wapiti, ii. [282];
  • on the colours of the Virginian deer, ii. [288];
  • on sexual differences of colour in the wapiti, ii. [289];
  • on the spots of the Virginian deer, ii. [303].
• Cats, dreaming, i. [46];
  • tortois-eshell, i. [283], [285], [293];
  • enticed by valerian, ii. [281];
  • colours of, ii. [299].
• Cattle, domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, i. [293];
  • rapid increase of, in South America, i. [135];
  • domestic, lighter in winter in Siberia, i. [282];
  • horns of, i. [289], ii. [247];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [305].
• Caudal vertebræ, number of, in macaques and baboons, i. [150];
  • basal, of monkeys, imbedded in the body, i. [151].
• Cebus, maternal affection in a, i. [40];
  • gradation of species of, i. [227].
• Cebus Azaræ, liability of, to the same diseases as man, i. [11];
  • distinct sounds produced by, i. [53];
  • early maturity of the female, ii. [318].
• Cebus capucinus, polygamous, i. [266];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [290];
  • hair on the head of, ii. [307].
• Cebus vellerosus, hair on the head of, ii. [307].
• Cecidomyidæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Celibacy, unknown among the savages of South Africa and South America, ii. [367].
• Centipedes, i. [339].
• Cephalopoda, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [325].
• Cephalopterus ornatus, ii. [58], [59].
• Cephalopterus penduliger, ii. [59].
• Cerambyx heros, stridulant organ of, i. [380].
• Ceratophora aspera, nasal appendages of, ii. [34].
• Ceratophora Stoddartii, nasal horn of, ii. [34].
• Cerceris, habits of, i. [364].
• Cercocebus æthiops, whiskers, &c., of, ii. [308].
• Cercopithecus, young, seized by an eagle and rescued by the troop, i. [76];
  • definition of species of, i. [227].
• Cercopithecus cephus, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [291], [311].
• Cercopithecus cynosurus and griseo-viridis, colour of the scrotum in, ii. [291].
• Cercopithecus Diana, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [291], [311], [312].
• Cercopithecus griseo-viridis, i. [75].
• Cercopithecus petaurista, whiskers, &c., of, ii. [308].
• Ceres, of birds, bright colours of, ii. [227].
• Ceriornis Temminckii, swelling of the wattles of the male during courtship, ii. [72].
• Cervulus, weapons of, ii. [257].
• Cervulus moschatus, rudimentary horns of the female, ii. [245].
• Cervus alces, i. [288].
• Cervus campestris, odour of, ii. [279].
• Cervus canadensis, traces of horns in the female, ii. [245];
  • attacking a man, ii. [253];
  • sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [289].
• Cervus elaphus, battles of male, ii. [240];
  • horns of, with numerous points, ii. [252].
• Cervus Eldi, i. [288].
• Cervus mantchuricus, ii. [303].
• Cervus paludosus, colours of, ii. [290].
• Cervus strongyloceros, i. [288].
• Cervus virginianus, i. [288];
  • horns of, in course of modification, ii. [255].
• Ceryle, male black-belted in some species of, ii. [173].
• Cetacea, nakedness of, i. [148].
• Ceylon, frequent absence of beard in the natives of, ii. [321].
• Chaffinch, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [306], [307];
  • courtship of the, ii. [94].
• Chaffinches, ii. [53];
  • new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Chalcophaps indicus, characters of young, ii. [185].
• Chalcosoma atlas, sexual differences of, i. [368].
• Chamæleon, sexual differences in the genus, ii. [34].
• Chamæleon bifurcus, ii. [34], [35].
• Chamæleon Owenii, ii. [34], [36].
• Chameleons, ii. [32].
• Chamois, danger-signals of, i. [74];
  • transfer of male characters to an old female, ii. [245].
• Chamæpetes unicolor, modified wing-feather in the male, ii. [64].
• Chapuis, Dr., on the transmission of sexual peculiarities in pigeons, i. [283];
  • on streaked Belgian pigeons, i. [294], ii. [157].
• Char, male, colouring of, during the breeding season, ii. [14].
• Characters, male, developed in females, i. [280];
  • natural, artificial exaggeration of, by man, ii. [351];
  • secondary sexual, transmitted through both sexes, i. [279].
• Charadrius hiaticula and pluvialis, sexes and young of, ii. [216].
• Chardin on the Persians, ii. [356].
• Charms, worn by women, ii. [344].
• Charruas, freedom of divorce among the, ii. [372].
• Chasmorhynchus, difference of colour in the sexes of, ii. [79];
  • colours of, ii. [228].
• Chastity, early estimation of, i. [96].
• Chatterers, sexual differences in, i. [269].
• Cheiroptera, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [268].
• Chelæ of crustacea, i. [330], [336].
• Chelonia, sexual differences in, ii. [28].
• Chenalopex ægyptiacus, wing-knobs of, ii. [46].
• Chera progne, ii. [84], [120].
• Chest, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [117];
  • large, of the Quechua and Aymara Indians, i. [119].
• Chevrotains, canine teeth of, ii. [257].
• Chiasognathus, stridulation of, i. [384].
• Chiasognathus Grantii, mandibles of, i. [377].
• Children, legitimate and illegitimate, proportion of the sexes in, i. [302].
• Chiloe, lice of the natives of, i. [220];
  • population of, i. [225].
• Chimæra monstrosa, bony process on the head of the male, ii. [12].
• Chimæroid fishes, prehensile organs of male, ii. [1].
• Chimpanzee, ii. [323];
  • ears of the, i. [21];
  • representatives of the eyebrows in the, i. [25];
  • platforms built by the, i. [36];
  • cracking nuts with a stone, i. [51];
  • hands of the, i. [139];
  • absence of mastoid processes in the, i. [143];
  • direction of the hair on the arms of the, i. [192];
  • supposed evolution of the, i. [230];
  • polygamous and social habits of the, ii. [362].
• China, North, idea of female beauty in, ii. [344].
• China, Southern, inhabitants of, i. [246].
• Chinese, use of flint tools by the, i. [183];
  • difficulty of distinguishing the races of the, i. [215];
  • colour of the beard in, ii. [319];
  • general beardlessness of the, ii. [321];
  • opinions of the, on the appearance of Europeans and Cingalese, ii. [345], [347];
  • compression of the feet of, ii. [352].
• Chinsurdi, his opinion of beards, ii. [341], [349].
• Chlamydera maculata, ii. [70].
• Chloëon, pedunculated eyes of the male of, i. [341].
• Chloephaga, coloration of the sexes in, ii. [178].
• Chlorocœlus Tanana (figured), i. [355].
• Chorda Dorsalis, i. [207].
• Chough, red beak of the, ii. [227].
• Chromidæ, frontal protuberance in male, ii. [13];
  • sexual differences in colour of, ii. [20].
• Chrysemys picta, long claws of the male, ii. [28].
• Chrysococcyx, characters of young of, ii. [185].
• Chrysomela cerealis, bright colours of, i. [367].
• Chrysomelidæ, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Cicada pruinosa, i. [351].
• Cicada septendecim, i. [351].
• Cicadæ, songs of the, i. [350];
  • rudimentary sound-organs in females of, i. [359].
• Cicatrix of a burn, causing modification of the facial bones, i. [147].
• Cichla, frontal protuberance of male, ii. [13].
• Cimetière du Sud, Paris, i. [28].
• Cincloramphus cruralis, large size of male, ii. [43].
• Cinclus aquaticus, ii. [170].
• Cingalese, Chinese opinion of the appearance of the, ii. [345].
• Cirripedes, complemental males of, i. [255].
• Civilisation, effects of, upon natural selection, i. [170];
  • influence of, in the competition of nations, i. [239].
• Clanging of Geese, &c., ii. [51].
• Claparède, E., on natural selection applied to man, i. [137].
• Clarke, on the marriage-customs of the Kalmucks, ii. [373].
• Classification, i. [188].
• Claus, C., on the sexes of Saphirina, i. [336].
• Cleft-palate, inherited, i. [121].
• Climacteris erythrops, sexes of, ii. [206].
• Climate, i. [115];
  • cool, favourable to human progress, i. [167];
  • power of supporting extremes of, by man, i. [237];
  • want of connexion of, with colour, i. [241].
• Cloaca, existence of a, in the early progenitors of man, i. [207].
• Cloacal passage existing in the human embryo, i. [16].
• Club, origin of the, i. [234].
• Clucking of fowls, ii. [51].
• Clythra 4-punctata, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Cobra, ingenuity of a, ii. [31].
• Coccus, i. [186].
• Coccyx, i. [29], [30];
  • in the human embryo, i. [16];
  • convoluted body at the extremity of the, i. [30];
  • imbedded in the body, i. [151].
• Cochin-China, notions of beauty of the inhabitants of, ii. [345], [347].
• Cock, game, killing a kite, ii. [44];
  • blind, fed by its companions, i. [77];
  • comb and wattles of the, ii. [98];
  • preference shown by the, for young hens, ii. [121];
  • game, transparent zone in the hackles of a, ii. [136].
• Cock of the rock, ii. [100].
• Cockatoos, ii. [226], [228], [230];
  • nestling, ii. [109];
  • black, immature plumage of, ii. [188].
• Cœlenterata, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [321].
• Coffee, fondness of monkeys for, i. [12].
• Cold, supposed effects of, i. [116];
  • power of supporting, by man, i. [237].
• Coleoptera, i. [366];
  • stridulant organs of, discussed, i. [381].
• Collingwood, C., on the pugnacity of the butterflies of Borneo, i. [386];
  • on butterflies being attracted by a dead specimen of the same species, i. [400].
• Colombia, flattened heads of savages of, ii. [340].
• Colonists, success of the English as, i. [179].
• Coloration, protective, in birds, ii. [223].
• Colour, supposed to be dependent on light and heat, i. [115];
  • correlation of, with immunity from certain poisons and parasites, i. [242];
  • purpose of, in lepidoptera, i. [399];
  • relation of, to sexual functions, in fishes, ii. [14];
  • difference of, in the sexes of snakes, ii. [29];
  • sexual differences of, in lizards, ii. [36];
  • influence of, in the pairing of birds of different species, ii. [115];
  • relation of, to nidification, ii. [167], [172];
  • sexual differences of, in mammals, ii. [286], [294];
  • recognition of, by quadrupeds, ii. [295];
  • of children, in different races of man, ii. [318];
  • of the skin in man, ii. [381].
• Colours, admired alike by man and animals, i. [64];
  • bright, due to sexual selection, i. [322];
  • bright, among the lower animals, i. [322], [323];
  • bright, protective to butterflies and moths, i. [395];
  • bright, in male fishes, ii. [7], [13];
  • transmission of, in birds, ii. [159].
• Colquhoun, example of reasoning in a retriever, i. [48].
• Columba passerina, young of, ii. [188].
• Colymbus glacialis, anomalous young of, ii. [211].
• Comb, development of, in fowls, i. [295].
• Combs and wattles in male birds, ii. [98].
• Community, preservation of variations useful to the, by natural selection, i. [155].
• Compositæ, gradation of species among the, i. [227].
• Comte, C., on the expression of the ideal of beauty by sculpture, ii. [380].
• Conditions of life, action of changed, upon man, i. [113];
  • influence of, on plumage of birds, ii. [196].
• Condor, eyes and comb of the, ii. [129].
• Conjugations, origin of, i. [61].
• Conscience, i. [91], [104];
• absence of, in some criminals, i. [92].
• Constitution, difference of, in different races of men, i. [216].
• Consumption, liability of Cebus Azaræ to, i. [12];
  • connexion between complexion and, i. [244].
• Convergence, i. [230].
• Cooing of pigeons and doves, ii. [60].
• Cook, Capt., on the nobles of the Sandwich Islands, ii. [356].
• Cope, E. D., on the dinosauria, i. [204];
  • on the origin of genera, ii. [215].
• Cophotis ceylanica, sexual differences of, ii. [32], [36].
• Copris, i. [370].
• Copris Isidis, sexual differences of, i. [369].
• Copris lunaris, stridulation of, i. [380].
• Corals, bright colours of, i. [322].
• Coral-snakes, ii. [31].
• Cordylus, sexual difference of colour in a species of, ii. [36].
• Corfu, habits of the chaffinch in, i. [307].
• Cornelius, on the proportions of the sexes in Lucanus Cervus, i. [313].
• Corpora Wolffiana, i. [207];
  • agreement of, with the kidneys of fishes, i. [16].
• Correlated variation, i. [130].
• Correlation, influence of, in the production of races, i. [247].
• Corse, on the mode of fighting of the elephant, ii. [257].
• Corvus corone, ii. [104].
• Corvus graculus, red beak of, ii. [227].
• Corvus pica, nuptial assembly of, ii. [102].
• Corydalis cornutus, large jaws of the male, i. [342].
• Cosmetornis, ii. [181].
• Cosmetornis vexillarius, elongation of wing-feathers in, ii. [73], [97].
• Cotingidæ, sexual differences in, i. [269];
  • coloration of the sexes of, ii. [177];
  • resemblance of the females of distinct species of, ii. [192].
• Cottus scorpius, sexual differences in, ii. [9].
• Counting, origin of, i. [181];
  • limited power of, in primeval man, i. [234].
• Courage, variability of, in the same species, i. [40];
  • universal high appreciation of, i. [95];
  • importance of, i. [162];
  • a characteristic of men, ii. [328].
• Courtship, greater eagerness of males in, i. [272];
  • of fishes, ii. [2];
  • of birds, ii. [50], [100].
• Cow, winter change of the, ii. [299].
• Crab, devil, i. [332].
• Crab, shore, habits of, i. [331].
• Crabro cribrarius, dilated tibiæ of the male, i. [343].
• Crabs, proportions of the sexes in, i. [315].
• Cranz, on the inheritance of dexterity in seal-catching, i. [117].
• Crawfurd, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Crenilabrus massa and C. melops, nests built by, ii. [19].
• Crest, origin of, in Polish fowls, i. [284].
• Crests, of birds, difference of, in the sexes, ii. [189];
  • dorsal hairy, of mammals, ii. [282].
• Cricket, field-, stridulation of the, i. [353];
  • pugnacity of male, i. [360].
• Cricket, house-, stridulation of the, i. [352], [354].
• Crickets, sexual differences in, i. [361].
• Crioceridæ, stridulation of the, i. [379].
• Crinoids, complexity of, i. [61].
• Croaking of frogs, ii. [27].
• Crocodiles, musky odour of, during the breeding season, ii. [29].
• Crocodilia, ii. [28].
• Crossbills, characters of young, ii. [184].
• Crosses in man, i. [225].
• Crossing of races, effects of the, i. [241].
• Crossoptilon auritum, ii. [93], [166], [196];
  • adornment of both sexes of, i. [290];
  • sexes alike in, ii. [178].
• Crotch, G. R., on the stridulation of beetles, i. [379], [382];
  • on the stridulation of Heliopathes, i. [383];
  • on the stridulation of Acalles, i. [384].
• Crow Indians, long hair of the, ii. [348].
• Crow, young of the, ii. [209].
• Crows, ii. [226];
  • vocal organs of the, ii. [55];
  • living in triplets, ii. [106].
• Crows, carrion, new mates found by, ii. [104].
• Crows, Indian, feeding their blind companions, i. [77].
• Cruelty of savages to animals, i. [94].
• Crustacea, amphipod, males sexually mature while young, ii. [215];
  • parasitic, loss of limbs by female, i. [255];
  • prehensile feet and antennæ of, i. [256];
  • male, more active than female, i. [272];
  • parthenogenesis in, i. [315];
  • secondary sexual characters of, i. [328];
  • auditory hairs of, ii. [333].
• Crystal worn in the lower lip by some Central African women, ii. [341].
• Cuckoo fowls, i. [294].
• Culicidæ, i. [254], [349].
• Cullen, Dr., on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, ii. [58].
• Cultivation of plants, probable origin of, i. [167].
• Cupples, Mr., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in dogs, sheep, and cattle, i. [304], [305];
  • on the Scotch deerhound, ii. [261];
  • on sexual preference in dogs, ii. [271], [272].
• Curculionidæ, sexual difference in length of snout in some, i. [255];
  • hornlike processes in male, i. [374];
  • musical, i. [378], [379].
• Curiosity, manifestations of, by animals, i. [42].
• Curlews, double moult in, ii. [80].
• Cursores, comparative absence of sexual differences among the, i. [269].
• Curtis, J., on the proportion of the sexes in Athalia, i. [314].
• Cuvier, F., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana, i. [13].
• Cuvier, G., views of, as to the position of man, i. [190];
  • on instinct and intelligence, i. [37];
  • on the number of caudal vertebræ in the mandrill, i. [150];
  • on the position of the seals, i. [190];
  • on Hectocotyle, i. [325].
• Cyanecula suecica, sexual differences of, ii. [195].
• Cyanalcyon, sexual difference in colours of, ii. [173];
  • immature plumage of, ii. [188].
• Cychrus, sounds produced by, i. [382].
• Cycnia mendica, sexual difference of colour in, i. [398].
• Cygnus ferus, trachea of, ii. [59].
• Cygnus olor, white young of, ii. [211].
• Cyllo Leda, instability of the ocellated spots of, ii. [133].
• Cynanthus, variation in the genus, ii. [125].
• Cynipidæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Cynocephalus, difference of the young, from the adult, i. [13];
  • male, recognition of women by, i. [13];
  • polygamous habits of species of, i. [266].
• Cynocephalus chacma, i. [41].
• Cynocephalus gelada, i. [51].
• Cynocephalus hamadryas, i. [51];
  • sexual difference of colour in, ii. [291].
• Cynocephalus leucophœus, colours of the sexes of, ii. [292].
• Cynocephalus mormon, colours of the male, ii. [292], [296], [310].
• Cynocephalus porcarius, mane of the male, ii. [267].
• Cypridina, proportions of the sexes in, i. [315].
• Cyprinidæ, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [308].
• Cyprinidæ, Indian, ii. [17].
• Cyprinodontidæ, sexual differences in the, ii. [7], [9].
• Cyprinus auratus, ii. [16].
• Cyprinus phoxinus, spawning of, ii. [15].
• Cypris, relations of the sexes in, i. [315].
• Cystophora cristata, hood of, ii. [278].
• 
  D.
• Dacelo, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [174].
• Dacelo Gaudichaudi, young male of, ii. [188].
• Dal-ripa, a kind of ptarmigan, i. [306].
• Damalis albifrons, peculiar markings of, ii. [301].
• Damalis pygarga, peculiar markings of, ii. [300].
• Dampness of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, i. [116], [242].
• Danaidæ, i. [387].
• Dances of birds, ii. [68].
• Dancing, i. [232].
• Daniell, Dr., his experience of residence in West Africa, i. [245].
• Darfur, protuberances artificially produced in, ii. [339].
• Darwin, F., on the stridulation of Dermestes murinus, i. [379].
• Dasychira pudibunda, sexual difference of colour in, i. [398].
• Davis, A. H., on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. [375].
• Davis, J. B., on the capacity of the skull in various races of men, i. [146];
  • on the beards of the Polynesians, ii. [322].
• Death-rate higher in towns than in rural districts, i. [175].
• Death-tick, i. [384].
• De Candolle, Alph., on a case of inherited power of moving the scalp, i. [20].
• Declensions, origin of, i. [61].
• Decoration in birds, ii. [71].
• Decticus, i. [355].
• Deer, spots of young, ii. [184], [303];
  • horns of, ii. [243], [248];
  • use of horns of, ii. [252], [263];
  • size of the horns of, ii. [259];
  • female, pairing with one male, whilst others are fighting for her, ii. [269];
  • male, attracted by the voice of the female, ii. [276];
  • male, odour emitted by, ii. [279];
  • development of the horns in, i. [288];
  • horns of a, in course of modification, ii. [255].
• Deer, Axis, sexual, difference in the colour of the, ii. [290].
• Deer, fallow, different coloured herds of, ii. [295].
• Deer, Mantchurian, ii. [303].
• Deer, Virginian, ii. [303];
  • colour of the, not affected by castration, ii. [288];
  • colours of, ii. [289].
• Deerhound, Scotch, greater size of the male, i. [293], ii. [260].
• Defensive organs of mammals, ii. [263].
• De Geer, C., on a female spider destroying a male, i. [339].
• Dekay, Dr., on the bladder-nose seal, ii. [278].
• Demerara, yellow fever in, i. [243].
• Dendrocygna, ii. [185].
• Dendrophila frontalis, young of, ii. [220].
• Denny, H., on the lice of domestic animals, i. [219].
• Dermestes murinus, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Descent traced through the mother alone, ii. [359].
• Deserts, protective colouring of animals inhabiting, ii. [224].
• Desmarest, on the absence of suborbital pits in Antilope subgutturosa, ii. [280];
  • on the whiskers of Macacus, ii. [283];
  • on the colour of the opossum, ii. [286];
  • on the colours of the sexes of Mus minutus, ii. [286];
  • on the colouring of the ocelot, ii. [287];
  • on the colours of seals, ii. [287];
  • on Antilope caama, ii. [289];
  • on the colours of goats, ii. [290];
  • on sexual difference of colour in Ateles marginatus, ii. [291];
  • on the mandrill, ii. [293];
  • on Macacus cynomolgus, ii. [318].
• Desmoulins, on the number of species of man, i. [226];
  • on the musk-deer, ii. [281].
• Desor, on the imitation of man by monkeys, i. [44].
• Despine, P., on criminals destitute of conscience, i. [92].
• Development, embryonic, of man, i. [14], [16];
  • correlated, ii. [130].
• Devil, not believed in by the Fuegians, i. [67].
• Devil-crab, i. [332].
• Devonian, fossil insect from the, i. [360].
• Dewlaps, of cattle and antelopes, ii. [284].
• Diadema, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. [388].
• Diadema anomala, mimickry by the female of, i. [413].
• Diadema bolina, i. [413].
• Diamond-beetles, bright colours of, i. [367].
• Diastema, occurrence of, in man, i. [126].
• Diastylidæ, proportion of the sexes in, i. [315].
• Diodorus, on the absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon, ii. [321].
• Dicrurus, racket-shaped feathers in, ii. [73];
  • nidification of, ii. [167].
• Dicrurus macrocercus, change of plumage in, ii. [179].
• Didelphis opossum, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [286].
• Differences, comparative, between different species of birds of the same sex, ii. [192].
• Digits, supernumerary, more frequent in men than in women, i. [276];
  • supernumerary, inheritance of, i. [285];
  • supernumerary, early development of, i. [292].
• Dimorphism in females of water-beetles, i. [343];
  • in Neurothemis and Agrion, i. [363].
• Dipelicus Cantori, sexual differences of, i. [369].
• Diplopoda, prehensile limbs of the male, i. [340].
• Dipsas cynodon, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [29].
• Diptera, i. [348].
• Disease, generated by the contact of distinct peoples, i. [239].
• Diseases common to man and the lower animals, i. [11];
  • difference of liability to, in different races of men, i. [216];
  • new, effects of, upon savages, i. [238];
  • sexually limited, i. [292].
• Display, coloration of Lepidoptera for, i. [395];
  • of plumage by male birds, ii. [86], [96].
• Distribution, wide, of man, i. [137];
  • geographical, as evidence of specific distinctness in man, i. [218].
• Disuse, effects of, in producing rudimentary organs, i. [18];
  • and use of parts, effects of, i. [116];
  • of parts, influence of, on the races of men, i. [247].
• Divorce, freedom of, among the Charruas, ii. [372].
• Dixon, E. S., on the habits of the guinea-fowl, i. [270];
  • on the pairing of different species of geese, ii. [114];
  • on the courtship of peafowl, ii. [121].
• Dobrizhoffer, on the marriage-customs of the Abipones, ii. [374].
• Dogs, suffering from Tertian ague, i. [13];
  • memory of, i. [45];
  • domestic, progress of, in moral qualities, i. [50];
  • distinct tones uttered by, i. [54];
  • parallelism between his affection for his master and religious feeling, i. [68];
  • sociability of the, i. [74];
  • sympathy of, with a sick cat, i. [77];
  • sympathy of, with his master, i. [77];
  • possible use of the hair on the forelegs of the, i. [193];
  • races of the, i. [229];
  • diverging when drawing sledges over thin ice, i. [40];
  • dreaming, i. [46], [158];
  • exercise of reasoning faculties by, i. [48];
  • their possession of conscience, i. [78];
  • numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [304];
  • sexual affection between individuals of, ii. [270];
  • howling at certain notes, ii. [333];
  • rolling in carrion, ii. [281].
• Dolichocephalic structure, possible cause of, i. [148].
• Dolphins, nakedness of, i. [148].
• Domestic animals, races of, i. [229];
  • change of breeds of, ii. [369].
• Domestication, influence of, in removing the sterility of hybrids, i. [222].
• D’Orbigny, A., on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, i. [242];
  • on the Yura-caras ii. [347].
• Dotterel, ii. [203].
• Doubleday, E., on sexual differences in the wings of butterflies, i. [345].
• Doubleday, H., on the proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, i. [311];
  • on the attraction of the males of Lasiocampa quercus and Saturnia carpini by the female, i. [312];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in the Lepidoptera, i. [312];
  • on the ticking of Anobium tessellatum, i. [385];
  • on the structure of Ageronia feronia, i. [387];
  • on white butterflies alighting upon paper, i. [400].
• Douglas, J. W., on the sexual differences of the Hemiptera, i. [349];
  • on the colours of British Homoptera, i. [352].
• Down, of birds, ii. [80].
• Draco, gular appendages of, ii. [33].
• Dragonet, Gemmeous, ii. [7].
• Dragon-flies, caudal appendages of male, i. [344];
  • relative size of the sexes of, i. [347];
  • difference in the sexes of, i. [361];
  • want of pugnacity by the male, i. [364].
• Drake, breeding plumage of the, ii. [84].
• Dreams, i. [46];
  • a possible source of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. [66].
• Drill, sexual difference of colour in the, ii. [291].
• Dromœus irroratus, ii. [204].
• Dromolæa, Saharan species of, ii. [172].
• Drongo shrike, ii. [179].
• Drongos, racket-shaped feathers in the tails of, ii. [73], [83].
• Dryness, of climate, supposed influence of, on the colour of the skin, i. [242].
• Dryopithecus, i. [199].
• Duck, harlequin, age of mature plumage in the, ii. [213];
  • breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214].
• Duck, long-tailed, preference of male, for certain females, ii. [122].
• Duck, pintail, pairing with a wigeon, ii. [114].
• Duck, voice of the, ii. [60];
  • pairing with a shield-drake, ii. [114];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188].
• Duck, wild, sexual differences in the, i. [268];
  • speculum and male characters of, i. [291];
  • pairing with a pintail drake, ii. [115].
• Ducks, dogs and cats recognised by, ii. [110];
  • wild, becoming polygamous under partial domestication, i. [270].
• Dugong, tusks of, ii. [242];
  • nakedness of, i. [148].
• Dujardin, on the relative size of the cerebral ganglia in insects, i. [145].
• Duncan, Dr., on the fertility of early marriages, i. [174].
• Dupont, M., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. [29].
• Durand, J. P., on causes of variation, i. [113].
• Dureau de la Malle, on the songs of birds, i. [55];
  • on the acquisition of an air by blackbirds, ii. [55].
• Dutch, retention of their colour by the, in South Africa, i. [242].
• Duty, sense of, i. [70].
• Duvaucel, female Hylobates washing her young, i. [40].
• Dyaks, pride of, in mere homicide, i. [94].
• Dynastes, large size of males of, i. [347].
• Dynastini, stridulation of, i. [381].
• Dytiscus, dimorphism of females of, i. [343];
  • grooved elytra of the female, i. [343].
• 
  E.
• Eagle, young Cercopithecus rescued from, by the troop, i. [75].
• Eagle, white-headed, breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214].
• Eagles, golden, new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Ear, motion of the, i. [20];
  • external shell of the, useless in man, i. [21];
  • rudimentary point of the, in man, i. [22].
• Ears, piercing and ornamentation of the, ii. [341].
• Echidna, i. [201].
• Echini, bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Echinodermata, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [321].
• Ecker, figure of the human embryo, i. [15];
  • on sexual differences in the pelvis in man, ii. [317];
  • on the presence of a sagittal crest in Australians, ii. [319].
• Edentata, former wide range of, in America, i. [219];
  • absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [268].
• Edolius, racket-shaped feathers in, ii. [73].
• Edwards, Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in North American species of Papilio, i. [309].
• Egerton, Sir P., on the use of the antlers of deer, ii. [252];
  • on the pairing of red deer, ii. [269];
  • on the bellowing of stags, ii. [275].
• Eggs, hatched by male fishes, ii. [20].
• Egret, Indian, sexes and young of, ii. [217].
• Egrets, breeding plumage of, ii. [82];
  • white, ii. [228].
• Ehrenberg, on the mane of the male Hamadryas baboon, ii. [267].
• Ekström, M., on Harelda glacialis, ii. [122].
• Elachista rufocinerea, habits of male, i. [311].
• Eland, development of the horns of the, i. [289].
• Elands, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [288].
• Elaphomyia, sexual differences in, i. [349].
• Elaphrus uliginosus, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Elaps, ii. [31].
• Elateridæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. [313].
• Elaters, luminous, i. [345].
• Elephant, i. [200];
  • nakedness of the, i. [148];
  • rate of increase of the, i. [135];
  • Indian, polygamous habits of the, i. [267];
  • pugnacity of the male, ii. [240];
  • tusks of, ii. [242], [243], [248], [249], [258];
  • Indian, mode of fighting, of the, ii. [257];
  • male, odour emitted by the, ii. [279];
  • attacking white or grey horses, ii. [295].
• Elevation of abode, modifying influence of, i. [120].
• Elimination of inferior individuals, i. [172].
• Elk, ii. [249];
• winter change of the, ii. [299].
• Elk, Irish, horns of the, ii. [259].
• Ellice Islands, beards of the natives, ii. [322], [349].
• Elliot, R., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in young rats, i. [305];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, i. [305].
• Elliott, D. G., on Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, ii. [80].
• Elliott, Sir W., on the polygamous habits of the Indian wild boar, i. [267].
• Ellis, on the prevalence of infanticide in Polynesia, ii. [364].
• Elphinstone, Mr., on local differences of stature among the Hindoos, i. [115];
  • on the difficulty of distinguishing the native races of India, i. [215].
• Elytra, of the females of Dytiscus, Acilius, Hydroporus, i. [343].
• Emberiza, characters of young, ii. [184].
• Emberiza miliaria, ii. [185].
• Emberiza schœniculus, ii. [111];
  • head-feathers of the male, ii. [95].
• Embryo of man, i. [14], [15];
  • of the dog, i. [15].
• Embryos of mammals, resemblance of the, i. [32].
• Emigration, i. [172].
• Emotions experienced by the lower animals in common with man, i. [39];
  • manifested by animals, i. [42].
• Emperor moth, i. [398].
• Emulation of singing-birds, ii. [53].
• Emu, sexes and incubation of, ii. [204].
• Endurance, estimation of, i. [95].
• Energy, a characteristic of men, ii. [328].
• England, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [300].
• Engleheart, Mr., on the finding of new mates by starlings, ii. [106].
• English, success of, as colonists, i. [179].
• Engravers, short-sighted, i. [118].
• Entomostraca, i. [332].
• Entozoa, difference of colour between the males and females of some, i. [321].
• Eocene, possible divergence of man during the, i. [200].
• Eolidæ, colours of, produced by the biliary glands, i. [323].
• Epeira, i. [337].
• Epeira nigra, small size of the male of, i. [338].
• Ephemeræ, i. [341].
• Ephemeridæ, i. [361].
• Ephemerina, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Ephippiger vitium, stridulating organs of, i. [354], [358].
• Epicalia, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. [388].
• Equus hemionus, winter change of, ii. [298].
• Erateina, coloration of, i. [397].
• Erect attitude of man, i. [141], [142].
• Eschricht, on the development of hair in man, i. [24];
  • on a lanuginous moustache in a female fœtus, i. [25];
  • on the want of definition between the scalp and the forehead in some children, i. [192];
  • on the arrangement of the hair in the human fœtus, i. [193];
  • on the hairiness of the face in the human fœtus of both sexes, ii. [379], [380].
• Esmeralda, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [368].
• Esox lucius, i. [308].
• Esox reticulatus, ii. [14].
• Esquimaux, i. [157], [167];
  • their belief in the inheritance of dexterity in seal-catching, i. [117];
  • mode of life of, i. [246].
• Estrelda amandava, pugnacity of the male, ii. [49].
• Eubagis, sexual differences of colouring in the species of, i. [389].
• Euchirus longimanus, sound produced by, i. [381].
• Eudromias morinellus, ii. [203].
• Eulampis jugularis, colours of the female, ii. [168].
• Euler, on the rate of increase in the United States, i. [131].
• Eumomota superciliaris, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of, ii. [73].
• Eupetomena macroura, colours of the female, ii. [168].
• Euphema splendida, ii. [174].
• Euplocamus erythropthalmus, possession of spurs by the female, ii. [46].
• Euplœa midamas, mimickry of, by the female of Diadema anomala, i. [413].
• Europe, ancient inhabitants of, i. [237].
• Europeans, difference of, from Hindoos, i. [240];
  • hairiness of, probably due to reversion, ii. [378].
• Eurostopodus, sexes of, ii. [206].
• Eurygnathus, different proportions of the head in the sexes of, i. [344].
• Eustephanus, sexual differences of species of, ii. [39];
  • young of, ii. [220].
• Exaggeration of natural characters by man, ii. [351].
• Exogamy, ii. [360], [364].
• Expression, resemblances in, between man and the apes, i. [191].
• Extinction of races, causes of, i. [238].
• Eye, destruction of the, i. [116];
  • change of position in, i. [147];
  • obliquity of, regarded as a beauty by the Chinese and Japanese, ii. [345].
• Eyebrows, elevation of, i. [19];
  • development of long hairs in, i. [25];
  • in monkeys, i. [192];
  • eradicated in parts of South America and Africa, ii. [340];
  • eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay, ii. [348].
• Eyelids, coloured black, in part of Africa, ii. [339].
• Eyelashes, eradication of, by the Indians of Paraguay, ii. [348].
• Eyes, difference in the colour of, in the sexes of birds, ii. [128];
  • pillared, of the male of Chloëon, i. [341].
• Eyton, T. C., observations on the development of the horns in the fallow-deer, i. [288].
• Eyzies, Les, human remains from, i. [237].
• 
  F.
• Fabre, M., on the habits of Cerceris, i. [364].
• Facial bones, causes of modification of the, i. [147].
• Faculties, mental, variation of, in the same species, i. [36];
  • diversity of, in the same race of men, i. [109];
  • inheritance of, i. [110];
  • diversity of, in animals of the same species, i. [110];
  • of birds, ii. [108].
• Fakirs, Indian, tortures undergone by, i. [96].
• Falco leucocephalus, ii. [214].
• Falco peregrinus, ii. [104], [179].
• Falco tinnunculus, ii. [109].
• Falcon, peregrine, new mate found by, ii. [104].
• Falconer, H., on the mode of fighting of the Indian elephant, ii. [257];
  • on canines in a female deer, ii. [258];
  • on Hyomoschus aquaticus, ii. [304].
• Falkland islands, horses of, i. [236].
• Fallow-deer, different coloured herds of, ii. [295].
• Famines, frequency of, among savages, i. [333].
• Farr, Dr., on the structure of the uterus, i. [123];
  • on the effects of profligacy, i. [173];
  • on the influence of marriage on mortality, i. [175].
• Farrar, F. W., on the origin of language, i. [56];
  • on the crossing or blending of languages, i. [60];
  • on the absence of the idea of God in certain races of men, i. [65];
  • on early marriages of the poor, i. [173];
  • on the middle ages, i. [178].
• Fashions, long prevalence of, among savages, ii. [343], [352].
• Faye, Prof., on the numerical proportion of male and female births in Norway and Russia, i. [301];
  • on the greater mortality of male children at and before birth, i. [302].
• Feathers, modified, producing sounds, ii. [63] et seqq., 163;
  • elongated, in male birds, ii. [72], [97];
  • racket-shaped, ii. [73];
  • barbless and with filamentous barbs in certain birds, ii. [74];
  • shedding of margins of, ii. [85].
• Feeding, high, probable influence of, in the pairing of birds of different species, ii. [115].
• Feet, modification of, in man, i. [141];
  • thickening of the skin on the soles of the, i. [118].
• Felis canadensis, throat-ruff of, ii. [267].
• Felis pardalis and F. mitis, sexual differences in the colouring of, ii. [287].
• Female, behaviour of the, during courtship, i. [273].
• Female birds, differences of, ii. [193].
• Females, presence of rudimentary male organs in, i. [208];
  • preference of, for certain males, i. [262];
  • pursuit of, by males, i. [272];
  • occurrence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [276];
  • development of male characters by, i. [280].
• Females and males, comparative mortality of, while young, i. [264], [276];
  • comparative numbers of, i. [261], [263].
• Femur and tibia, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, i. [119].
• Ferguson, Mr., on the courtship of fowls, ii. [118].
• Fertilization, phenomena of, in plants, i. [273];
  • in the lower animals, i. [274].
• Fevers, immunity of Negroes and Mulattoes from, i. [243].
• Fiber zibethicus, protective colouring of, ii. [298].
• Fidelity of savages to one another, i. [95];
  • importance of, i. [162].
• Field-slaves, difference of, from house-slaves, i. [246].
• Fijians, burying their old and sick parents alive, i. [77];
  • estimation of the beard among the, ii. [349];
  • admiration of, for a broad occiput, ii. [352].
• Fiji Islands, beards of the natives, ii. [322], [349];
  • marriage-customs of the, ii. [373].
• Filial affection, partly the result of natural selection, i. [81].
• Filum terminale, i. [30].
• Finch, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. [73].
• Finches, spring change of colour in, ii. [85];
  • British, females of the, ii. [193].
• Fingers, partially coherent, in species of Hylobates, i. [140].
• Finlayson, on the Cochin Chinese, ii. [345].
• Fire, use of, i. [137], [183], [234].
• Fischer, on the pugnacity of the male of Lethrus cephalotes, i. [376].
• Fish, proportion of the sexes in, i. [307];
  • eagerness of male, i. [272].
• Fishes, kidneys of, represented by Corpora Wolffiana in the human embryo, i. [16];
  • male, hatching ova in their mouths, i. [210];
  • receptacles for ova possessed by, i. [254];
  • relative size of the sexes in, ii. [7];
  • freshwater, of the tropics, ii. [17];
  • protective resemblances in, ii. [18];
  • nest-building, ii. [19];
  • spawning of, ii. [19];
  • sounds produced by, ii. [23], [331];
  • continued growth of, ii. [216].
• Flexor pollicis longus, similar variation of, in man, i. [129].
• Flint tools, i. [183].
• Flints, difficulty of chipping into form, i. [138].
• Florida, Quiscalus major in, i. [307].
• Flounder, coloration of the, ii. [18].
• Flower, W. H., on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, i. [128];
  • on the position of the Seals, i. [190];
  • on the throat-pouch of the male Bustard, ii. [58].
• Fly-catchers, colours and nidification of, ii. [170].
• Fœtus, human, woolly covering of the, i. [25];
  • arrangement of the hair on, i. [193].
• Food, influence of, upon stature, i. [115].
• Foot, prehensile, in the early progenitors of man, i. [206];
  • prehensile power of the, retained in some savages, i. [142].
• Foramen, supra-condyloid, exceptional occurrence of in the humerus of man, i. [28], [130];
  • in the early progenitors of man, i. [206].
• Forbes, D., on the Aymara Indians, i. [119];
  • on local variation of colour in the Quechuas, i. [246];
  • on the hairlessness of the Aymaras and Quechuas, ii. [322];
  • on the long hair of the Aymaras and Quechuas, ii. [320], [348].
• Forel, F., on white young swans, ii. [211].
• Formica rufo, size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. [145].
• Fossils, absence of, connecting man with the apes, i. [201].
• Fowl, occurrence of spurs in the female, i. [280];
  • game, early pugnacity of, i. [295];
  • Polish, early development of cranial peculiarities of, i. [295];
  • variations in plumage of, ii. [74];
  • examples of correlated development in the, ii. [130];
  • domestic, breeds and sub-breeds of, ii. [178].
• Fowls, spangled Hamburgh, i. [281], [294];
  • sexual peculiarities in, transmitted only to the same sex, i. [283];
  • loss of secondary sexual characters by male, i. [284];
  • inheritance of changes of plumage by, i. [281];
  • Polish, origin of the crest in, i. [284];
  • period of inheritance of characters by, i. [294];
  • cuckoo-, i. [294];
  • development of the comb in, i. [295];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [306];
  • courtship of, ii. [117];
  • mongrel, between a black Spanish cock and different hens, ii. [131];
  • pencilled Hamburgh, difference of the sexes in, ii. [158];
  • Spanish, sexual differences of the comb in, ii. [158];
  • spurred, in both sexes, ii. [162].
• Fox, W. D., on some half-tamed wild ducks becoming polygamous, and on polygamy in the guinea-fowl and canary-bird, i. [270];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in cattle, i. [305];
  • on the pugnacity of the peacock, ii. [46];
  • on a nuptial assembly of magpies, ii. [102];
  • on the finding of new mates by crows, ii. [104];
  • on partridges living in triplets, ii. [107];
  • on the pairing of a goose with a Chinese gander, ii. [114].
• Foxes, wariness of young, in hunting districts, i. [50];
  • black, ii. [294].
• France, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Francesco, B., on the Simian resemblances of man, i. [4].
• Fraser, C., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, i. [335].
• Fringilla cannabina, ii. [86].
• Fringilla ciris, age of mature plumage in, ii. [213].
• Fringilla cyanea, age of mature plumage in, ii. [213].
• Fringilla leucophrys, young of, ii. [217].
• Fringilla spinus, ii. [115].
• Fringilla tristis, change of colour in, in spring, ii. [85];
  • young of, ii. [216].
• Fringillidæ, resemblance of the females of distinct species of, ii. [192].
• Frogs, ii. [25];
  • male, temporary receptacles for ova possessed by, i. [254];
  • ready to breed before the females, i. [260];
  • vocal organs of, ii. [28].
• Frontal bone, persistence of the suture in, i. [124].
• Fruits, poisonous, avoided by animals, i. [36].
• Fuegians, i. [167], [181];
  • mental capacity of the, i. [34];
  • quasi-religious sentiments of the, i. [67];
  • power of sight in the, i. [118];
  • skill of, in stone-throwing, i. [138];
  • resistance of the, to their severe climate, i. [156], [237];
  • difference of stature among the, i. [115];
  • mode of life of the, i. [246];
  • resemblance of, in mental characters, to Europeans, i. [232];
  • aversion of, to hair on the face, ii. [348];
  • said to admire European women, ii. [351].
• Fulgoridæ, songs of the, i. [351].
• Fur, whiteness of, in arctic animals, in winter, i. [282].
• Fur-bearing animals, acquired sagacity of, i. [50].
• 
  G.
• Gallicrex, sexual difference in the colour of the irides in, ii. [128].
• Gallicrex cristatus, red caruncle occurring in the male during the breeding-season, ii. [80].
• Gallinaceæ, frequency of polygamous habits and of sexual differences in the, i. [269];
  • love-gestures of, ii. [68];
  • decomposed feathers in, ii. [74];
  • stripes of young, ii. [184];
  • comparative sexual differences between the species of, ii. [192], [194];
  • plumage of, ii. [195].
• Gallinaceous birds, weapons of the male, ii. [44];
  • racket-shaped feathers on the heads of, ii. [73].
• Gallinula chloropus, pugnacity of male, ii. [40].
• Gallinula cristata, pugnacity of the male, ii. [41].
• Galloperdix, spurs of, ii. [46];
  • development of spurs in the female, ii. [162].
• Gallophasis, young of, ii. [190].
• Gallus bankiva, ii. [158];
  • neck-hackles of, ii. [84].
• Gallus Stanleyi, pugnacity of the male, ii. [44].
• Galls, i. [152].
• Galton, Mr., on the struggle between the social and personal impulses, i. [104];
  • on hereditary genius, i. [111];
  • on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. [168];
  • on the sterility of sole daughters, i. [170];
  • on the degree of fertility of people of genius, i. [171];
  • on the early marriages of the poor, i. [173];
  • on the ancient Greeks, i. [177];
  • on the Middle Ages, i. [178];
  • on the progress of the United States, i. [179];
  • on South African notions of beauty, ii. [347].
• Gammarus, use of the chelæ of, i. [331].
• Gammarus marinus, i. [334].
• Gannets, white only when mature, ii. [228].
• Ganoidei, i. [204].
• Ganoid fishes, i. [212].
• Gaour, horns of the, ii. [247].
• Gap between man and the apes, i. [200].
• Gaper, sexes and young of, ii. [217].
• Gardner, on an example of rationality in a Gelasimus, i. [334].
• Garrulus glandarius, ii. [104].
• Gärtner, on sterility of hybrid plants, i. [223].
• Gasteropoda, i. [324];
  • pulmoniferous, courtship of, i. [324].
• Gasterosteus, i. [271];
  • nidification of, ii. [20].
• Gasterosteus leiurus, ii. [2], [14], [20].
• Gasterosteus trachurus, ii. [2].
• Gastrophora, wings of, brightly coloured beneath, i. [397].
• Gauchos, want of humanity among the, i. [101].
• Gaudry, M., on a fossil monkey, i. [197].
• Gavia, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. [228].
• Geese, clanging noise made by, ii. [51];
  • pairing of different species of, ii. [114];
  • Canada, selection of mates by, ii. [116].
• Gegenbaur, C., on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, i. [125];
  • on the hermaphroditism of the remote progenitors of the vertebrata, i. [207].
• Gelasimus, use of the enlarged chela of the male, i. [331];
  • pugnacity of males of, i. [333];
  • proportions of the sexes in a species of, i. [315];
  • rational actions of a, i. [334];
  • difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. [336].
• Gemmules, sexual selection of, i. [285].
• Genesis, i. [318].
• Genius, ii. [328];
  • hereditary, i. [111].
• Genius, fertility of men and women of, i. [171].
• Geoffroy-Saint-Hilaire, Isid., on the recognition of women by male quadrumana, i. [13];
  • on the occurrence of a rudimentary tail in man, i. [29];
  • on monstrosities, i. [113];
  • on animal-like anomalies in the human structure, i. [125];
  • on the correlation of monstrosities, i. [130];
  • on the distribution of hair in man and monkeys, i. [149];
  • on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. [150];
  • on correlated variability, i. [151];
  • on the classification of man, i. [186];
  • on the long hair on the heads of species of Semnopithecus, i. [192];
  • on the hair in monkeys, i. [194];
  • on the development of horns in female deer, ii. [244];
  • and F. Cuvier, on the mandrill, ii. [293];
  • on Hylobates, ii. [318], [320].
• Geographical distribution, as evidence of specific distinctions in man, i. [218].
• Geometræ, brightly coloured beneath, i. [397].
• Geophagus, frontal protuberance of male, ii. [13], [20];
  • eggs hatched by the male, in the mouth or branchial cavity, ii. [200].
• Georgia, change of colour in Germans settled in, i. [246].
• Geotrupes, stridulation of, i. [380], [382].
• Gerbe, M., on the nest-building of Crenilabrus massa and C. melops, ii. [19].
• Gerland, Dr., on the prevalence of infanticide, i. [94]; ii. [344], [364];
• on the extinction of races, i. [237], [238].
• Gervais, P., on the hairiness of the gorilla, i. [149];
  • on the mandrill, ii. [293].
• Gesture-language, i. [232].
• Ghost-moth, sexual difference of colour in the, i. [399], [402].
• Gibb, Sir D., on differences of the voice in different races of men, ii. [330].
• Gibbon, Hoolock, nose of, i. [192].
• Gibbons, voice of, ii. [276].
• Giraffe, mute, except in the rutting season, ii. [274];
  • its mode of using the horns, ii. [250].
• Giraud-Teulon, on the cause of short sight, i. [118].
• Glanders, communicable between man and the lower animals, i. [11].
• Glands, odoriferous, in mammals, ii. [279], [281].
• Glareola, double moult in, ii. [80].
• Glomeris limbata, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [340].
• Glowworm, female, apterous, i. [255];
  • luminosity of the, i. [345].
• Gnats, dances of, i. [349].
• Gnu, sexual differences in the colour of the, ii. [289].
• Goat, male, wild, falling on his horns, ii. [249];
  • male, odour emitted by, ii. [279];
  • male, wild, crest of the, ii. [282];
  • Berbura, mane, dewlap, &c., of the male, ii. [284];
  • Kemas, sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. [289].
• Goats, sexual differences in the horns of, i. [283];
  • horns of, i. [289], ii. [246];
  • domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, i. [293];
  • beards of, ii. [282];
  • mode of fighting of, ii. [249], [250].
• Goat-sucker, Virginian, pairing of the, ii. [49].
• Gobies, nidification of, ii. [20].
• God, want of the idea of, in some races of men, i. [65].
• Godron, M., on variability, i. [112];
  • on difference of stature, i. [115];
  • on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. [241];
  • on the odour of the skin, i. [248];
  • on the colour of infants, ii. [318].
• Goldfinch, ii. [56], [85];
  • proportion of the sexes in the, i. [307];
  • sexual differences of the beak in the, ii. [39];
  • courtship of the, ii. [95].
• Goldfinch, North American, young of, ii. [216].
• Gold-Fish, ii. [16].
• Gomphus, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314];
  • difference in the sexes of, i. [362].
• Gonepteryx Rhamni, i. [393];
  • sexual difference of colour in, i. [409].
• Goodsir, Prof., on the affinity of the lancelet to the ascidians, i. [205].
• Goosander, young of, ii. [189].
• Goose, Antarctic, colours of the, ii. [228].
• Goose, Canada, pairing with a Bernicle gander, ii. [114].
• Goose, Chinese, knob on the beak of the, ii. [129].
• Goose, Egyptian, ii. [46].
• Goose, Sebastopol, plumage of, ii. [74].
• Goose, Snow-, whiteness of the, ii. [228].
• Goose, Spur-winged, ii. [46].
• Gorilla, ii. [323];
  • semi-erect attitude of the, i. [142];
  • mastoid processes of the, i. [143];
  • direction of the hair on the arms of the, i. [192];
  • supposed evolution of the, i. [230];
  • polygamy of the, i. [266], ii. [361], [362];
  • voice of the, ii. [276];
  • cranium of, ii. [318];
  • fighting of male, ii. [324].
• Gosse, P. H., on the pugnacity of the male Humming-birds, ii. [40].
• Gosse, M., on the inheritance of artificial modifications of the skull, ii. [380].
• Gould, B. A., on variation in the length of the legs in man, i. [108];
  • measurements of American soldiers, i. [114], [116];
  • on the proportions of the body and capacity of the lungs in different races of men, i. [216];
  • on the inferior vitality of mulattoes, i. [221].
• Gould, J., on the arrival of male snipes before the females, i. [260];
  • on the numerical proportion of the sexes in birds, i. [306];
  • on Neomorpha, ii. [39];
  • on the species of Eustephanus, ii. [39];
  • on the Australian Musk-duck, ii. [39];
  • on the relative size of the sexes in Biziura lobata and Cincloramphus cruralis, ii. [43];
  • on Lobivanellus lobatus, ii. [48];
  • on the habits of Menura Alberti, ii. [56];
  • on the rarity of song in brilliant birds, ii. [58];
  • on Selasphorus platycercus, ii. [65];
  • on the Bower-birds, ii. [69], [102];
  • on the ornamental plumage of the Humming-birds, ii. [78];
  • on the moulting of the ptarmigan, ii. [83];
  • on the display of plumage by the male Humming-birds, ii. [86];
  • on the shyness of adorned male birds, ii. [97];
  • on the decoration of the bowers of Bower-birds, ii. [112];
  • on the decoration of their nests by Humming-birds, ii. [112];
  • on variation in the genus Cynanthus, ii. [125];
  • on the colour of the thighs in a male parrakeet, ii. [126];
  • on Urosticte Benjamini, ii. [151], [152];
  • on the nidification of the Orioles, ii. [168];
  • on obscurely-coloured birds building concealed nests, ii. [169];
  • on Trogons and Kingfishers, ii. [173];
  • on Australian parrots, ii. [174];
  • on Australian pigeons, ii. [175];
  • on the moulting of the ptarmigan, ii. [181];
  • on the immature plumage of birds, ii. [186] et seq.;
  • on the Australian species of Turnix, ii. [201];
  • on the young of Aithurus polytmus, ii. [220];
  • on the colours of the bills of Toucans, ii. [227];
  • on the relative size of the sexes in the Marsupials of Australia, ii. [260];
  • on the colours of the Marsupials, ii. [286].
• Goureau, on the stridulation of Mutilla europæa, i. [366].
• Gout, sexually transmitted, i. [292].
• Graba, on the Pied Ravens of the Feroe Islands, ii. [126];
  • on the Bridled Guillemot, ii. [127].
• Gradation of secondary sexual characters in birds, ii. [135].
• Grallatores, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [270];
  • double moult in some, ii. [81].
• Grallina, nidification of, ii. [169].
• Grasshoppers, stridulation of the, i. [356].
• Gratiolet, Prof., on the anthropomorphous apes, i. [196];
  • on the evolution of the anthropomorphous apes, i. [230].
• Gray, Asa, on the gradation of species among the Compositæ, i. [227].
• Gray, J. E., on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. [150];
  • on the presence of rudiments of horns in the female of Cervulus moschatus, ii. [245];
  • on the horns of goats and sheep, ii. [246];
  • on the beard of the Ibex, ii. [283];
  • on the Berbura goat, ii. [285];
  • on sexual differences in the coloration of Rodents, ii. [286];
  • on the colours of the Elands, ii. [288];
  • on the Sing-sing antelope, ii. [289];
  • on the colours of goats, ii. [290];
  • on the Hog-deer, ii. [303].
• “Greatest happiness principle,” i. [97], [98].
• Greeks, ancient, i. [177].
• Green, A. H., on beavers fighting, ii. [239];
  • on the voice of the beaver, ii. [277].
• Greenfinch, selected by a female canary, ii. [115].
• Greg, W. R., on the early marriages of the poor, i. [173];
  • on the Ancient Greeks, i. [178];
  • on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. [167].
• Grenadiers, Prussian, i. [112].
• Grey, Sir G., on female infanticide in Australia, ii. [364].
• Greyhounds, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [263], [265];
  • numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [304].
• Grouse, red, monogamous, i. [269];
  • pugnacity of young male, ii. [48];
  • producing a sound by scraping their wings upon the ground, ii. [61];
  • duration of courtship of, ii. [100];
  • colours and nidification of, ii. [170].
• Grube, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. [28].
• Grus americanus, age of mature plumage in, ii. [213];
  • breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214].
• Grus virgo, trachea of, ii. [60].
• Gryllus campestris, i. [353];
  • pugnacity of male, i. [360].
• Gryllus domesticus, i. [354].
• Grypus, sexual differences in the beak in, ii. [39].
• Guanacoes, battles of, ii. [239];
  • canine teeth of, ii. [257].
• Guanas, strife for women among the, ii. [324];
  • polyandry among the, ii. [366].
• Guanche skeletons, occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of, i. [29].
• Guaranys, proportion of men and women among, i. [302];
  • colour of newborn children of the, ii. [318];
  • beards of the, ii. [322].
• Guenée, A., on the sexes of Hyperythra, i. [310].
• Guilding, L., on the stridulation of the LOCUSTIDÆ, i. [352].
• Guillemot, variety of the, ii. [127].
• Guinea, sheep of, with males only horned, i. [289].
• Guinea-fowl, monogamous, i. [269];
  • occasional polygamy of the, i. [270];
  • markings of the, ii. [134].
• Guinea-pigs, inheritance of the effects of operations by, ii. [380].
• Gull, instance of reasoning in a, ii. [108].
• Gulls, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. [228];
  • white, ii. [228].
• Günther, Dr., on hermaphroditism in Serranus, i. [208];
  • on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, i. [210], ii. [20];
  • on mistaking infertile female fishes for males, i. [308];
  • on the prehensile organs of male Plagiostomous fishes, ii. [2];
  • on the pugnacity of the male salmon and trout, ii. [3];
  • on the relative size of the sexes in fishes, ii. [7];
  • on sexual differences in fishes, ii. [8] et seqq.;
  • on the genus Callionymus, ii. [9];
  • on a protective resemblance in a Pipe-fish, ii. [18];
  • on the genus Solenostoma, ii. [22];
  • on Megalophrys montana, ii. [26];
  • on the coloration of frogs and toads, ii. [26];
  • on sexual differences in the Ophidia, ii. [29];
  • on differences of the sexes of lizards, ii. [32] et seqq.
• Gynanisa Isis, ocellated spots of, ii. [132].
• Gypsies, uniformity of, in various parts of the world, i. [242].
• 
  H.
• Habits, bad, facilitated by familiarity, i. [101];
  • variability of the force of, i. [183].
• Häckel, E., on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on rudimentary characters, i. [17];
  • on the canine teeth in man, i. [126];
  • on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, i. [28];
  • on the steps by which man became a biped, i. [142];
  • on man as a member of the Catarrhine group, i. [199];
  • on the position of the Lemuridæ, i. [202];
  • on the genealogy of the Mammalia, i. [203];
  • on the lancelet, i. [204];
  • on the transparency of pelagic animals, i. [323];
  • on the musical powers of women, ii. [337].
• Hagen, H., and Walsh, B. D., on American neuroptera, i. [314].
• Hair, development of, in man, i. [24];
  • character of, supposed to be determined by light and heat, i. [116];
  • distribution of, in man, i. [149], ii. [375];
  • possibly removed for ornamental purposes, i. [149];
  • arrangement and direction of, i. [192];
  • of the early progenitors of man, i. [206];
  • different texture of, in distinct races, i. [216];
  • and skin, correlation of colour of, i. [248];
  • development of, in mammals, ii. [281];
  • management of, among different peoples, ii. [340];
  • great length of, in some North American tribes, ii. [348];
  • elongation of the, on the human head, ii. [380].
• Hairiness, difference of, in the sexes, in man, ii. [320];
  • variation of, in races of men, ii. [321].
• Hairs and excretory pores, numerical relation of, in sheep, i. [248].
• Hairy family, Siamese, ii. [378].
• Hamadryas baboon, turning over stones, i. [75];
  • mane of the male, ii. [267].
• Hamilton, C., on the cruelty of the Kafirs to animals, i. [94];
  • on the engrossment of the women by the Kafir chiefs, ii. [369].
• Hammering, difficulty of, i. [138].
• Hancock, A., on the colours of the nudibranch mollusca, i. [326].
• Hands, larger at birth, in the children of labourers, i. [117];
  • structure of, in the quadrumana, i. [139];
  • and arms, freedom of, indirectly correlated with diminution of canines, i. [144].
• Handwriting, inherited, i. [58].
• Harcourt, E. Vernon, on Fringilla cannabina, ii. [86].
• Harelda glacialis, ii. [122].
• Hare, protective colouring of the, ii. [298]. Hares, battles of male, ii. [239].
• Harlan, Dr., on the difference between field- and house-slaves, i. [246].
• Harris, J. M., on the relation of complexion to climate, i. [245].
• Harris, T. W., on the Katy-did locust, i. [353];
  • on the stridulation of the grasshoppers, i. [357];
  • on Œcanthus nivalis, i. [361];
  • on the colouring of Lepidoptera, i. [396];
  • on the colouring of Saturnia Io, i. [398].
• Harry-long-legs, pugnacity of male, i. [349].
• Hartman, Dr., on the singing of Cicada septendecim, i. [351].
• Haughton, S., on a variation of the flexor pollicis longus in man, i. [129].
• Hawks, feeding orphan nestling, ii. [107].
• Hayes, Dr., on the diverging of sledge-dogs on thin ice, i. [46].
• Head, altered position of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. [143];
  • hairiness of, in man, i. [149];
  • processes of, in male beetles, i. [370];
  • artificial alterations of the form of the, ii. [351].
• Hearne, on strife for women among the North American Indians, ii. [324];
  • on the North American Indians’ notion of female beauty, ii. [344];
  • repeated elopements of a North American woman, ii. [372].
• Heart, in the human embryo, i. [16].
• Heat, supposed effects of, i. [116].
• Hectocotyle, i. [325].
• Hedge-warbler, ii. [198];
  • young of the, ii. [209].
• Heel, small projection of, in the Aymara Indians, i. [120].
• Hegt, M., on the development of the spurs in peacocks, i. [290].
• Heliconidæ, i. [387];
  • mimickry of, by other butterflies, i. [411].
• Heliopathes, stridulation peculiar to the male, i. [383].
• Heliothrix auriculata, young of, ii. [188], [189].
• Helix pomatia, example of individual attachment in, i. [325].
• Hellins, J., proportions of sexes of Lepidoptera reared by, i. [313].
• Helmholtz, on the vibration of the auditory hairs of crustacea, ii. [333].
• Hemiptera, i. [349].
• Hemitragus, beardless in both sexes, ii. [283].
• Hepburn, Mr., on the autumn song of the water-ouzel, ii. [54].
• Hepialus humuli, sexual difference of colour in the, i. [399], [402].
• Herbs, poisonous, avoided by animals, i. [36].
• Hermaphroditism of embryos, i. [207].
• Herodias bubulcus, vernal moult of, ii. [84].
• Heron, love-gestures of a, ii. [68].
• Heron, Sir R., on the habits of peafowl, ii. [119], [120], [152].
• Herons, decomposed feathers in, ii. [74];
  • breeding plumage of, ii. [82], [83];
  • young of the, ii. [208];
  • sometimes dimorphic, ii. [214];
  • continued growth of crest and plumes in the males of some, ii. [216];
  • change of colour in some, ii. [231].
• Hetærina, difference in the sexes of, i. [362];
  • proportion of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Heterocerus, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Hewitt, Mr. on a game-cock killing a kite, ii. [44];
  • on the recognition of dogs and cats by ducks, ii. [110];
  • on the pairing of a wild duck with a pintail drake, ii. [115];
  • on the courtship of fowls, ii. [117];
  • on the coupling of pheasants with common hens, ii. [122].
• Hindoo, his horror of breaking his caste, i. [99], [103].
• Hindoos, local difference of stature among, i. [115];
  • difference of, from Europeans, i. [240];
  • colour of the beard in, ii. [319].
• Hipparchia Janira, instability of the ocellated spots of, ii. [132].
• Hipparchiæ, i. [387].
• Hippocampus, development of, i. [210];
  • marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. [21].
• Hippopotamus, nakedness of, i. [148].
• Hips, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [117].
• Hodgson, S., on the sense of duty, i. [71].
• Hoffberg, on the horns of the reindeer, ii. [244];
  • on sexual preferences shown by reindeer, ii. [273].
• Hog, wart-, ii. [265];
  • river-, ii. [266].
• Hog-deer, ii. [303].
• Holland, Sir H., on the effects of new diseases, i. [238].
• Homologous structures, correlated variation of, i. [130].
• Homoptera, i. [350];
• stridulation of the, and orthoptera, discussed, i. [360].
• Honduras, Quiscalus major in, i. [307].
• Honey-buzzard of India, variation in the crest of, ii. [126].
• Honey-suckers, moulting of the, ii. [83];
  • Australian, nidification of, ii. [169].
• Honour, law of, i. [99].
• Hooker, Jos., on the colour of the beard in man, ii. [319].
• Hoolock Gibbon, nose of, i. [192].
• Hoopoe, ii. [56];
  • sounds produced by the male, ii. [62].
• Hoplopterus armatus, wing-spurs of, ii. [48].
• Hornbill, African, inflation of the neck-wattle of the male during courtship, ii. [72].
• Hornbills, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, ii. [129];
  • nidification and incubation of, ii. [169].
• Horne, C., on the rejection of a brightly-coloured locust by lizards and birds, i. [361].
• Horns, of deer, ii. [243], [248], [259];
  • and canine teeth, inverse development of, ii. [257];
  • sexual differences of, in sheep and goats, i. [283];
  • loss of, in female merino sheep, i. [284];
  • development of, in deer, i. [288];
  • development of, in antelopes, i. [289];
  • from the head and thorax, in male beetles, i. [370].
• Horse, polygamous, i. [267];
  • canine teeth of male, ii. [241];
  • winter change of the, ii. [298];
  • fossil, extinction of the, in South America, i. [239].
• Horses, dreaming, i. [46];
  • rapid increase of, in South America, i. [135];
  • diminution of canine teeth in, i. [144];
  • of the Falkland Islands and Pampas, i. [236];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [263], [265];
  • lighter in winter in Siberia, i. [282];
  • sexual preferences in, ii. [272];
  • pairing preferentially the same colour, ii. [295];
  • numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [303];
  • formerly striped, ii. [305].
• Hottentot women, peculiarities of, i. [225].
• Hottentots, lice of, i. [220];
  • readily become musicians, ii. [334];
  • notions of female beauty of the, ii. [345];
  • compression of nose by, ii. [352].
• House-slaves, difference of, from field-slaves, i. [246].
• Huber, P., on ants playing together, i. [39];
  • on memory in ants, i. [45];
  • on the intercommunication of ants, i. [58];
  • on the recognition of each other by ants after separation, i. [365].
• Huc, on Chinese opinions of the appearance of Europeans, ii. [345].
• Human kingdom, i. [186].
• Human sacrifices, i. [68].
• Humanity, unknown among some savages, i. [94];
  • deficiency of, among savages, i. [101].
• Humboldt, A. von, on the rationality of mules, i. [48];
  • on a parrot preserving the language of a lost tribe, i. [236];
  • on the cosmetic arts of savages, ii. [339], [340];
  • on the exaggeration of natural characters by man, ii. [351];
  • on the red painting of American Indians, ii. [352].
• Hume, D., on sympathetic feelings, i. [85].
• Humming-bird, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. [73];
  • display of plumage by the male, ii. [86].
• Humming-birds, ornament their nests, i. [63], ii. [112];
  • polygamous, i. [269];
  • proportion of the sexes in, i. [307], ii. [221];
  • sexual differences in, ii. [39], [40], [151];
  • pugnacity of male, ii. [40];
  • modified primaries of male, ii. [65];
  • coloration of the sexes of, ii. [78];
  • young of, ii. [220];
  • nidification of the, ii. [168];
  • colours of female, ii. [168].
• Humphreys, H. N., on the habits of the Stickle-back, i. [271], ii. [2].
• Hunger, instinct of, i. [89].
• Huns, ancient, flattening of the nose by the, ii. [352].
• Hunter, J., on the number of species of man, i. [226];
  • on secondary sexual characters, i. [253];
  • on the general behaviour of female animals during courtship, i. [273];
  • on the muscles of the larynx in song-birds, ii. [55];
  • on the curled frontal hair of the Bull, ii. [282];
  • on the rejection of an ass by a female zebra, ii. [295].
• Hunter, W. W., on the recent rapid increase of the Santali, i. [133];
  • on the Santali, i. [241].
• Hussey, Mr., on a partridge distinguishing persons, ii. [110].
• Hutchinson, Col., example of reasoning in a retriever, i. [48].
• Hutton, Capt., on the male wild goat falling on his horns, ii. [249].
• Huxley, T. H., on the structural agreement of man with the apes, i. [3];
  • on the agreement of the brain in man with that of lower animals, i. [10];
  • on the adult age of the Orang, i. [13];
  • on the embryonic development of man, i. [14];
  • on the origin of man, i. [4], [17];
  • on variation in the skulls of the natives of Australia, i. [108];
  • on the abductor of the fifth metatarsal in apes, i. [128];
  • on the position of man, i. [191];
  • on the sub-orders of primates, i. [195];
  • on the Lemuridæ, i. [202];
  • on the Dinosauria, i. [204];
  • on the amphibian affinities of the Ichthyosaurians, i. [204];
  • on variability of the skull in certain races of man, i. [226];
  • on the races of man, i. [229].
• Hybrid birds, production of, ii. [113].
• Hydrophobia communicable between man and the lower animals, i. [11].
• Hydroporus, dimorphism of females of, i. [343].
• Hyelaphus porcinus, ii. [303].
• Hygrogonus, ii. [21].
• Hyla, singing species of, ii. [27].
• Hylobates, maternal affection in a, i. [40];
  • absence of the thumb in, i. [140];
  • upright progression of some species of, i. [143];
  • direction of the hair on the arms of species of, i. [192];
  • females of, less hairy below than males, ii. [320].
• Hylobates agilis, i. [140];
  • hair on the arms of, i. [193];
  • musical voice of the, ii. [277];
  • superciliary ridge of, ii. [318];
  • voice of, ii. [332].
• Hylobates hoolock, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [291].
• Hylobates lar, i. [140];
  • hair on the arms of, i. [193].
• Hylobates leuciscus, i. [140].
• Hylobates syndactylus, i. [140];
  • laryngeal sac of, ii. [276].
• Hymenoptera, i. [364];
  • large size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. [145];
  • classification of, i. [188];
  • sexual differences in the wings of, i. [345];
  • aculeate, relative size of the sexes of, i. [347].
• Hymenopteron, parasitic, with a sedentary male, i. [272].
• Hyomoschus aquaticus, ii. [304].
• Hyperythra, proportion of the sexes in, i. [310].
• Hypogymna dispar, sexual difference of colour in, i. [398].
• Hypopyra, coloration of, i. [397].
• 
  I.
• Ibex, male, falling on his horns, ii. [249];
  • beard of the, ii. [283].
• Ibis, scarlet, young of the, ii. [208];
  • white, change of colour of naked skin in, during the breeding season, ii. [80].
• Ibis tantalus, age of mature plumage in, ii. [213];
  • breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214], [215].
• Ibises, decomposed feathers in, ii. [74];
  • white, ii. [228], and black, ii. [230].
• Ichneumonidæ, difference of the sexes in, i. [365].
• Ichthyopterygia, i. [125].
• Ichthyosaurians, i. [204].
• Ideas, general, i. [62].
• Idiots, microcephalous, imitative faculties of, i. [57];
  • microcephalous, their characters and habits, i. [121].
• Iguana tuberculata, ii. [32].
• Iguanas, ii. [32].
• Illegitimate and legitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, i. [302].
• Imagination, existence of, in animals, i. [45].
• Imitation, i. [39];
  • of man by monkeys, i. [44];
  • tendency to, in monkeys, microcephalous idiots and savages, i. [56];
  • influence of, i. [161].
• Immature plumage of birds, ii. [183], [187].
• Implacentata, i. [202].
• Implements, employed by monkeys, i. [51];
• fashioning of, peculiar to man, i. [52].
• Impregnation, period of, influence of, upon sex, i. [303].
• Improvement, progressive, man alone supposed to be capable of, i. [49].
• Incisor teeth, knocked out or filed by some savages, ii. [340].
• Increase, rate of, i. [131];
  • necessity of checks in, i. [135].
• Indecency, hatred of, a modern virtue, i. [96].
• India, difficulty of distinguishing the native races of, i. [215];
  • Cyprinidæ of, ii. [17];
  • colour of the beard in races of men of, ii. [319].
• Indian, North American, honoured for scalping a man of another tribe, i. [93].
• Individuality, i. [62].
• Individuation, i. [318].
• Indopicus carlotta, colours of the sexes of, ii. [175].
• Infanticide, prevalence of, i. [94], [134];
  • supposed cause of, ii. [344];
  • prevalence and causes of, ii. [363] et seq.
• Inferiority, supposed physical, of man, i. [156].
• Inflammation of the bowels, occurrence of, in Cebus Azaræ, i. [12].
• Inheritance, i. [110];
  • of effects of use of vocal and mental organs, i. [58];
  • of moral tendencies, i. [102], [104];
  • of long and short sight, i. [118];
  • laws of, i. [279];
  • sexual, i. [285];
  • sexually limited, ii. [154].
• Inquisition, influence of the, i. [179].
• Insanity, hereditary, i. [111].
• Insect, fossil, from the Devonian, i. [360].
• Insectivora, ii. [286];
  • absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [268].
• Insects, relative size of the cerebral ganglia in, i. [145];
  • male, appearance of, before the females, i. [260];
  • pursuit of female, by the males, i. [272];
  • period of development of sexual characters in, i. [291];
  • secondary sexual characters of, i. [341];
  • stridulation of, ii. [331].
• Insessores, vocal organs of, ii. [55].
• Instep, depth of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [117].
• Instinct and intelligence, i. [37].
• Instinct, migratory, vanquishing the maternal, i. [83], [90].
• Instinctive actions, the result of inheritance, i. [80].
• Instinctive impulses, difference of the force of, i. [87], [89];
  • and moral impulses, alliance of, i. [88].
• Instincts, i. [36];
  • complex origin of, through natural selection, i. [38];
  • possible origin of some, i. [38];
  • acquired, of domestic animals, i. [79];
  • variability of the force of, i. [83];
  • difference of force between the social and other, i. [89], [104];
  • utilised for new purposes, ii. [335].
• Instrumental music of birds, ii. [61], [66].
• Intellect, influence of, in natural selection in civilised society, i. [171].
• Intellectual faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, i. [158];
  • probably perfected through natural selection, i. [160].
• Intelligence, Mr. H. Spencer on the dawn of, i. [37].
• Intemperance, no reproach among savages, i. [96];
  • its destructiveness, i. [172].
• Intoxication in monkeys, i. [12].
• Iphias glaucippe, i. [394].
• Iris, sexual difference in the colour of the, in birds, ii. [72], [128].
• Ischio-pubic muscle, i. [127].
• Ithaginis cruentus, number of spurs in, ii. [46].
• Iulus, tarsal suckers of the males of, i. [340].
• 
  J.
• Jackals learning to bark from dogs, i. [44].
• Jack-snipe, coloration of the, ii. [226].
• Jacquinot, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Jaeger, Dr., on the difficulty of approaching herds of wild animals, i. [74];
  • on the increase of length in bones, i. [116];
  • on the deposition of a male Silver pheasant on account of spoiled plumage, ii. [120].
• Jaguars, black, ii. [294].
• Janson, E. W., on the proportions of the sexes in Tomicus villosus, i. [314];
  • on stridulant beetles, i. [379].
• Japan, encouragement of licentiousness in, i. [134].
• Japanese, general beardlessness of the, ii. [321];
  • aversion of the, to whiskers, ii. [349].
• Jardine, Sir W., on the Argus pheasant, ii. [72], [97].
• Jarrold, Dr., on modifications of the skull induced by unnatural position, i. [147].
• Javanese, relative height of the sexes of, ii. [320];
  • notions of female beauty, ii. [347].
• Jaw, influence of the muscles of the, upon the physiognomy of the apes, i. [144].
• Jaws, smaller in the same ratio with the extremities, i. [117];
  • influence of food upon the size of, i. [118];
  • diminution of, in man, i. [144];
  • in man, reduced by correlation, ii. [325].
• Jay, young of the, ii. [209];
  • Canada, young of the, ii. [209].
• Jays, new mates found by, ii. [104];
  • distinguishing persons, ii. [110].
• Jeffreys, J. Gwyn, on the form of the shell in the sexes of the Gasteropoda, i. [324];
  • on the influence of light upon the colours of shells, i. [326].
• Jelly-fish, bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Jenner, Dr., on the voice of the rook, ii. [61];
  • on the finding of new mates by magpies, ii. [103];
  • on retardation of the generative organs in birds, ii. [107].
• Jenyns, L., on the desertion of their young by swallows, i. [84];
  • on male birds singing after the proper season, ii. [107].
• Jerdon, Dr., on birds dreaming, ii. [46];
  • on the pugnacity of the male bulbul, ii. [41];
  • on the pugnacity of the male Ortygornis gularis, ii. [44];
  • on the spurs of Galloperdix, ii. [46];
  • on the habits of Lobivanellus, ii. [48];
  • on the spoonbill, ii. [60];
  • on the drumming of the Kalij pheasant, ii. [63];
  • on Indian bustards, ii. [65];
  • on Otis bengalensis, ii. [69];
  • on the ear-tufts of Sypheotides auritus, ii. [73];
  • on the double moults of certain birds, ii. [82];
  • on the moulting of the honey-suckers, ii. [83];
  • on the moulting of bustards, plovers, and drongos, ii. [84];
  • on display in male birds, ii. [86];
  • on the spring change of colour in some finches, ii. [86];
  • on the display of the under tail-coverts by the male bulbul, ii. [96];
  • on the Indian honey-buzzard, ii. [126];
  • on sexual differences in the colour of the eyes of hornbills, ii. [129];
  • on the markings of the Tragopan pheasant, ii. [134];
  • on the nidification of the Orioles, ii. [168];
  • on the nidification of the hornbills, ii. [169];
  • on the Sultan yellow-tit, ii. [174];
  • on Palæornis javanicus, ii. [180];
  • on the immature plumage of birds, ii. [186] et seq.;
  • on representative species of birds, ii. [190];
  • on the habits of Turnix, ii. [202];
  • on the continued increase of beauty of the peacock, ii. [216];
  • on coloration in the genus Palæornis, ii. [231].
• Jevons, W. S., on the migrations of man, i. [135].
• Jews, ancient, use of flint tools by the, i. [183];
  • uniformity of, in various parts of the world, i. [242];
  • numerical proportion of male and female births among the, i. [301];
  • ancient, tattooing practised by, ii. [339].
• Johnstone, Lieut., on the Indian elephant, i. [268].
• Jollofs, fine appearance of the, ii. [357].
• Jones, Albert, proportion of sexes of Lepidoptera, reared by, i. [313].
• Juan Fernandez, humming-birds of, ii. [221].
• Junonia, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. [389].
• Jupiter, Greek statues of, ii. [350].
• 
  K.
• Kafir skull, occurrence of the diastema in a, i. [126].
• Kafirs, their cruelty to animals, i. [94];
  • lice of the, i. [220];
  • colour of the, ii. [347];
  • engrossment of the handsomest women by the chiefs of the, ii. [369];
  • marriage-customs of the, ii. [373].
• Kalij pheasant, drumming of the male, ii. [62];
  • young of, ii. [190].
• Kallima, resemblance of, to a withered leaf, i. [392].
• Kalmucks, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. [349];
  • marriage-customs of the, ii. [373].
• Kangaroo, great red, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [286].
• Kant, Imm., on duty, i. [70];
  • on self-restraint, i. [86];
  • on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Katy-did, stridulation of the, i. [352].
• Keller, Dr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, i. [138].
• Kestrels, new mates found by, ii. [104].
• Kidney, i. [116].
• King, W. R., on the vocal organs of Tetrao cupido, ii. [56];
  • on the drumming of grouse, ii. [63];
  • on the reindeer, ii. [244];
  • on the attraction of male deer by the voice of the female, ii. [276].
• King and Fitzroy, on the marriage-customs of the Fuegians, ii. [374].
• King-crows, nidification of, ii. [167].
• Kingfisher, ii. [56];
  • racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. [73].
• Kingfishers, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171], [173], [176];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188], [190];
  • young of the, ii. [209].
• King Lory, ii. [174];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188].
• Kingsley, C., on the sounds produced by Umbrina, ii. [23].
• Kirby and Spence, on the courtship of insects, i. [272];
  • on sexual differences in the length of the snout in curculionidæ, i. [255];
  • on the elytra of Dytiscus, i. [343];
  • on peculiarities in the legs of male insects, i. [344];
  • on the relative size of the sexes in insects, i. [345];
  • on the luminosity of insects, i. [345];
  • on the Fulgoridæ, i. [351];
  • on the habits of Termites, i. [364];
  • on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. [367];
  • on the horns of the male lamellicorn beetles, i. [371];
  • on hornlike processes in male curculionidæ, i. [374];
  • on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. [375].
• Kite, killed by a game-cock, ii. [44].
• Knot, retention of winter plumage by the, ii. [82].
• Knox, R., on the semilunar fold, i. [23];
  • on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. [28];
  • on the features of the young Memnon, i. [217].
• Koala, length of the cæcum in, i. [27].
• Kölreuter, on the sterility of hybrid plants, i. [223].
• Kobus ellipsiprymnus, proportion of the sexes in, i. [305].
• Koodoo, development of the horns of the, i. [289];
  • markings of the, ii. [300].
• Köppen, F. T., on the migratory locust, i. [352].
• Kordofan, protuberances artificially produced in, ii. [339].
• Kowalevsky, A., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, i. [205].
• Kowalevsky, W., on the pugnacity of the male Capercailzie, ii. [45];
  • on the pairing of the Capercailzie, ii. [49].
• Krause, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, i. [30].
• Kuppfer, Prof., on the affinity of the Ascidia to the Vertebrata, i. [205].
• 
  L.
• Labidocera Darwinii, prehensile organs of the male, i. [329].
• Labrus, splendid colours of the species of, ii. [16].
• Labrus mixtus, sexual differences in, ii. [9].
• Labrus pavo, ii. [16].
• Lacertilia, sexual differences of, ii. [32].
• Lafresnaye, M. de, on Birds of Paradise, ii. [78].
• Lamarck, on the origin of man, i. [4].
• Lamellibranchiata, i. [324].
• Lamellicorn beetles, hornlike processes from the head and thorax of, i. [370], [373];
  • analogy of, to Ruminants, i. [373];
  • influence of sexual selection on, i. [377].
• Lamellicornia, stridulation of, i. [380].
• Lamont, Mr., on the tusks of the Walrus, ii. [242];
  • on the use of its tusks by the Walrus, ii. [257].
• Lampornis porphyrurus, colours of the female, ii. [168].
• Lancelet, i. [204], [212].
• Landois, H., on the production of sound by the Cicadæ, i. [351];
  • on the stridulating organ of the Crickets, i. [354];
  • on Decticus, i. [355];
  • on the stridulating organs of the Acridiidæ, i. [356];
  • on the presence of rudimentary stridulating organs in some female Orthoptera, i. [359];
  • on the stridulation of Necrophorus, i. [378];
  • on the stridulant organ of Cerambyx heros, i. [380];
  • on the stridulating organs in the Coleoptera, i. [382];
  • on the ticking of Anobium, i. [385];
  • on the stridulant organ of Geotrupes, i. [380].
• Language an art, i. [55];
  • articulate, origin of, i. [56];
  • relation of the progress of, to the development of the brain, i. [57];
  • effects of inheritance in production of, i. [58];
  • complex structure of, among barbarous nations, i. [61];
  • natural selection in, i. [61];
  • gesture, i. [232];
  • primeval, i. [235];
  • of a lost tribe preserved by a parrot, i. [236].
• Languages, presence of rudiments in, i. [60];
  • classification of, i. [60];
  • variability of, i. [60];
  • crossing or blending of, i. [60];
  • complexity of, no test of perfection or proof of special creation, i. [62];
  • resemblance of, evidence of community of origin, i. [189].
• Languages and species, identity of evidence of their gradual development, i. [59].
• Lanius, ii. [180];
  • characters of young, ii. [185].
• Lanius rufus, anomalous young of, ii. [211].
• Lankester, E. R., on comparative longevity, i. [168], [171];
  • on the destructive effects of intemperance, i. [173].
• Lanugo, of the human fœtus, i. [25]; ii. [375].
• Lapponian language, highly artificial, i. [61].
• Lark, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [307];
  • female, singing of the, ii. [54].
• Larks, attracted by a mirror, ii. [112].
• Lartet, E., on the size of the brain in mammals, i. [51];
  • comparison of cranial capacities of skulls of recent and tertiary mammals, i. [146];
  • on Dryopithecus, i. [199].
• Larus, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. [228].
• Larva, luminous, of a Brazilian beetle, i. [345].
• Larynx, muscles of the, in song-birds, ii. [55].
• Lasiocampa quercus, attraction of males by the female, i. [311];
  • sexual difference of colour in, i. [398].
• Latham, R. G., on the migrations of man, i. [136].
• Latooka, perforation of the lower lip by the women of, ii. [341].
• Laurillard, on the abnormal division of the malar bone in man, i. [124].
• Lawrence, W., on the superiority of savages to Europeans in power of sight, i. [118];
  • on the colour of negro infants, ii. [318];
  • on the fondness of savages for ornaments, ii. [338];
  • on beardless races, ii. [349];
  • on the beauty of the English aristocracy, ii. [357].
• Layard, E. L., on an instance of rationality in a Cobra, ii. [30];
  • on the pugnacity of Gallus Stanleyi, ii. [44].
• Laycock, Dr., on vital periodicity, i. [12].
• Leaves, decaying, tints of, i. [323].
• Lecky, Mr., on the sense of duty, i. [71];
  • on suicide, i. [94];
  • on the practice of celibacy, i. [96];
  • his view of the crimes of savages, i. [97];
  • on the gradual rise of morality, i. [103].
• Leconte, J. L., on the stridulant organ in the Coprini and Dynastini, i. [381].
• Lee, H., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the trout, i. [308].
• Leg, calf of the, artificially modified, ii. [340].
• Legitimate and illegitimate children, proportion of the sexes in, i. [302].
• Legs, variation of the length of the, in man, i. [108];
  • proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [116];
  • fore, atrophied in some male butterflies, i. [344];
  • peculiarities of, in male insects, i. [344].
• “Lek” of the black-cock and capercailzie, ii. [100].
• Lemoine, Albert, on the origin of language, i. [56].
• Lemur macaco, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [290].
• Lemuridæ, i. [195];
  • their origin, i. [213];
  • position and derivation of the, i. [202];
  • ears of the, i. [23];
  • variability of the muscles in the, i. [128].
• Lemurs, uterus in the, i. [123];
  • tailless species of, i. [194].
• Leopards, black, ii. [294].
• Lepidoptera, i. [386];
  • numerical proportions of the sexes in the, i. [309];
  • colouring of, i. [387];
  • ocellated spots of, ii. [132].
• Lepidosiren, i. [204], [212].
• Lenguas, disfigurement of the ears of the, ii. [341].
• Leptorhynchus angustatus, pugnacity of male, i. [375].
• Leptura testacea, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [367].
• Lequay, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. [29].
• Leroy, on the wariness of young foxes in hunting-districts, i. [50];
  • on the desertion of their young by swallows, i. [84].
• Lesse, valley of the, i. [29].
• Lesson, on the Birds of Paradise, i. [269], ii. [98];
  • on the sea-elephant, ii. [278].
• Lestis bombylans, difference of the sexes in, i. [366].
• Lethrus cephalotes, pugnacity of the males of, i. [371], [376].
• Leuckart, R., on the vesicula prostatica, i. [31];
  • on the influence of the age of parents on the sex of offspring, i. [302].
• Levator claviculæ muscle, i. [128].
• Libellula depressa, colour of the male, i. [363].
• Libellulidæ, relative size of the sexes of, i. [347];
  • difference in the sexes of, i. [361].
• Lice of domestic animals and man, i. [219].
• Licentiousness, prevalence of, among savages, i. [96];
  • a check upon population, i. [134].
• Lichtenstein, on Chera progne, ii. [120].
• Life, inheritance at corresponding periods of, i. [280], [285].
• Light, supposed effects of, i. [116];
  • influence of, upon the colours of shells, i. [326].
• Lilford, Lord, the ruff attracted by bright objects, ii. [111].
• Limosa lapponica, ii. [204].
• Linaria, ii. [180].
• Linaria montana, i. [307].
• Linnæus, views of, as to the position of man, i. [190].
• Linnet, numerical proportion of the sexes in the, i. [307];
  • crimson forehead and breast of the, ii. [86];
  • courtship of the, ii. [94].
• Linyphia, i. [337].
• Lion, polygamous, i. [268];
  • mane of the, defensive, ii. [266];
  • roaring of the, ii. [275].
• Lions, stripes of young, ii. [183].
• Lips, piercing of the, by savages, ii. [341].
• Lithobius, prehensile appendages of the female, i. [340].
• Lithosia, coloration in, i. [396].
• Littorina littorea, i. [324].
• Livingstone, Dr., on the influence of dampness and dryness on the colour of the skin, i. [242];
  • on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. [243];
  • on the spur-winged goose, ii. [47];
  • on weaver-birds, ii. [63];
  • on an African nightjar, ii. [73], [97];
  • on the battle-scars of South African male mammals, ii. [239];
  • on the removal of the upper incisors by the Batokas, ii. [340];
  • on the perforation of the upper lip by the Makalolo, ii. [342];
  • on the Banyai, ii. [347].
• Livonia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Lizards, relative size of the sexes of, ii. [32];
  • gular pouches of, ii. [33].
• Lloyd, L., on the polygamy of the capercailzie and bustard, i. [269];
  • on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the capercailzie and blackcock, i. [306];
  • on the salmon, ii. [5];
  • on the colours of the sea-scorpion, ii. [9];
  • on the pugnacity of male grouse, ii. [45];
  • on the capercailzie and black-cock, ii. [49], [54];
  • on the call of the capercailzie, ii. [61];
  • on assemblages of grouse and snipes, ii. [101];
  • on the pairing of a shield-drake with a common duck, ii. [114];
  • on the battles of seals, ii. [240];
  • on the elk, ii. [249].
• Lobivanellus, wing-spurs in, ii. [48].
• Local influences, effect of, upon stature, i. [114].
• Lockwood, Mr., on the development of Hippocampus, i. [210].
• Locust, bright-coloured, rejected by lizards and birds, i. [361].
• Locust, migratory, i. [352].
• Locustidæ, stridulation of the, i. [352], [354];
  • descent of the, i. [356].
• Longicorn beetles, difference of the sexes of, in colour, i. [367];
  • stridulation of, i. [380].
• Lonsdale, Mr., on an example of personal attachment in Helix pomatia, i. [325].
• Lophobranchii, marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. [21].
• Lophophorus, habits of, ii. [121].
• Lophorina atra, sexual difference in coloration of, ii. [226].
• Lophornis ornatus, ii. [76].
• Lord, J. K., on Salmo lycaodon, ii. [5].
• Lory, King, ii. [174];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188].
• Love-antics and dances of birds, ii. [68].
• Lowne, B. T., on Musca vomitoria, i. [145], [349].
• Loxia, characters of young of, ii. [184].
• Lubbock, Sir J., on the antiquity of man, i. [3];
  • on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on the mental capacity of savages, i. [34];
  • on the origin of implements, i. [52];
  • on the simplification of languages, i. [62];
  • on the absence of the idea of God among certain races of men, i. [65];
  • on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. [66];
  • on superstitions, i. [69];
  • on the sense of duty, i. [71];
  • on the practice of burying the old and sick among the Fijians, i. [77];
  • non-prevalence of suicide among the lowest barbarians, i. [94];
  • on the immorality of savages, i. [97];
  • on Mr. Wallace’s claim to the origination of the idea of natural selection, i. [137];
  • on the absence of remorse among savages, i. [164];
  • on the former barbarism of civilised nations, i. [181];
  • on improvements in the arts among savages, i. [182];
  • on resemblances of the mental characters in different races of men, i. [232];
  • on the power of counting in primeval man, i. [234];
  • on the arts practised by savages, i. [234];
  • on the prehensile organs of the male Labidocera Darwinii, i. [329];
  • on Chloëon, i. [341];
  • on Smynthurus luteus, i. [348];
  • on strife for women among the North American Indians, ii. [324];
  • on music, ii. [334];
  • on the ornamental practices of savages, ii. [338];
  • on the estimation of the beard among the Anglo-Saxons, ii. [349];
  • on artificial deformation of the skull, ii. [352];
  • on “communal marriages,” ii. [358], [360];
  • on exogamy, ii. [360], [364];
  • on the Veddahs, ii. [363];
  • on polyandry, ii. [365].
• Lucanidæ, variability of the mandibles in the male, i. [376].
• Lucanus, large size of males of, i. [347].
• Lucanus cervus, numerical proportion of sexes of, i. [313];
  • weapons of the male, i. [375].
• Lucanus elaphus, use of mandibles of, i. [377];
  • large jaws of male, i. [342].
• Lucas, Prosper, on sexual preference in horses and bulls, ii. [272].
• Lunar periods, i. [212].
• Lund, Dr., on skulls found in Brazilian caves, i. [218].
• Lungs, enlargement of, in the Quechua and Aymara Indians, i. [119];
  • a modified swim-bladder, i. [207];
  • different capacity of in races of man, i. [216].
• Luminosity in insects, i. [345].
• Luschka, Prof., on the termination of the coccyx, i. [30].
• Lust, instinct of, i. [89].
• Luxury, comparatively innocuous, i. [171].
• Lycæna, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. [390].
• Lyell, Sir C., on the antiquity of man, i. [3];
  • on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on the parallelism of the development of species and languages, i. [59];
  • on the extinction of languages, i. [60];
  • on the Inquisition, i. [178];
  • on the fossil remains of vertebrata, i. [201];
  • on the fertility of mulattoes, i. [221].
• Lynx, Canadian, throat-ruff of the, ii. [267].
• Lyre-bird, assemblies of, ii. [101].
• 
  M.
• Macacus, ears of, i. [23];
  • convoluted body in the extremity of the tail of, i. [30];
  • variability of the tail in species of, i. [150];
  • whiskers of species of, ii. [283].
• Macacus cynomolgus, superciliary ridge of, ii. [318];
• beard and whiskers of, becoming white with age, ii. [319].
• Macacus inornatus, i. [151].
• Macacus lasiotus, facial spots of, ii. [308].
• Macacus radiatus, i. [192].
• Macacus rhesus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [293], [310].
• Macalister, Prof., on variations of the palmaris accessorius muscle, i. [109];
  • on muscular abnormalities in man, i. [128], [129];
  • on the greater variability of the muscles in men than in women, i. [275].
• Macaws, Mr. Buxton’s observations on, i. [76];
  • screams of, ii. [61].
• McCann, J., on mental individuality, i. [63].
• McClelland, J., on the Indian cyprinidæ, ii. [17].
• Macculloch, Col., on an Indian village without any female children, ii. [364].
• Macculloch, Dr., on tertian ague in a dog, i. [13].
• Macgillivray, W., on the vocal organs of birds, i. [59];
  • on the Egyptian goose, ii. [48];
  • on the habits of woodpeckers, ii. [63];
  • on the habits of the snipe, ii. [64];
  • on the whitethroat, ii. [69];
  • on the moulting of the snipes, ii. [82];
  • on the moulting of the anatidæ, ii. [85];
  • on the finding of new mates by magpies, ii. [103];
  • on the pairing of a blackbird and thrush, ii. [113];
  • on pied ravens, ii. [126];
  • on the guillemots, ii. [127];
  • on the colours of the tits, ii. [174];
  • on the immature plumage of birds, ii. [186] et seqq.
• Machetes, sexes and young of, ii. [216].
• Machetes pugnax, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [306];
  • supposed to be polygamous, i. [270];
  • pugnacity of the male, ii. [41];
  • double moult in, ii. [81].
• Mackintosh, on the moral sense, i. [70].
• MacLachlan, R., on Apatania muliebris and Boreus hyemalis, i. [314];
  • on the anal appendages of male insects, i. [342];
  • on the pairing of dragon-flies, i. [347];
  • on dragon-flies, i. [362], [363];
  • on dimorphism in Agrion, i. [363];
  • on the want of pugnacity in male dragon-flies, i. [364];
  • on the ghost-moth in the Shetland Islands, i. [402].
• McLennan, Mr., on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. [66];
  • on the prevalence of licentiousness among savages, i. [96], ii. [358];
  • on infanticide, i. [134], ii. [363];
  • on the primitive barbarism of civilised nations, i. [181];
  • on traces of the custom of the forcible capture of wives, i. [182], ii. [365];
  • on polyandry, ii. [365].
• McNeill, Mr., on the use of the antlers of deer, ii. [252];
  • on the Scotch deerhound, ii. [261];
  • on the long hairs of the throat of the stag, ii. [268];
  • on the bellowing of stags, ii. [274].
• Macrorhinus proboscideus, structure of the nose of, ii. [278].
• Magpie, power of speech of, i. [59];
  • stealing bright objects, ii. [112];
  • nuptial assemblies of, ii. [102];
  • new mates found by, ii. [103];
  • young of the, ii. [209];
  • coloration of the, ii. [230].
• Magpies, vocal organs of the, ii. [55].
• Maillard, M., on the proportion of the sexes in a species of Papilio from Bourbon, i. [310].
• Maine, Mr., on the absorption of one tribe by another, i. [159];
  • on the want of a desire for improvement, i. [166].
• Makalolo, perforation of the upper lip by the, ii. [341].
• Malar bone, abnormal division of, in man, i. [124].
• Malay, Archipelago, marriage-customs of the savages of the, ii. [373].
• Malays, line of separation between the Papuans and the, i. [218];
  • general beardlessness of the, ii. [321];
  • staining of the teeth among, ii. [339];
  • aversion of some, to hairs on the face, ii. [349].
• Malays and Papuans, contrasted characters of, i. [216].
• Male animals, struggles of, for the possession of the females, i. [259], [260];
  • eagerness of, in courtship, i. [272], [273];
  • generally more modified than female, i. [272], [275];
  • differ in the same way from females and young, i. [285].
• Male characters, developed in females, i. [280];
  • transfer of, to female birds, ii. [193].
• Male, sedentary, of a hymenopterous parasite, i. [272].
• Malefactors, i. [172].
• Males, presence of rudimentary female organs in, i. [208].
• Males and females, comparative mortality of, while young, i. [264], [276];
  • comparative numbers of, i. [261], [263].
• Malherbe, on the woodpeckers, ii. [174].
• Malthus, T., on the rate of increase of population, i. [131], [132], [134].
• Maluridæ, nidification of the, ii. [169].
• Malurus, young of, ii. [216].
• Mammæ, i. [254];
  • rudimentary, in male mammals, i. [17], [30], [208], [209], [210];
  • supernumerary, in women, i. [125];
  • of male human subject, i. [130].
• Mammalia, Prof. Owen’s classification of, i. [187];
  • genealogy of the, i. [203].
• Mammals, secondary sexual characters of, ii. [239];
  • weapons of, ii. [241];
  • recent and tertiary, comparison of cranial capacity of, i. [146];
  • relative size of the sexes of, ii. [260];
  • pursuit of female, by the males, i. [272];
  • parallelism of, with birds in secondary sexual characters, ii. [297];
  • voices of, used especially during the breeding season, ii. [331].
• Man, variability of, i. [108];
  • erroneously regarded as more domesticated than other animals, i. [111];
  • definitive origin of, i. [235];
  • migrations of, i. [135];
  • wide distribution of, i. [137];
  • causes of the nakedness of, i. [149];
  • supposed physical inferiority of, i. [156];
  • numerical proportions of the sexes in, i. [264];
  • a member of the Catarrhine group, i. [198];
  • early progenitors of, i. [206];
  • secondary sexual characters of, ii. [316];
  • primeval condition of, ii. [367].
• Mandans, correlation of colour and texture of hair in the, i. [248].
• Mandible, left, enlarged in the male of Taphroderes distortus, i. [344].
• Mandibles, use of the, in Ammophila, i. [342];
  • large, of Corydalis cornutus, i. [342];
  • large, of male Lucanus elaphus, i. [342].
• Mandrill, number of caudal vertebræ in the, i. [150];
  • colours of the male, ii. [292], [296], [310].
• Mantegazza, Prof., on the ornaments of savages, ii. [338] et seqq.;
  • on the beardlessness of the New Zealanders, ii. [349];
  • on the exaggeration of natural characters by man, ii. [351].
• Mantell, W., on the engrossment of pretty girls by the New Zealand chiefs, ii. [369].
• Mantis, pugnacity of species of, i. [360].
• Marcus Aurelius, on the origin of the moral sense, i. [71];
  • on the influence of habitual thoughts, i. [101].
• Mareca penelope, ii. [114].
• Marks, retained throughout groups of birds, ii. [131].
• Marriage, influence of, upon morals, i. [96];
  • restraints upon, among savages, i. [133];
  • influence of, on mortality, i. [175];
  • development of, ii. [361].
• Marriages, communal, ii. [358], [360];
  • early, i. [174], [175].
• Marshall, Mr., on the brain of a Bushwoman, i. [216].
• Marsupials, i. [202];
  • possession of nipples by, i. [209];
  • their origin from Monotremata, i. [213];
  • uterus of, i. [122];
  • development of the nictitating membrane in, i. [23];
  • abdominal sacks of, i. [254];
  • relative size of the sexes of, ii. [260];
  • colours of, ii. [286].
• Marsupium, rudimentary, in male marsupials, i. [208].
• Martin, W. C. L., on alarm manifested by an orang at the sight of a turtle, i. [43];
  • on the hair in Hylobates, i. [194];
  • on a female American deer, ii. [258];
  • on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. [277];
  • on Semnopithecus nemæus, ii. [312].
• Martin, on the beards of the inhabitants of St. Kilda, ii. [321].
• Martins deserting their young, i. [84].
• Martins, C., on death caused by inflammation of the vermiform appendage, i. [28].
• Mastoid processes in man and apes, i. [143].
• Maudsley, Dr., on the influence of the sense of smell in man, i. [24];
  • on Laura Bridgman, i. [58];
  • on the development of the vocal organs, i. [59].
• Mayers, W. F., on the domestication of the goldfish in China, ii. [17].
• Mayhew, E., on the affection between individuals of different sexes in the dog, ii. [270].
• Maynard, C. J., on the sexes of Chrysemys picta, ii. [28].
• Meckel, on correlated variation of the muscles of the arm and leg, i. [130].
• Medicines, effect produced by, the same in man and in monkeys, i. [12].
• Medusæ, bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Megalithic structures, prevalence of, i. [233].
• Megalophrys montana, sexual differences in, ii. [26], [27].
• Megapicus validus, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [174].
• Megasoma, large size of males of, i. [347].
• Meigs, Dr. A., on variation in the skulls of the natives of America, i. [108].
• Meinecke, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in butterflies, i. [309].
• Meliphagidæ, Australian, nidification of, ii. [169].
• Melita, secondary sexual characters of, i. [331].
• Meloë, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. [367].
• Memory, manifestations of, in animals, i. [45].
• Memnon, young, i. [217].
• Mental characters, difference of, in different races of men, i. [216].
• Mental faculties, variation of, in the same species, i. [36], [110];
  • diversity of, in the same race of men, i. [109];
  • inheritance of, i. [110];
  • similarity of the, in different races of man, i. [232];
  • of birds, ii. [108].
• Mental powers, difference of, in the two sexes in man, ii. [326].
• Menura Alberti, ii. [102];
  • song of, ii. [55].
• Menura superba, ii. [101], [102];
  • long tails of both sexes of, ii. [164].
• Merganser, trachea of the male, ii. [60].
• Mergus cucullatus, speculum of, i. [291].
• Mergus merganser, young of, ii. [189].
• Merganser serrator, male plumage of, ii. [85].
• Metallura, splendid tail-feathers of, ii. [152].
• Methoca ichneumonides, large male of, i. [347].
• Meves, M., on the drumming of the snipe, ii. [63].
• Mexicans, civilisation of the, not foreign, i. [183].
• Meyer, on a convoluted body at the extremity of the tail in a Macacus and a cat, i. [30].
• Meyer, Dr. A., on the copulation of phryganidæ of distinct species, i. [342].
• Migrations of man, effects of, i. [135].
• Migratory instinct of birds, i. [79];
  • vanquishing the maternal, i. [83], [90].
• Mill, J. S., on the origin of the moral sense, i. [71];
  • on the “greatest happiness principle,” i. [97];
  • on the difference of the mental powers in the sexes of man, ii. [328].
• Millipedes, i. [339].
• Milne-Edwards, H., on the use of the enlarged chela of the male Gelasimus, i. [331].
• Milvago leucurus, sexes and young of, ii. [205].
• Mimickry, i. [411].
• Mimus polyglottus, ii. [109].
• Mind, difference of, in man and the highest animals, i. [104];
  • similarity of the, in different races, i. [232].
• Minnow, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [308], [309].
• Minnows, spawning habits of, ii. [15].
• Mirror, larks attracted by, ii. [112].
• Mivart, St. George, on the reduction of organs, i. [18];
  • on the ears of the lemuroidea, i. [23];
  • on variability of the muscles in lemuroidea, i. [128], [136];
  • on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. [150];
  • on the classification of the primates, i. [196];
  • on the orang and on man, i. [197];
  • on differences in the lemuroidea, i. [198];
  • on the crest of the male newt, ii. [24].
• Mocking-thrush, partial migration of, ii. [109];
  • young of the, ii. [219].
• Modifications, unserviceable, i. [153].
• Moles, numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [305];
  • battles of male, ii. [239].
• Mollienesia petenensis, sexual difference in, ii. [9].
• Mollusca, beautiful colours and shapes of, i. [326];
  • absence of secondary sexual characters in the, i. [324].
• Molluscoida, i. [205], [324].
• Monacanthus scopas and M. Peronii, sexual differences in, ii. [12].
• Mongolians, perfection of the senses in, i. [119].
• Monkey, protecting his keeper from a baboon, i. [78], [87];
  • bonnet-, i. [192];
  • rhesus, sexual difference in colour of the, ii. [293], [310];
  • moustache-, colours of the, ii. [291].
• Monkeys, liability of, to the same diseases as man, i. [11];
  • male, recognition of women by, i. [13];
  • revenge taken by, i. [40];
  • maternal affection in, i. [40];
  • variability of the faculty of attention in, i. [44];
  • using stones and sticks, i. [51];
  • imitative faculties of, i. [56];
  • signal-cries of, i. [57];
  • sentinels posted by, i. [74];
  • diversity of the mental faculties in, i. [110];
  • mutual kindnesses of, i. [75];
  • hands of the, i. [139], [140];
  • breaking hard fruits with stones, i. [140];
  • basal caudal vertebræ of, imbedded in the body, i. [151];
  • human characters of, i. [191];
  • gradation of species of, i. [227];
  • beards of, ii. [283];
  • ornamental characters of, ii. [306];
  • analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, ii. [318];
  • different degrees of difference in the sexes of, ii. [323];
  • expression of emotions by, ii. [336];
  • generally monogamous habits of, ii. [361];
  • polygamous habits of some, ii. [362];
  • naked surfaces of, ii. [376];
  • American, manifestation of reason in, i. [47];
  • American, direction of the hair on the arms of some, i. [192].
• Monogamy, not primitive, i. [182].
• Monogenists, i. [228].
• Mononychus pseudacori, stridulation of, i. [382].
• Monotremata, i. [202];
  • development of the nictitating membrane in, i. [23];
  • lactiferous glands of, i. [209];
  • connecting mammals with reptiles, i. [213].
• Monstrosities, analogous, in man and lower animals, i. [113];
  • caused by arrest of development, i. [121];
  • correlation of, i. [130];
  • transmission of, i. [224].
• Montagu, G., on the habits of the black and red grouse, i. [269];
  • on the pugnacity of the ruff, ii. [41];
  • on the singing of birds, ii. [52];
  • on the double moult of the male pintail, ii. [84].
• Monteiro, Mr., on Bucorax abyssinicus, ii. [72].
• Montes de Oca, M., on the pugnacity of male Humming-birds, ii. [40].
• Monticola cyanea, ii. [172].
• Monuments, as traces of extinct tribes, i. [237].
• Moose, battles of, ii. [240];
  • horns of the, an incumbrance, ii. [259].
• Moral and instinctive impulses, alliance of, i. [88].
• Moral faculties, their influence on natural selection in man, i. [158].
• Moral rules, distinction between the higher and lower, i. [100].
• Moral sense, origin of the, i. [102];
  • so-called, derived from the social instincts, i. [97], [98].
• Moral tendencies, inheritance of, i. [102].
• Morality, supposed to be founded in selfishness, i. [97];
  • test of, the general welfare of the community, i. [98];
  • gradual rise of, i. [103];
  • influence of a high standard of, i. [166].
• Morgan, L. H., on the Beaver, i. [37];
  • on the reasoning powers of the Beaver, i. [46];
  • on the forcible capture of wives, i. [182];
  • on the castoreum of the beaver, ii. [279];
  • marriage unknown in primeval times, ii. [359];
  • on Polyandry, ii. [365].
• Morris, F. O., on hawks feeding an orphan nestling, ii. [107].
• Mortality, comparative, of females and males, i. [264], [276], [302].
• Morton, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Moschus moschiferus, odoriferous organs of, ii. [280].
• Motacillæ, Indian, young of, ii. [190].
• Moths, i. [394];
  • absence of mouth in some male, i. [254];
  • apterous female, i. [255];
  • male, prehensile use of the tarsi by, i. [256];
  • male, attracted by females, i. [311];
  • coloration of, i. [397];
  • sexual differences of colour in, i. [398].
• Motmot, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. [73].
• Moult, double, ii. [181];
  • double annual, in birds, ii. [80].
• Moulting of birds, ii. [214].
• Moults, partial, ii. [83].
• Moustache-monkey, colours of the, ii. [291], [311].
• Moustaches, in monkeys, i. [192].
• Mud-turtle, long claws of the male, ii. [28].
• Mulattoes, persistent fertility of, i. [221];
  • immunity of, from yellow fever, i. [243].
• Mule, sterility and strong vitality of the, i. [221].
• Mules, rational, i. [48].
• Müller, Ferd., on the Mexicans and Peruvians, i. [183].
• Müller, Fritz, on astomatous males of Tanais, i. [255];
  • on the disappearance of spots and stripes in adult mammals, ii. [305];
  • on the proportions of the sexes in some crustacea, i. [315];
  • on secondary sexual characters in various crustaceans, i. [328] et seqq.;
  • on the luminous larva of a beetle, i. [345];
  • musical contest between male Cicadæ, i. [351];
  • on the sexual maturity of young amphipod crustacea, ii. [215].
• Müller, J., on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, i. [23].
• Müller, Max, on the origin of language, i. [56];
  • struggle for life among the words, &c., of languages, i. [60].
• Müller, S., on the Banteng, ii. [290];
  • on the colours of Semnopithecus chrysomelas, ii. [291].
• Muntjac-deer, weapons of the, ii. [257].
• Murie, J., on the reduction of organs, i. [18];
  • on the ears of the Lemuroidea, i. [23];
  • on variability of the muscles in the Lemuroidea, i. [128], [136];
  • basal caudal vertebræ of Macacus inornatus imbedded in the body, i. [151];
  • on differences in the Lemuroidea, i. [198];
  • on the throat-pouch of the male Bustard, ii. [58];
  • on the mane of Otaria jubata, ii. [267];
  • on the suborbital pits of Ruminants, ii. [280];
  • on the colours of the sexes in Otaria nigrescens, ii. [287].
• Murray, A., on the Pediculi of different races of men, i. [219].
• Murray, T. A., on the fertility of Australian women with white men, i. [220].
• Mus coninga, i. [50].
• Mus minutus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [286].
• Musca vomitoria, i. [145].
• Muscicapa grisola, ii. [170].
• Muscicapa luctuosa, ii. [170].
• Muscicapa ruticilla, breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214].
• Muscle, ischio-pubic, i. [127].
• Muscles, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, i. [19];
  • variability of the, i. [109];
  • effects of use and disuse upon, i. [116];
  • animal-like abnormalities of, in man, i. [127];
  • correlated variation of, in the arm and leg, i. [130];
  • variability of, in the hands and feet, i. [136];
  • of the jaws, influence of, on the physiognomy of the Apes, i. [144];
  • habitual spasms of, causing modifications of the facial bones, i. [147];
  • of the early progenitors of man, i. [206];
  • greater variability of the, in men than in women, i. [275].
• Musculus sternalis, Prof. Turner on the, i. [19].
• Music, i. [232];
  • of birds, ii. [51];
  • discordant, love of savages for, ii. [67];
  • different appreciation of, by different peoples, ii. [333];
  • origin of, ii. [333], [337];
  • effects of, ii. [335].
• Musical cadences, perception of, by animals, ii. [333];
  • powers of man, ii. [330] et seqq.
• Musk-deer, canine teeth of male, ii. [241], [256], [257];
  • male, odoriferous organs of the, ii. [280];
  • winter change of the, ii. [299].
• Musk-duck, Australian, ii. [38];
  • large size of male, ii. [43];
  • of Guiana, pugnacity of the male, ii. [43].
• Musk-ox, horns of, ii. [247].
• Musk-rat, protective resemblance of the, to a clod of earth, ii. [298].
• Musophagæ, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171];
  • both sexes of, equally brilliant, ii. [177].
• Mussels opened by monkeys, i. [140].
• Mustela, winter change of two species of, ii. [298].
• Mutilations, healing of, i. [13].
• Mutilla europæa, stridulation of, i. [366].
• Mutillidæ, absence of ocelli in female, i. [341].
• Mycetes caraya, polygamous, i. [266];
  • vocal organs of, ii. [277];
  • beard of, ii. [283];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [290];
  • voice of, ii. [332].
• Mycetes seniculus, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [290].
• Myriapoda, i. [339].
• 
  N.
• Nägeli, on the influence of natural selection on plants, i. [152];
  • on the gradation of species of plants, i. [227].
• Nails, coloured yellow or purple in part of Africa, ii. [339].
• Naples, greater proportion of female illegitimate children in, i. [301].
• Narwhal, tusks of the, ii. [242], [248].
• Nasal cavities, large size of, in American aborigines, i. [119].
• Nascent organs, i. [18].
• Nathusius, H. von, on the improved breeds of pigs, i. [230];
  • on the breeding of domestic animals, ii. [370].
• Natural selection, its effects on the early progenitors of man, i. [136];
  • influence of, on man, i. [151], [154];
  • limitation of the principle, i. [152];
  • influence of, on social animals, i. [155];
  • Mr. Wallace on the limitation of, by the influence of the mental faculties in man, i. [158];
  • influence of, in the progress of the United States, i. [179].
• Natural and sexual selection contrasted, i. [278].
• Naulette, jaw from, large size of the canines in, i. [126].
• Neanderthal skull, capacity of the, i. [146].
• Neck, proportion of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [117].
• Necrophorus, stridulation of, i. [378], [382].
• Nectarinia, young of, ii. [190].
• Nectariniæ, nidification of, ii. [169];
  • moulting of the, ii. [83].
• Negro, resemblance of a, to Europeans, in mental characters, i. [232].
• Negro-women, their kindness to Mungo Park, i. [95].
• Negroes, character of, i. [216];
  • lice of, i. [220];
  • blackness of, i. [224], ii. [381];
  • variability of, i. [225], [226];
  • immunity of, from yellow fever, i. [243];
  • difference of, from Americans, i. [247];
  • disfigurements of the, ii. [296];
  • colour of newborn children of, ii. [318];
  • comparative beardlessness of, ii. [321];
  • readily become musicians, ii. [334];
  • appreciation of beauty of their women by, ii. [344], [346];
  • idea of beauty among, ii. [350];
  • compression of the nose by some, ii. [352].
• Neolithic period, i. [183].
• Neomorpha, sexual difference of the beak in, ii. [39].
• Nephila, i. [337].
• Nests, made by fishes, ii. [19];
  • decoration of, by Humming-birds, ii. [112].
• Neumeister, on a change of colour in pigeons after several moultings, i. [294].
• Neuration, difference of, in the two sexes of some butterflies and hymenoptera, i. [345].
• Neuroptera, i. [314], [361].
• Neurothemis, dimorphism in, i. [363].
• New Zealand, expectation by the natives of, of their extinction, i. [240];
  • practice of tattooing in, ii. [342];
  • aversion of natives of, to hairs on the face, ii. [349];
  • pretty girls engrossed by the chiefs in, ii. [369].
• Newton, A., on the throat-pouch of the male bustard, ii. [58];
  • on the difference between the females of two species of Oxynotus, ii. [193];
  • on the habits of the phalarope, dotterel, and godwit, ii. [204].
• Newts, ii. [24].
• Nicholson, Dr., on the non-immunity of dark Europeans from yellow fever, i. [245].
• Nictitating membrane, i. [23], [207].
• Nidification, of fishes, ii. [19];
  • relation of, to colour, ii. [167], [172];
  • of British birds, ii. [169].
• Night-heron, cries of the, ii. [51].
• Nightingale, arrival of the male before the female, i. [259];
  • object of the song of the, ii. [52].
• Nightingales, new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Nightjar, selection of a mate by the female, ii. [116];
  • Australian, sexes of, ii. [206];
  • coloration of the, ii. [226].
• Nightjars, noise made by some male, with their wings, ii. [62];
  • elongated feathers in, ii. [73], [97].
• Nilghau, sexual differences of colour in the, ii. [287].
• Nilsson, Prof., on the resemblance of stone arrow-heads from various places, i. [233];
  • on the development of the horns in the reindeer, i. [288].
• Nipples, absence of, in Monotremata, i. [209].
• Nitzsch, C. L., on the down of birds, ii. [80].
• Noctuæ, brightly-coloured beneath, i. [397].
• Noctuidæ, coloration of, i. [394].
• Nordmann, A., on Tetrao urogalloides, ii. [100].
• Nomadic habits, unfavourable to human progress, i. [167].
• Norway, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Nose, resemblance of, in man and the apes, i. [192];
  • piercing and ornamentation of the, ii. [341];
  • flattening of the, ii. [352];
  • very flat, not admired in negroes, ii. [350].
• Nott and Gliddon, on the features of Rameses II., i. [217];
  • on the features of Amunoph III., i. [218];
  • on skulls from Brazilian caves, i. [218];
  • on the immunity of negroes and mulattoes from yellow fever, i. [243];
  • on the deformation of the skull among American tribes, ii. [352].
• Nudibranch mollusca, bright colours of, i. [326].
• Numerals, Roman, i. [182].
• Nunemaya, natives of, bearded, ii. [322], [349].
• 
  O.
• Obedience, value of, i. [162].
• Observation, powers of, possessed by birds, ii. [109].
• Occupations, sometimes a cause of diminished stature, i. [115];
  • effect of, upon the proportions of the body, i. [116].
• Ocelli, absence of, in female Mutillidæ, i. [341].
• Ocelli of birds, formation and variability of the, ii. [132].
• Ocelot, sexual differences in the colouring of the, ii. [287].
• Ocyphaps lophotes, ii. [96].
• Odonata, i. [314].
• Odonestis potatoria, sexual difference of colour in, i. [398].
• Odour, correlation of, with colour of skin, i. [248];
  • emitted by snakes in the breeding-season, ii. [30];
  • of mammals, ii. [278].
• Œcanthus nivalis, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [361].
• Oidemia, ii. [226], [227].
• Olivier, on sounds produced by Pimelia striata, i. [385].
• Omaloplia brunnea, stridulation of, i. [381].
• Onitis furcifer, processes of anterior femora of the male, and on the head and thorax of the female, i. [372].
• Onthophagus, i. [370].
• Onthophagus rangifer, sexual differences of, i. [369];
  • variation in the horns of the male, i. [370].
• Ophidia, sexual differences of, ii. [29].
• Opossum, wide range of, in America, i. [219].
• Optic nerve, atrophy of the, caused by destruction of the eye, i. [116].
• Orang-Outan, ii. [323];
  • Bischoff on the agreement of the brain of the, with that of man, i. [11];
  • adult age of the, i. [13];
  • ears of the, i. [21];
  • vermiform appendage of, i. [27];
  • platforms built by the, i. [36];
  • alarmed at the sight of a turtle, i. [43];
  • using a stick as a lever, i. [51];
  • using missiles, i. [52];
  • using the leaves of the Pandanus as a night covering, i. [53];
  • hands of the, i. [139];
  • absence of mastoid processes in the, i. [143];
  • direction of the hair on the arms of the, i. [192];
  • its aberrant characters, i. [197];
  • supposed evolution of the, i. [230];
  • voice of the, ii. [276];
  • monogamous habits of the, ii. [361];
  • male, beard of the, ii. [284].
• Oranges, treatment of, by monkeys, i. [139].
• Orange-tip butterfly, i. [388], [393], [394].
• Orchestia Darwinii, dimorphism of males of, i. [332].
• Orchestia Tucuratinga, limbs of, i. [330], [331], [337].
• Ordeal, i. [68].
• Oreas canna, colours of, ii. [288].
• Oreas Derbyanus, colours of, ii. [288], [299].
• Organs, prehensile, i. [256];
  • utilised for new purposes, ii. [335].
• Organic scale, von Baer’s definition of progress in, i. [211].
• Orioles, nidification of, ii. [167].
• Oriolus, species of, breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214], [215].
• Oriolus melanocephalus, coloration of the sexes in, ii. [178].
• Ornaments, prevalence of similar, i. [233];
  • fondness of savages for, ii. [338];
  • of male birds, ii. [50].
• Ornamental characters, equal transmission of, to both sexes, in mammals, ii. [297];
  • of monkeys, ii. [306].
• Ornithoptera crœsus, i. [310].
• Ornithorhynchus, i. [200];
  • spur of the male, ii. [242];
  • reptilian tendency of, i. [204].
• Orocetes erythrogastra, young of, ii. [219].
• Orrony, Grotto of, i. [28].
• Orsodacna atra, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [368].
• Orthoptera, i. [352];
  • metamorphosis of, i. [292];
  • stridulating, auditory apparatus of, i. [353];
  • colours of, i. [360];
  • rudimentary stridulating organs in female, i. [359];
  • stridulation of the, and Homoptera, discussed, i. [360].
• Ortygornis gularis, pugnacity of the male, ii. [44].
• Oryctes, stridulation of, i. [381];
  • sexual differences in the stridulant organs of, i. [383].
• Oryx leucoryx, use of the horns of, ii. [251], [263].
• Osphranter rufus, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [286].
• Ostrich, African, sexes and incubation of the, ii. [205].
• Ostriches, stripes of young, ii. [184].
• Otaria jubata, mane of the male, ii. [267].
• Otaria nigrescens, difference in the coloration of the sexes of, ii. [287].
• Otis bengalensis, love-antics of the male, ii. [68].
• Otis tarda, polygamous, i. [269];
  • throat-pouch of the male, ii. [58].
• Ouzel, ring-, colours and nidification of the, ii. [179].
• Ouzel, water-, colours and nidification of the, ii. [170].
• Ovibos moschatus, horns of, ii. [247].
• Ovipositor of insects, i. [254].
• Ovis cycloceros, mode of fighting of, ii. [249].
• Ovule of man, i. [14].
• Owen, Prof., on the Corpora Wolffiana, i. [16];
  • on the great toe in man, i. [16];
  • on the nictitating membrane and semilunar fold, i. [23];
  • on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, i. [26];
  • on the length of the cæcum in the Koala, i. [27];
  • on the coccygeal vertebræ, i. [29];
  • on rudimentary structures belonging to the reproductive system, i. [31];
  • on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. [123];
  • on the number of digits in the Ichthyopterygia, i. [125];
  • on the canine teeth in man, i. [126];
  • on the walking of the chimpanzee and orang, i. [139];
  • on the mastoid processes in the higher apes, i. [143];
  • on the hairiness of elephants in elevated districts, i. [149];
  • on the caudal vertebræ of monkeys, i. [150];
  • classification of mammalia, i. [187];
  • on the hair in monkeys, i. [194];
  • on the piscine affinities of the Ichthyosaurians, i. [204];
  • on polygamy and monogamy among the antelopes, i. [267];
  • on the horns of Antilocapra americana, i. [289];
  • on the musky odour of crocodiles during the breeding season, ii. [29];
  • on the scent-glands of snakes, ii. [30];
  • on the Dugong, Cachalot and Ornithorhynchus, ii. [242];
  • on the antlers of the red deer, ii. [252];
  • on the dentition of the camelidæ, ii. [257];
  • on the tusks of the Mammoth, ii. [258];
  • on the horns of the Irish elk, ii. [259];
  • on the voice in the giraffe, porcupine, and stag, ii. [274];
  • on the laryngeal sac of the gorilla and orang, ii. [276];
  • on the odoriferous glands of mammals, ii. [279], [280];
  • on the effects of emasculation on the vocal organs of men, ii. [330];
  • on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. [332];
  • on American monogamous monkeys, ii. [362].
• Owls, white, new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Oxynotus, difference of the females of two species of, ii. [193].
• 
  P.
• Pachydermata, i. [268].
• Paget, on the abnormal development of hairs in man, i. [25];
  • on the thickness of the skin on the soles of the feet of infants, i. [118].
• Painting, i. [232].
• Palæmon, chelæ of a species of, i. [331].
• Palæornis, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [231].
• Palæornis Javanicus, colour of beak of, ii. [179].
• Palæornis rosa, young of, ii. [188].
• Palamedea cornuta, spurs on the wings, ii. [47].
• Paleolithic period, i. [183].
• Palestine, habits of the chaffinch in, i. [307].
• Pallas, on the perfection of the senses in the Mongolians, i. [119];
  • on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. [241];
  • on the polygamous habits of Antilope Saiga, i. [267];
  • on the lighter colour of horses and cattle in winter in Siberia, i. [282];
  • on the tusks of the musk-deer, ii. [256], [258];
  • on the odoriferous glands of mammals, ii. [279];
  • on the odoriferous glands of the musk-deer, ii. [280];
  • on winter changes of colour in mammals, ii. [298];
  • on the ideal of female beauty in North China, ii. [344].
• Palmaris accessorius muscle, variations of the, i. [109].
• Pampas, horses of the, i. [236].
• Pangenesis, hypothesis of, i. [280], [284].
• Panniculus carnosus, i. [19].
• Papilio, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. [389];
  • proportion of the sexes in North American species of, i. [309];
  • coloration of the wings in species of, i. [396].
• Papilio ascanius, i. [389].
• Papilio Sesostris and Childrenæ, variability of, i. [402].
• Papilio Turnus, i. [310].
• Papilionidæ, variability in the, i. [402].
• Papuans, line of separation between the, and the Malays, i. [218];
  • beards of the, ii. [322];
  • hair of, ii. [340].
• Papuans and Malays, contrast in characters of, i. [216].
• Paradise, Birds of, ii. [100], [181];
  • supposed by Lesson to be polygamous, i. [260];
  • rattling of their quills by, ii. [61];
  • racket-shaped feathers in, ii. [73];
  • sexual differences in colour of, ii. [76];
  • decomposed feathers in, ii. [74], [97];
  • display of plumage by the male, ii. [88].
• Paradisea apoda, barbless feathers in the tail of, ii. [74];
  • plumage of, ii. [78];
  • and P. papuana, divergence of the females of, ii. [192].
• Paradisea rubra, ii. [75], [78].
• Paraguay, Indians of, eradication of eyebrows and eyelashes by, ii. [348].
• Parrakeet, Australian, variation in the colour of the thighs of a male, ii. [126].
• Parallelism of development of species and languages, i. [59].
• Parasites on man and animals, i. [12];
  • as evidence of specific identity or distinctness, i. [219];
  • immunity from, correlated with colour, i. [242].
• Parental affection, partly a result of natural selection, i. [81].
• Parents, age of, influence upon sex of offspring, i. [302].
• Parinæ, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [174].
• Park, Mungo, negro-women teaching their children to love the truth, i. [95];
  • his treatment by the negro-women, i. [95], [326];
  • on negro opinions of the appearance of white men, ii. [346].
• Parrot, racket-shaped feathers in the tail of a, ii. [73];
  • instance of benevolence in a, ii. [109].
• Parrots, imitative faculties of, i. [44];
  • change of colour in, i. [152];
  • living in triplets, ii. [106];
  • affection of, ii. [108];
  • colours of, ii. [223];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [231];
  • colours and nidification of the, ii. [171], [174], [176];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188];
  • musical powers of, ii. [335].
• Parthenogenesis in the Tenthredinæ, i. [314];
  • in Cynipidæ, i. [314];
  • in crustacea, i. [315].
• Partridge, monogamous, i. [269];
  • proportion of the sexes in the, i. [306];
  • female, ii. [194].
• “Partridge-dances,” ii. [68].
• Partridges, living in triplets, ii. [106];
  • spring coveys of male, ii. [107];
  • distinguishing persons, ii. [110].
• Parus cæruleus, ii. [174].
• Passer, sexes and young of, ii. [212].
• Passer brachydactylus, ii. [212].
• Passer domesticus, ii. [170], [212].
• Passer montanus, ii. [170], [212].
• Patagonians, self-sacrifice by, i. [88].
• Patterson, Mr., on the AGRIONIDÆ, i. [362].
• Paulistas of Brazil, i. [225].
• Pavo cristatus, i. [290]; ii. [136].
• Pavo muticus, i. [290], ii. [136];
  • possession of spurs by the female, ii. [46], [162].
• Pavo nigripennis, ii. [120].
• Payaguas Indians, thin legs and thick arms of the, i. [117].
• Payan, Mr., on the proportion of the sexes in sheep, i. [305].
• Peacock, polygamous, i. [269];
  • sexual characters of, i. [290];
  • pugnacity of the, ii. [46];
  • rattling of the quills by, ii. [61];
  • elongated tail-coverts of the, ii. [72], [97];
  • love of display of the, ii. [68], [87], [135];
  • ocellated spots of the, ii. [135];
  • inconvenience of long tail of the, to the female, ii. [154], [164], [165];
  • continued increase of beauty of the, ii. [216].
• Peacock-butterfly, i. [392].
• Peafowl, preference of females for a particular male, ii. [120];
  • first advances made by the female, ii. [120].
• Pediculi of domestic animals and man, i. [219].
• Pedigree of man, i. [213].
• Pedionomus torquatus, sexes of, ii. [201].
• Peewit, wing-tubercles of the male, ii. [48].
• Pelagic animals, transparency of, i. [323].
• Pelecanus erythrorhynchus, horny crest on the beak of the male, during the breeding season, ii. [80].
• Pelecanus onocrotalus, spring plumage of, ii. [85].
• Pelelé, ii. [341].
• Pelican, blind, fed by his companions, i. [77];
  • young, guided by old birds, i. [77];
  • pugnacity of the male, ii. [43].
• Pelicans, fishing in concert, i. [75].
• Pelobius Hermanni, stridulation of, i. [380], [382].
• Pelvis, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. [143];
  • differences of the, in the sexes in man, ii. [317].
• Penelope nigra, sound produced by the male, ii. [64].
• Pennant, on the battles of seals, ii. [240];
  • on the bladder-nose seal, ii. [278].
• Penthe, antennal cushions of the male, i. [343].
• Perch, brightness of male, during breeding season, ii. [13].
• Peregrine Falcon, new mate found by, ii. [104].
• Period of variability, relation of, to sexual selection, i. [296].
• Periodicity, vital, Dr. Laycock on, i. [12].
• Periods, lunar, followed by functions in man and animals, i. [12], [212].
• Periods of life, inheritance at corresponding, i. [280], [285].
• Perisoreus canadensis, young of, ii. [209].
• Peritrichia, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. [367].
• Periwinkle, i. [324].
• Pernis cristata, ii. [126].
• Perseverance, a characteristic of man, ii. [328].
• Persians, said to be improved by intermixture with Georgians and Circassians, ii. [357].
• Personnat, M., on Bombyx Yamamai, i. [310].
• Peruvians, civilisation of the, not foreign, i. [183].
• Petrels, colours of, ii. [230].
• Petrocincla cyanea, young of, ii. [219].
• Petronia, ii. [212].
• Pfeiffer, Ida, on Javanese ideas of beauty, ii. [347].
• Phacochœrus æthiopicus, tusks and pads of, ii. [265].
• Phalanger, Vulpine, black varieties of the, ii. [294].
• Phalaropus fulicarius, ii. [203].
• Phalaropus hyperboreus, ii. [203].
• Phanæus, i. [373].
• Phanæus carnifex, variation of the horns of the male, i. [370].
• Phanæus faunus, sexual differences of, i. [369].
• Phanæus lancifer, i. [370].
• Phasgonura viridissima, stridulation of, i. [354], [356].
• Phasianus Sœmmerringii, ii. [157].
• Phasianus versicolor, ii. [89].
• Phasianus Wallichii, ii. [93], [196].
• Phasmidæ, mimickry of leaves by the, i. [414].
• Pheasant, polygamous, i. [269];
  • production of hybrids with the common fowl, ii. [122];
  • and black grouse, hybrids of, ii. [113];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188].
• Pheasant, Argus, ii. [72], [181];
  • display of plumage by the male, ii. [91];
  • ocellated spots of the, ii. [134], [141];
  • gradation of characters in the, ii. [141].
• Pheasant, Blood-, ii. [46].
• Pheasant, Cheer, ii. [93], [195].
• Pheasant, Eared, i. [290], ii. [93], [195];
  • sexes alike in the, ii. [178];
  • length of the tail in the, ii. [166].
• Pheasant, Golden, display of plumage by the male, ii. [89];
  • sex of young, ascertained by pulling out head-feathers, ii. [214];
  • age of mature plumage in the, ii. [213].
• Pheasant, Kalij, drumming of the male, ii. [62].
• Pheasant, Reeve’s, length of the tail in, ii. [166].
• Pheasant, Silver, sexual coloration of the, ii. [228];
  • triumphant male, deposed on account of spoiled plumage, ii. [120].
• Pheasant, Sœmmerring’s, ii. [156], [166].
• Pheasant, Tragopan, ii. [72];
  • display of plumage by the male, ii. [91];
  • markings of the sexes of the, ii. [134].
• Pheasants, period of acquisition of male characters in the family of the, i. [290];
  • proportion of sexes in chicks of, i. [306];
  • length of the tail in, ii. [156], [164], [166].
• Philodromus, i. [337].
• Philters, worn by women, ii. [344].
• Phoca grœnlandica, sexual difference in the coloration of, ii. [287].
• Phœnicura ruticilla, ii. [105].
• Phosphorescence of insects, i. [345].
• Phryganidæ, copulation of distinct species of, i. [342].
• Phryniscus nigricans, ii. [25].
• Physical inferiority, supposed, of man, i. [156].
• Pickering, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Picton, J. A., on the soul of man, ii. [395].
• Picus auratus, ii. [43].
• Pieridæ, mimickry by female, i. [413].
• Pieris, i. [393].
• Pigeon, carrier, late development of the wattle in, i. [293];
  • domestic, breeds and sub-breeds of, ii. [178];
  • pouter, late development of the crop in, i. [293];
  • female, deserting a weakened mate, i. [262].
• Pigeons, nestling, fed by the secretion of the crop of both parents, i. [210];
  • changes of plumage in, i. [281];
  • transmission of sexual peculiarities in, i. [283];
  • changing colour after several moultings, i. [294];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [306];
  • cooing of, ii. [60];
  • variations in plumage of, ii. [74];
  • display of plumage by male, ii. [96];
  • local memory of, ii. [109];
  • antipathy of female, to certain males, ii. [118];
  • pairing of, ii. [118], [119];
  • profligate male and female, ii. [119];
  • wing-bars and tail-feathers of, ii. [131];
  • supposititious breed of, ii. [155];
  • pouter and carrier, peculiarities of predominant in males, ii. [158];
  • nidification of, ii. [168];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188];
  • Australian, ii. [175];
  • Belgian, with black-streaked males, i. [285], [293]; ii. [157].
• Pigs, origin of the improved breeds of, i. [230];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [305];
  • stripes of young, ii. [184], [303];
  • sexual preference shown by, ii. [273].
• Pike, American, brilliant colours of the male, during the breeding season, ii. [14].
• Pike, male, devoured by females, i. [308].
• Pike, L. O., on the psychical elements of religion, i. [68].
• Pimelia striata, sounds produced by the female, i. [385].
• Pintail Drake, plumage of, ii. [84];
  • pairing with a wild duck, ii. [115].
• Pintail Duck, pairing with a Wigeon, ii. [114].
• Pipe-fish, filamentous, ii. [18];
  • marsupial receptacles of the male, ii. [21].
• Pipits, moulting of the, ii. [83].
• Pipra, modified secondary wing-feathers of male, ii. [65].
• Pipra deliciosa, ii. [65], [66].
• Pirates stridulus, stridulation of, i. [350].
• Pithecia leucocephala, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [290].
• Pithecia Satanas, beard of, ii. [283], [284], [285];
  • resemblance of, to a negro, ii. [381].
• Pits, suborbital, of Ruminants, ii. [280].
• Pittidæ, nidification of, ii. [167].
• Placentata, i. [202].
• Plagiostomous fishes, ii. [1].
• Plain-wanderer, Australian, ii. [201].
• Planariæ, bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Plantain-eaters, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171];
  • both sexes of, equally brilliant, ii. [177].
• Plants, cultivated, more fertile than wild, i. [132];
  • Nägeli, on natural selection in, i. [152];
  • male flowers of, mature before the female, i. [260];
  • phenomena of fertilisation in, i. [273];
  • relation between number and size of seeds in, i. [317].
• Platalea, ii. [60];
  • change of plumage in, ii. [179].
• Platyblemnus, i. [361].
• Platycercus, young of, ii. [209].
• Platyphyllum concavum, i. [352], [356].
• Platyrrhine monkeys, i. [196].
• Platysma myoides, i. [19].
• Plecostomus, head-tentacles of the male of a species of, ii. [10].
• Plecostomus barbatus, peculiar beard of the male, ii. [10].
• Plectropterus gambensis, spurred wings of, ii. [46].
• Ploceus, ii. [54].
• Plovers, wing-spurs of, ii. [48];
  • double moult in, ii. [83].
• Plumage, changes of, inheritance of, by fowls, i. [281];
  • tendency to analogous variation in, ii. [74];
  • display of, by male birds, ii. [86], [96];
  • changes of, in relation to season, ii. [180];
  • immature, of birds, ii. [183], [187];
  • colour of, in relation to protection, ii. [223].
• Plumes on the head in birds, difference of, in the sexes, ii. [164].
• Pneumora, structure of, i. [357].
• Podica, sexual difference in the colour of the irides of, ii. [128].
• Poeppig, on the contact of civilised and savage races, i. [239].
• Poison, avoidance of, by animals, i. [49].
• Poisonous fruits and herbs avoided by animals, i. [36].
• Poisons, immunity from, correlated with colour, i. [242].
• Polish fowls, origin of the crest in, i. [284].
• Pollen and van Dam, on the colours of Lemur macaco, ii. [290].
• Polyandry, ii. [365];
  • in certain cyprinidæ, i. [309];
  • among the elateridæ, i. [313].
• Polydactylism in man, i. [125].
• Polygamy, influence of, upon sexual selection, i. [265];
  • superinduced by domestication, i. [270];
  • supposed increase of female births by, i. [303];
  • in the stickleback, ii. [2].
• Polygenists, i. [228].
• Polynesia, prevalence of infanticide in, ii. [364].
• Polynesians, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. [349];
  • wide geographical range of, i. [112];
  • difference of stature among the, i. [115];
  • crosses of, i. [225];
  • variability of, i. [225];
  • heterogeneity of the, i. [241].
• Polyplectron, display of plumage by the male, i. [89];
  • number of spurs in, ii. [46];
  • gradation of characters in, ii. [137];
  • female of, ii. [194].
• Polyplectron chinquis, ii. [90], [138], [139].
• Polyplectron Hardwickii, ii. [138], [139].
• Polyplectron malaccense, ii. [139], [140].
• Polyplectron Napoleonis, ii. [138], [140].
• Polyzoa, i. [324].
• Pontoporeia affinis, i. [329].
• Porcupine, mute, except in the rutting season, ii. [274].
• Pores, excretory, numerical relation of, to the hairs in sheep, i. [248].
• Porpitæ, bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Portax picta, dorsal crest and throat-tuft of, ii. [282];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [287], [299].
• Portunus puber, pugnacity of, i. [332].
• Potamochoerus penicillatus, tusks and facial knobs of the, ii. [266].
• Pouchet, G., on the ratio of instinct and intelligence, i. [37];
  • on the instincts of ants, i. [187];
  • on the caves of Abou-Simbel, i. [217];
  • on the immunity of negroes from yellow fever, i. [243].
• Pouter pigeon, late development of the large crop in, i. [293].
• Power, Dr., on the different colours of the sexes in a species of Squilla, i. [335].
• Powys, Mr., on the habits of the chaffinch in Corfu, i. [307].
• Pre-eminence of man, i. [137].
• Preference for males by female birds, ii. [113], [122];
  • shown by mammals, in pairing, ii. [268].
• Prehensile organs, i. [256].
• Presbytis entellus, fighting of the male, ii. [324].
• Preyer, Dr., on supernumerary mammæ in women, i. [125].
• Prichard, on the difference of stature among the Polynesians, i. [115];
  • on the connection between the breadth of the skull in the Mongolians and the perfection of their senses, i. [119];
  • on the capacity of British skulls of different ages, i. [146];
  • on the flattened heads of the Colombian savages, ii. [340];
  • on Siamese notions of beauty, ii. [345];
  • on the beardlessness of the Siamese, ii. [349];
  • on the deformation of the head among American tribes and the natives of Arakhan, ii. [352].
• Primary sexual organs, i. [254].
• Primates, i. [190];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [290].
• Primogeniture, evils of, i. [170].
• Primula, relation between number and size of seeds in, i. [317].
• Prionidæ, difference of the sexes in colour, i. [367].
• Proctotretus multimaculatus, ii. [26], [37].
• Proctotretus tenuis, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [37].
• Profligacy, i. [173].
• Progenitors, early, of man, i. [206].
• Progress, not the normal rule in human society, i. [166];
  • elements of, i. [177].
• Prong-horn, horns of, i. [289].
• Proportions, difference of, in distinct races, i. [216].
• Protective colouring in butterflies, i. [392];
  • in lizards, ii. [37];
  • in birds, ii. [197], [223];
  • in mammals, ii. [298], [299].
• Protective nature of the dull colouring of female Lepidoptera, i. [403], [405], [414].
• Protective resemblances in fishes, ii. [18].
• Protozoa, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [321].
• Pruner-Bey, on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. [29];
  • on the colour of negro infants, ii. [318].
• Prussia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Psocus, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Ptarmigan, monogamous, i. [269];
  • summer and winter plumage of the, ii. [81], [83];
  • nuptial assemblages of, ii. [101];
  • triple moult of the, ii. [181];
  • protective coloration of, ii. [198].
• Puff-birds, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171].
• Pugnacity of fine-plumaged male birds, ii. [93].
• Pumas, stripes of young, ii. [183].
• Puppies learning from cats to clean their faces, i. [44].
• Pycnonotus hæmorrhous, pugnacity of the male, ii. [41];
  • display of under tail coverts by the male, ii. [96].
• Pyranga æstiva, male aiding in incubation, ii. [167].
• Pyrodes, difference of the sexes in colour, i. [367].
• 
  Q.
• Quadrumana, hands of, i. [139];
  • differences between man and the, i. [190];
  • dependence of, on climate, i. [218];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [290];
  • ornamental characters of, ii. [306];
  • analogy of sexual differences of, with those of man, ii. [318];
  • fighting of males for the females, ii. [324];
  • monogamous habits of, ii. [361];
  • beards of the, ii. [378].
• Quain, R., on the variation of the muscles in man, i. [109].
• Quatrefages, A. de, on the occurrence of a rudimentary tail in man, i. [29];
  • on the moral sense as a distinction between man and animals, i. [70];
  • on variability, i. [112];
  • on the fertility of Australian women with white men, i. [221];
  • on the Paulistas of Brazil, i. [225];
  • on the evolution of the breeds of cattle, i. [230];
  • on the Jews, i. [242];
  • on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. [243];
  • on the difference between field- and house-slaves, i. [246];
  • on the influence of climate on colour, i. [246];
  • on the Ainos, ii. [321];
  • on the women of San-Giuliano, ii. [357].
• Quechua Indians, i. [119];
  • local variation of colour in the, i. [246];
  • no grey hair among the, ii. [320];
  • hairlessness of the, ii. [322];
  • long hair of the, ii. [348].
• Querquedula acuta, ii. [114].
• Quiscalus major, proportions of the sexes of, in Florida and Honduras, i. [307].
• 
  R.
• Rabbit, white tail of the, ii. [298].
• Rabbits, danger-signals of, i. [74];
  • domestic, elongation of the skull in, i. [147];
  • modification of the skull in, by the lopping of the ear, i. [147];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [305].
• Races, distinctive characters of, i. [215];
  • or species of man, i. [217];
  • crossed, fertility or sterility of, i. [220];
  • of man, variability of the, i. [225];
  • of man, resemblance of, in mental characters, i. [232];
  • formation of, i. [235];
  • of man, extinction of, i. [236];
  • effects of the crossing of, i. [240];
  • of man, formation of the, i. [240];
  • of man, children of the, ii. [318];
  • beardless, aversion of, to hairs on the face, ii. [349].
• Raffles, Sir S., on the Banteng, ii. [290].
• Rafts, use of, i. [137], [234].
• Rage, manifested by animals, i. [40].
• Raia batis, teeth of, ii. [6].
• Raia clavata, female spined on the back, ii. [2];
  • sexual difference in the teeth of, ii. [6].
• Raia maculata, teeth of, ii. [6].
• Rails, spur-winged, ii. [48].
• Ram, mode of fighting of the, ii. [249];
  • African, mane of an, ii. [284];
  • fat-tailed, ii. [284].
• Rameses II., i. [217].
• Ramsay, Mr., on the Australian Musk-duck, ii. [38];
  • on the Regent-bird, ii. [113];
  • on the incubation of Menura superba, ii. [165].
• Rana esculenta, vocal sacs of, ii. [28].
• Rat, common, general dispersion of, a consequence of superior cunning, i. [50];
  • supplantation of the native, in New Zealand, by the European rat, i. [240];
  • common, said to be polygamous, i. [268];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [305].
• Rats, enticed by essential oils, ii. [281].
• Rationality of birds, ii. [108].
• Rattle-snakes, difference of the sexes in the, ii. [29];
• said to use their rattles as a sexual call, ii. [30].
• Raven, vocal organs of the, ii. [55];
  • stealing bright objects, ii. [112];
  • pied, of the Feroe Islands, ii. [120].
• Rays, prehensile organs of male, ii. [1].
• Razor-bill, young of the, ii. [217].
• Reade, Winwood, on the Guinea sheep, i. [289];
  • non-development of horns in castrated male Guinea sheep, ii. [247];
  • on the occurrence of a mane in an African ram, ii. [285];
  • on the negroes’ appreciation of the beauty of their women, ii. [344];
  • on the admiration of negroes for a black skin, ii. [346];
  • on the idea of beauty among negroes, ii. [350];
  • on the Jollofs, ii. [357];
  • on the marriage-customs of the negroes, ii. [374].
• Reason, in animals, i. [46].
• Redstart, American, breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214].
• Redstarts, new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Reduvidæ, stridulation of, i. [350].
• Reed-bunting, head-feathers of the male, ii. [95];
  • attacked by a bullfinch, ii. [111].
• Reefs, fishes frequenting, ii. [17].
• Regeneration, partial, of lost parts in man, i. [13].
• Regent-bird, ii. [112].
• Reindeer, antlers of, with numerous points, ii. [252];
  • sexual preferences shown by, ii. [273];
  • horns of the, i. [288];
  • winter change of the, ii. [299];
  • battles of, ii. [240];
  • horns of the female, ii. [243].
• Relationship, terms of, ii. [360].
• Religion, deficiency of, among certain races, i. [65];
  • psychical elements of, i. [68].
• Remorse, i. [91];
  • deficiency of, among savages, i. [164].
• Rengger, on the diseases of Cebus Azaræ, i. [11];
  • on maternal affection in a Cebus, i. [40];
  • revenge taken by monkeys, i. [40];
  • on the reasoning powers of American monkeys, i. [47];
  • on the use of stones by monkeys for cracking hard nuts, i. [51];
  • on the sounds uttered by Cebus Azaræ, i. [54];
  • on the signal-cries of monkeys, i. [57];
  • on the diversity of the mental faculties of monkeys, i. [110];
  • on the Payaguas Indians, i. [117];
  • on the inferiority of Europeans to savages in their senses, i. [118];
  • on the polygamous habits of Mycetes caraya, i. [266];
  • on the voice of the howling monkeys, ii. [277];
  • on the odour of Cervus campestris, ii. [279];
  • on the beards of Mycetes caraya and Pithecia Satanas, ii. [283];
  • on the colours of Felis mitis, ii. [287];
  • on the colours of Cervus paludosus, ii. [290];
  • on sexual differences of colour in Mycetes, ii. [291];
  • on the colour of the infant Guaranys, ii. [318];
  • on the early maturity of the female of Cebus azaræ, ii. [318];
  • on the beards of the Guaranys, ii. [322], [323];
  • on the emotional notes employed by monkeys, ii. [336];
  • on American polygamous monkeys, ii. [362].
• Representative species, of birds, ii. [190], [191].
• Reproduction, unity of phenomena of, throughout the mammalia, i. [13];
  • period of, in birds, ii. [214].
• Reproductive system, rudimentary structures in the, i. [30];
  • accessory parts of, i. [207].
• Reptiles, ii. [28].
• Reptiles and birds, alliance of, i. [213].
• Resemblances, small, between man and the apes, i. [191].
• Retrievers, exercise of reasoning faculties by, i. [48].
• Revenge, manifested by animals, i. [40].
• Reversion, i. [122];
  • perhaps the cause of some bad dispositions, i. [173].
• Rhagium, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. [367].
• Ramphastos carinatus, ii. [227].
• Rhinoceros, nakedness of, i. [148];
  • horns of, ii. [247];
  • horns of, used defensively, ii. [263];
  • attacking white or grey horses, ii. [295].
• Rhynchæa, sexes and young of, ii. [202].
• Rhynchæa australis, ii. [203].
• Rhynchæa bengalensis, ii. [203].
• Rhynchæa capensis, ii. [202].
• Rhythm, perception of, by animals, ii. [333].
• Richard, M., on rudimentary muscles in man, i. [19].
• Richardson, Sir J., on the pairing of Tetrao umbellus, ii. [49];
  • on Tetrao urophasianus, ii. [58];
  • on the drumming of grouse, ii. [63];
  • on the dances of Tetrao phasianellus, ii. [69];
  • on assemblages of grouse, ii. [101];
  • on the battles of male deer, ii. [240];
  • on the reindeer, ii. [244];
  • on the horns of the musk-ox, ii. [247];
  • on antlers of the reindeer with numerous points, ii. [252];
  • on the moose, ii. [259].
• Richardson, on the Scotch deerhound, ii. [261].
• Richter, Jean Paul, on imagination, i. [45].
• Riedel, on profligate female pigeons, ii. [119].
• Ring-ouzel, colours and nidification of the, ii. [170].
• Ripa, Father, on the difficulty of distinguishing the races of the Chinese, i. [215].
• Rivalry, in singing, between male birds, ii. [53].
• River-hog, African, tusks and knobs of the, ii. [266].
• Rivers, analogy of, to islands, i. [204].
• Roach, brightness of male during breeding-season, ii. [13].
• Robbery, of strangers, considered honourable, i. [94].
• Robertson, Mr., remarks on the development of the horns in the roebuck and red-deer, i. [288].
• Robin, pugnacity of the male, ii. [40];
  • autumn song of the, ii. [54];
  • female, singing of the, ii. [54];
  • attacking other birds with red in their plumage, ii. [111];
  • young of the, ii. [208].
• Robinet, on the difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the silk-moth, i. [346].
• Rodents, uterus in the, i. [123];
  • absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [268];
  • sexual differences in the colours of, ii. [286].
• Roe, winter change of the, ii. [299].
• Rolle, F., on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on a change in German families settled in Georgia, i. [246].
• Roller, ii. [56].
• Romans, ancient, gladiatorial exhibitions of the, i. [101].
• Rook, voice of the, ii. [61].
• Rössler, Dr., on the resemblance of the lower surface of butterflies to the bark of trees, i. [392].
• Rostrum, sexual difference in the length of, in some weevils, i. [255].
• Rudimentary organs, i. [17];
  • origin of, i. [32].
• Rudiments, presence of, in languages, i. [60].
• Rudolph, on the want of connexion between climate and the colour of the skin, i. [241].
• Ruff, supposed to be polygamous, i. [270];
  • proportion of the sexes in the, i. [306];
  • pugnacity of the, ii. [41], [48];
  • double moult in, ii. [81], [84];
  • duration of dances of, ii. [100];
  • attraction of the, to bright objects, ii. [111].
• Ruminants, male, disappearance of canine teeth in, i. [144], ii. [325];
  • generally polygamous, i. [266];
  • analogy of Lamellicorn beetles to, i. [373];
  • suborbital pits of, ii. [280];
  • sexual differences of colour in, ii. [287].
• Rupicola crocea, display of plumage by the male, ii. [87].
• Rüppell, on canine teeth in deer and antelopes, ii. [258].
• Russia, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Ruticilla, ii. [180].
• Rütimeyer, Prof., on the physiognomy of the apes, i. [149];
  • on the sexual differences of monkeys, ii. [323].
• Rutlandshire, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• 
  S.
• Sachs, Prof., on the behaviour of the male and female elements in fertilisation, i. [274].
• Sacrifices, Human, i. [182].
• Sagittal crest in male apes and Australians, ii. [319].
• Sahara, birds of the, ii. [172];
  • animal inhabitants of the, ii. [224].
• Sailors, growth of, delayed by conditions of life, i. [114];
  • long-sighted, i. [118].
• Sailors and soldiers, difference in the proportions of, i. [116].
• St. John, Mr., on the attachment of mated birds, ii. [108].
• St. Kilda, beards of the inhabitants of, ii. [321].
• Salmo eriox, and S. umbla, colouring of the male, during the breeding season, ii. [14].
• Salmo lycaodon, ii. [4].
• Salmo salar, ii. [4].
• Salmon, leaping out of fresh water, i. [83];
  • male, ready to breed before the female, i. [260];
  • proportion of the sexes in, i. [308];
  • male, pugnacity of the, ii. [3];
  • male, characters of, during the breeding season, ii. [3], [14];
  • spawning of the, ii. [19];
  • breeding of immature male, ii. [215].
• Salvin, O., on the Humming-birds, i. [269], ii. [168];
  • on the numerical proportion of the sexes in Humming-birds, i. [307], ii. [221];
  • on Chamæpetes and Penelope, ii. [64];
  • on Selasphorus platycercus, ii. [65];
  • on Pipra deliciosa, ii. [66];
  • on Chasmorhynchus, ii. [79].
• Samoa Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, ii. [322], [349].
• Sand-skipper, i. [334].
• Sandwich Islands, variation in the skulls of the natives of the, i. [108];
• superiority of the nobles in the, ii. [356].
• Sandwich Islanders, lice of, i. [219].
• San-Giuliano, women of, ii. [357].
• Santali, recent rapid increase of the, i. [133];
  • Mr. Hunter on the, i. [241].
• Saphirina, characters of the males of, i. [335].
• Sarkidiornis melanonotus, characters of the young, ii. [185].
• Sars, O., on Pontoporeia offinis, i. [329].
• Saturnia carpini, attraction of males by the female, i. [311].
• Saturnia Io, difference of coloration in the sexes of, i. [398].
• Saturniidæ, coloration of the, i. [396], [398].
• Savage, Dr., on the fighting of the male gorillas, ii. [324];
  • on the habits of the gorilla, ii. [363].
• Savage and Wyman, on the polygamous habits of the gorilla, i. [266].
• Savages, imitative faculties of, i. [57], [161];
  • causes of low morality of, i. [97];
  • uniformity of, exaggerated, i. [111];
  • long-sighted, i. [118];
  • rate of increase among, usually small, i. [132];
  • retention of the prehensile power of the feet by, i. [142];
  • tribes of, supplanting one another, i. [160];
  • improvements in the arts among, i. [182];
  • arts of, i. [234];
  • fondness of, for rough music, ii. [67];
  • attention paid by, to personal appearance, ii. [338];
  • relation of the sexes among, ii. [363].
• Saw-fly, pugnacity of a male, i. [364].
• Saw-flies, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Saxicola rubicola, young of, ii. [220].
• Scalp, motion of the, i. [20].
• Scent-glands in snakes, ii. [30].
• Schaaffhausen, Prof., on the development of the posterior molars in different races of man, i. [26];
  • on the jaw from La Naulette, i. [126];
  • on the correlation between muscularity and prominent supra-orbital ridges, i. [130];
  • on the mastoid processes of man, i. [143];
  • on modifications of the cranial bones, i. [147];
  • on human sacrifices, i. [182];
  • on the probable speedy extermination of the anthropomorphous apes, i. [201];
  • on the ancient inhabitants of Europe, i. [237];
  • on the effects of use and disuse of parts, i. [247];
  • on the superciliary ridge in man, ii. [316];
  • on the absence of race-differences in the infant skull in man, ii. [318];
  • on ugliness, ii. [354].
• Schaum, H., on the elytra of Dytiscus and Hydroporus, i. [343].
• Schelver, on dragon-flies, i. [363].
• Schiodte, on the stridulation of Heterocerus, i. [379].
• Schlegel, F. von, on the complexity of the languages of uncivilised peoples, i. [61].
• Schlegel, Prof., on Tanysiptera, ii. [190].
• Schleicher, Prof., on the origin of language, i. [56].
• Schleiden, Prof., on the rattle-snake, ii. [30].
• Schomburgk, Sir R., on the pugnacity of the male musk-duck of Guiana, ii. [43];
  • on the courtship of Rupicola crocea, ii. [87].
• Schoolcraft, Mr., on the difficulty of fashioning stone implements, i. [138].
• Sclater, P. L., on modified secondary wing-feathers in the males of Pipra, ii. [65];
  • on elongated feathers in nightjars, ii. [73];
  • on the species of Chasmorhynchus, ii. [79];
  • on the plumage of Pelecanus onocrotalus, ii. [85];
  • on the plantain-eaters, ii. [177];
  • on the sexes and young of Tadorna variegata, ii. [206];
  • on the colours of Lemur macaco, ii. [290];
  • on the stripes in asses, ii. [305].
• Scolecida, absence of secondary sexual characters in, i. [321].
• Scolopax frenata, tail-feathers of, ii. [64].
• Scolopax gallinago, drumming of, ii. [63].
• Scolopax javensis, tail-feathers of, ii. [64].
• Scolopax major, assemblies of, ii. [101].
• Scolopax Wilsonii, sound produced by, ii. [64].
• Scolytus, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Scoter-duck, black, sexual difference in coloration of the, ii. [226];
  • bright beak of male, ii. [227].
• Scott, J., on the colour of the beard in man, ii. [319].
• Scrope, on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. [3];
  • on the battles of stags, ii. [240].
• Scudder, S. H., imitation of the stridulation of the Orthoptera, i. [353];
  • on the stridulation of the ACRIDIIDÆ, i. [356];
  • on a Devonian insect, i. [360];
  • on stridulation, ii. [331].
• Sculpture, expression of the ideal of beauty by, ii. [350].
• Sea-anemonies, bright colours of, i. [322].
• Sea-bear, polygamous, i. [268].
• Sea-elephant, male, structure of the nose of the, ii. [278];
  • polygamous, i. [268].
• Sea-lion, polygamous, i. [268].
• Seal, bladder-nose, ii. [278].
• Seals, their sentinels generally females, i. [74];
  • evidence furnished by, on classification, i. [190];
  • sexual differences in the coloration of, ii. [287];
  • appreciation of music by, ii. [333];
  • battles of male, ii. [240];
  • canine teeth of male, ii. [241];
  • polygamous habits of, i. [268];
  • pairing of, ii. [269];
  • sexual peculiarities of, ii. [277].
• Sea-scorpion, sexual differences in, ii. [9].
• Season, changes of colour in birds, in accordance with the, ii. [80];
  • changes of plumage of birds in relation to, ii. [180].
• Seasons, inheritance at corresponding, i. [282].
• Sebituani, ii. [340].
• Sebright Bantam, i. [294].
• Secondary sexual characters, i. [253];
  • relations of polygamy to, i. [266];
  • gradation of, in birds, ii. [135];
  • transmitted through both sexes, i. [279].
• Sedgwick, W., on hereditary tendency to produce twins, i. [133].
• Seemann, Dr., on the different appreciation of music by different peoples, ii. [334];
  • on the effects of music, ii. [335].
• Selasphorus platycercus, acuminate first primary of the male, ii. [65].
• Selby, P. J., on the habits of the black and red grouse, i. [269].
• Selection, double, i. [276].
• Selection of male by female birds, ii. [99], [122].
• Selection, methodical, of Prussian grenadiers, i. [112].
• Selection, sexual, influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera, i. [403];
  • explanation of, i. [256], [260], [271].
• Selection, sexual and natural, contrasted, i. [278].
• Self-command, habit of, inherited, i. [92];
  • estimation of, i. [95].
• Self-consciousness, i. [62].
• Self-preservation, instinct of, i. [89].
• Self-sacrifice, by savages, i. [88];
  • estimation of, i. [95].
• Semilunar fold, i. [23].
• Semnopithecus, i. [197];
  • long hair on the heads of species of, i. [192]; ii. [380].
• Semnopithecus chrysomelas, sexual differences of colour in ii. [291].
• Semnopithecus comatus, ornamental hair on the head of, ii. [307].
• Semnopithecus frontatus, beard, &c., of, ii. [308].
• Semnopithecus nasica, nose of, i. [192].
• Semnopithecus nemæus, colouring of, ii. [310].
• Semnopithecus rubicundus, ornamental hair on the head of, ii. [306].
• Senses, inferiority of Europeans to savages in the, i. [118].
• Sentinels, i. [74], [82].
• Serpents, instinctively dreaded by apes and monkeys, i. [37], [42].
• Serranus, hermaphroditism in, i. [208].
• Sex, inheritance limited by, i. [282].
• Sexes, relative proportions of, in man, i. [300], ii. [320];
  • probable relation of the, in primeval man, ii. [362].
• Sexual characters, secondary, i. [253];
  • relations of polygamy to, i. [266];
  • transmitted through both sexes, i. [279]; gradation of, in birds, ii. [135].
• Sexual and natural selection, contrasted, i. [278].
• Sexual characters, effects of the loss of, i. [284];
  • limitation of, i. [284].
• Sexual differences in man, i. [14].
• Sexual selection, explanation of, i. [256], [260], [271];
  • influence of, on the colouring of Lepidoptera, i. [403];
  • action of, in mankind, ii. [368].
• Sexual similarity, i. [277].
• Sharks, prehensile organs of male, ii. [1].
• Sharpe, R. B., on Tanysiptera sylvia, ii. [165];
  • on Ceryle, ii. [173];
  • on the young male of Dacelo Gaudichaudi, ii. [188].
• Shaw, Mr., on the pugnacity of the male salmon, ii. [3].
• Shaw, J., on the decorations of birds, ii. [71].
• Sheep, danger-signals of, i. [74];
  • sexual differences in the horns of, i. [283];
  • horns of, i. [289], ii. [246], [259];
  • domestic, sexual differences of, late developed, i. [293];
  • numerical proportion of the sexes in, i. [304];
  • mode of fighting of, ii. [249];
  • arched foreheads of some, ii. [284].
• Sheep, Merino, loss of horns in females of, i. [284];
  • horns of, i. [289].
• Shells, difference in form of, in male and female Gasteropoda, i. [324];
  • beautiful colours and shapes of, i. [326].
• Shield-drake, pairing with a common duck, ii. [114];
  • New Zealand, sexes and young of, ii. [206].
• Shooter, J., on the Kafirs, ii. [347];
  • on the marriage-customs of the Kafirs, ii. [373].
• Shrew-mice, odour of, ii. [279].
• Shrike, Drongo, ii. [179].
• Shrikes, characters of young, ii. [185].
• Shuckard, W. E., on sexual differences in the wings of Hymenoptera, i. [345].
• Shyness of adorned male birds, ii. [97].
• Siagonium, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314];
  • dimorphism in males of, i. [374].
• Siam, proportion of male and female births in, i. [303].
• Siamese, general beardlessness of the, ii. [321];
  • notions of beauty of the, ii. [345];
  • hairy family of, ii. [378].
• Siebold, C. T. von, on the auditory apparatus of the stridulant orthoptera, i. [353].
• Sight, inheritance of long and short, i. [118].
• Signal-cries of monkeys, i. [57].
• Silk-moth, difference of size of the male and female cocoons of the, i. [346];
  • pairing of the, i. [401];
  • male, fertilising two or three females, i. [406];
  • proportion of the sexes in, i. [309], [311];
  • Ailanthus, Prof. Canestrini, on the destruction of its larvæ by wasps, i. [311].
• Simiadæ, i. [195];
  • their origin and divisions, i. [213].
• Similarity, sexual, i. [277].
• Singing of the Cicadæ and Fulgoridæ, i. [351];
  • of tree-frogs, ii. [27];
  • of birds, object of the, ii. [52].
• Sirenia, nakedness of, i. [148].
• Sirex juvencus, i. [365].
• Siricidæ, difference of the sexes in, i. [365].
• Siskin, ii. [85];
  • pairing with a canary, ii. [115].
• Sitana, throat-pouch of the males of, ii. [33], [36].
• Size, relative, of the sexes of insects, i. [345].
• Skin, movement of the, i. [19];
  • nakedness of, in man, i. [148];
  • colour of the, i. [241].
• Skin and hair, correlation of colour of, i. [248].
• Skull, variation of, in man, i. [108];
  • cubic contents of, no absolute test of intellect, i. [145];
  • Neanderthal, capacity of the, i. [146];
  • causes of modification of the, i. [147];
  • difference of, in form and capacity, in different races of men, i. [216];
  • variability of the shape of the, i. [226];
  • differences of, in the sexes in man, ii. [317];
  • artificial modifications of the shape of, ii. [340].
• Skunk, odour emitted by the, ii. [279].
• Slavery, prevalence of, i. [94];
  • of women, ii. [366].
• Slaves, difference between those of field and house, i. [246].
• Smell, sense of, in man and animals, i. [23].
• Smith, Adam, on the basis of sympathy, i. [82].
• Smith, Sir A., on the recognition of women by male Cynocephali, i. [13];
  • on an instance of memory in a baboon, i. [45];
  • on the retention of their colour by the Dutch in South Africa, i. [242];
  • on the polygamy of the South African antelopes, i. [267];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in Kobus ellipsiprymnus, i. [305];
  • on Bucephalus capensis, ii. [29];
  • on South African lizards, ii. [37];
  • on fighting gnus, ii. [240];
  • on the horns of rhinoceroses, ii. [248];
  • on the fighting of lions, ii. [266];
  • on the colours of the Cape Eland, ii. [288];
  • on the colours of the gnu, ii. [289];
  • on Hottentot notions of beauty, ii. [345].
• Smith, F., on the Cynipidæ and Tenthredinidæ, i. [314];
  • on the relative size of the sexes of Aculeate Hymenoptera, i. [347];
  • on the difference between the sexes of ants and bees, i. [365];
  • on the stridulation of Trox sabulosus, i. [380];
  • on the stridulation of Mononychus pseudacori, i. [382].
• Smynthurus luteus, courtship of, i. [348].
• Snakes, sexual differences of, ii. [29];
  • male, ardency of, ii. [30].
• “Snarling muscles,” i. [127].
• Snipe, drumming of the, ii. [63];
  • coloration of the, ii. [226].
• Snipe, painted, sexes and young of, ii. [202].
• Snipe, solitary, assemblies of, ii. [101].
• Snipes, arrival of male before the female, i. [260];
  • pugnacity of male, ii. [43];
  • double moult in, ii. [80].
• Snow-goose, whiteness of the, ii. [228].
• Social animals, affection of, for each other, i. [76];
  • defence of, by the males, i. [83].
• Sociability, the sense of duty connected with, i. [71];
  • impulse to, in animals, i. [79], [80];
  • manifestations of, in man, i. [84];
  • instinct of, in animals, i. [86].
• Sociality, probable, of primeval men, i. [155];
  • influence of, on the development of the intellectual faculties, i. [160];
  • origin of, in man, i. [161].
• Soldiers, American, measurements of, i. [114].
• Soldiers and sailors, difference in the proportions of, i. [116].
• Solenostoma, bright colours and marsupial sack of the females of, ii. [22].
• Song of male birds appreciated by their females, i. [63];
  • want of, in brilliant plumaged birds, ii. [94];
  • of birds, ii. [163].
• Sorex, odour of, ii. [279].
• Sounds admired alike by man and animals, i. [64];
  • produced by fishes, ii. [23];
  • produced by male frogs and toads, ii. [27];
  • instrumentally produced by birds, ii. [63] et seqq.
• Spain, decadence of, i. [178].
• Sparassus smaragdulus, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [337], [338].
• Sparrow, pugnacity of the male, ii. [40];
  • acquisition of the Linnet’s song by a, ii. [55];
  • coloration of the, ii. [198];
  • immature plumage of the, ii. [188].
• Sparrow, white-crowned, young of the, ii. [217].
• Sparrows, house- and tree-, ii. [170].
• Sparrows, new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Sparrows, sexes and young of, ii. [212];
  • learning to sing, ii. [334].
• Spathura Underwoodi, ii. [77].
• Spawning of fishes, ii. [15], [19].
• Spear, origin of the, i. [234].
• Species, causes of the advancement of, i. [172];
  • distinctive characters of, i. [214];
  • or races of man, i. [217];
  • sterility and fertility of, when crossed, i. [122];
  • supposed, of man, i. [226];
  • gradation of, i. [227];
  • difficulty of defining, i. [228];
  • representative, of birds, ii. [190], [191];
  • of birds, comparative differences between the sexes of distinct, ii. [192].
• Spectre-insects, mimickry of leaves by, i. [414].
• Spectrum femoratum, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [361].
• Speech, connection between the brain and the faculty of, i. [58].
• “Spel” of the black-cock, ii. [60].
• Spencer, Herbert, on the dawn of intelligence, i. [37];
  • on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. [66];
  • on the origin of the moral sense, i. [101];
  • on the influence of food on the size of the jaws, i. [118];
  • on the ratio between individuation and genesis, i. [318];
  • on music, ii. [336].
• Sperm-whales, battles of male, ii. [240].
• Sphingidæ, coloration of the, i. [396].
• Sphinx, Humming-bird, i. [399].
• Sphinx, Mr. Bates on the caterpillar of a, i. [416].
• Spiders, i. [337];
  • male, more active than female, i. [272];
  • proportion of the sexes in, i. [314];
  • male, small size of, i. [338].
• Spilosoma menthrasti, rejected by turkeys, i. [398].
• Spine, alteration of, to suit the erect attitude of man, i. [143].
• Spirits, fondness of monkeys for, i. [12].
• Spiritual agencies, belief in, almost universal, i. [65].
• Spoonbill, ii. [60];
  • Chinese, change of plumage in, ii. [179].
• Spots, retained throughout groups of birds, i. [131];
  • disappearance of, in adult mammals, ii. [303].
• Sprengel, C. K., on the sexuality of plants, i. [260].
• Spring-boc, horns of the, ii. [251].
• Sproat, Mr., on the extinction of savages in Vancouver Island, i. [239];
  • on the eradication of facial hair by the natives of Vancouver Island, ii. [348];
  • on the eradication of the beard by the Indians of Vancouver Island, ii. [380].
• Spurs, occurrence of, in female fowls, i. [280], [284];
  • development of, in various species of Phasianidæ, i. [290];
  • of Gallinaceous birds, ii. [44], [46];
  • development of, in female Gallinaceæ, ii. [162].
• Squilla, different colours of the sexes of a species of, i. [335].
• Squirrels, battles of male, ii. [239];
  • African, sexual differences in the colouring of, ii. [286];
  • black, ii. [294].
• Stag, long hairs of the throat of, ii. [268];
  • horns of the, i. [279], [282];
  • battles of, ii. [240];
  • horns of the, with numerous branches, ii. [252];
  • bellowing of the, ii. [274];
  • crest of the, ii. [282].
• Stag-beetle, large size of male, i. [347];
  • weapons of the male, i. [375];
  • numerical proportion of sexes of, i. [313].
• Stainton, H. T., on the numerical proportion of the sexes in the smaller moths, i. [310];
  • habits of Elachista rufocinerea, i. [311];
  • on the coloration of moths, i. [397];
  • on the rejection of Spilosoma menthrasti, by turkeys, i. [398];
  • on the sexes of Agrotis exclamationis, i. [399].
• Stallion, mane of the, ii. [268].
• Stallions, two, attacking a third, i. [75];
  • fighting, ii. [241];
  • small canine teeth of, ii. [258].
• Stansbury, Capt., observations on pelicans, i. [77].
• Staphylinidæ, hornlike processes in male, i. [374].
• Starfishes, bright colours of some, i. [322].
• Stark, Dr., on the death-rate in towns and rural districts, i. [175];
  • on the influence of marriage on mortality, i. [176];
  • on the higher mortality of males in Scotland, i. [302].
• Starling, American field, pugnacity of male, ii. [51].
• Starling, red-winged, selection of a mate by the female, ii. [116].
• Starlings, three, frequenting the same nest, i. [269], ii. [106];
  • new mates found by, ii. [105].
• Statues, Greek, Egyptian, Assyrian, &c., contrasted, ii. [350].
• Stature, dependence of, upon local influences, i. [114].
• Staudinger, Dr., his list of Lepidoptera, i. [312];
  • on breeding Lepidoptera, i. [311].
• Staunton, Sir G., hatred of indecency a modern virtue, i. [96].
• Stealing of bright objects by birds, ii. [112].
• Stebbing, T. R., on the nakedness of the human body, ii. [375].
• Stemmatopus, ii. [278].
• Stenobothrus pratorum, stridulating organs of, i. [357].
• Sterility, general, of sole daughters, i. [170];
  • when crossed, a distinctive character of species, i. [214].
• Sterna, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. [228].
• Stickle-back, polygamous, i. [271];
  • male, courtship of the, ii. [2];
  • male, brilliant colouring of, during the breeding season, ii. [14];
  • nidification of the, ii. [20].
• Sticks used as implements and weapons by monkeys, i. [51].
• Sting in bees, i. [254].
• Stokes, Capt., on the habits of the great Bower-bird, ii. [70].
• Stonechat, young of the, ii. [220].
• Stone implements, difficulty of making, i. [138];
• as traces of extinct tribes, i. [237].
• Stones, used by monkeys for breaking hard fruits and as missiles, i. [140];
  • piles of, i. [233].
• Stork, black, sexual differences in the bronchi of the, ii. [60];
  • red beak of the, ii. [227].
• Storks, ii. [226], [230];
  • sexual difference in the colour of the eyes of, ii. [128].
• Strange, Mr., on the Satin Bower-bird, ii. [69].
• Stretch, Mr., on the numerical proportion in the sexes of chickens, i. [306].
• Strepsiceros kudu, horns of, ii. [255];
  • markings of, ii. [300].
• Stridulation, by males of Theridion, i. [339];
  • of the Orthoptera and Homoptera discussed, i. [360];
  • of beetles, i. [378].
• Stripes, retained throughout groups of birds, ii. [131];
  • disappearance of, in adult mammals, ii. [303].
• Strix flammea, ii. [105].
• Structure, existence of unserviceable modifications of, i. [153].
• Struggle for existence, in man, i. [180], [185].
• Struthers, Dr., on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the humerus of man, i. [28].
• Sturnella ludoviciana, pugnacity of the male, ii. [51].
• Sturnus vulgaris, ii. [105].
• Sub-species, i. [227].
• Suffering, in strangers, indifference of savages to, i. [94].
• Suicide, i. [172];
  • formerly not regarded as a crime, i. [94];
  • rarely practised among the lowest savages, i. [94].
• Suidæ, stripes of young, ii. [184].
• Sumatra, compression of the nose by the Malays of, ii. [352].
• Sumner, Archb., man alone capable of progressive improvement, i. [49].
• Sun-birds, nidification of, ii. [169].
• Superstitions, i. [182];
  • prevalence of, i. [99].
• Superstitious customs, i. [68].
• Superciliary ridge in man, ii. [316], [318].
• Supernumerary digits, more frequent in men than in women, i. [276];
  • inheritance of, i. [285];
  • early development of, i. [292].
• Supra-condyloid foramen in the early progenitors of man, i. [206].
• Suspicion, prevalence of, among animals, i. [39].
• Sulivan, Sir B. J., on two stallions attacking a third, ii. [241].
• Swallow-tail Butterfly, i. [393].
• Swallows deserting their young, i. [84], [90].
• Swan, black, red beak of the, ii. [227];
  • black-necked, ii. [230];
  • white, young of, ii. [211];
  • wild, trachea of the, ii. [59].
• Swans, ii. [226], [230];
  • young, ii. [208].
• Swaysland, Mr., on the arrival of migratory birds, i. [259].
• Swinhoe, R., on the common rat in Formosa and China, i. [50];
  • on the sounds produced by the male Hoopoe, ii. [62];
  • on Dicrurus macrocercus and the Spoonbill, ii. [179];
  • on the young of Ardeola, ii. [190];
  • on the habits of Turnix, ii. [202];
  • on the habits of Rhynchæa bengalensis, ii. [203];
  • on Orioles breeding in immature plumage, ii. [214], [215].
• Sylvia atricapilla, young of, ii. [219].
• Sylvia cinerea, aerial love-dance of the male, ii. [68].
• Sympathy, i. [168];
  • among animals, i. [77];
  • its supposed basis, i. [82].
• Sympathies, gradual widening of, i. [100].
• Syngnathous fishes, abdominal pouch in male, i. [210].
• Sypheotides auritus, acuminated primaries of the male, ii. [64];
  • ear-tufts of, ii. [73].
• 
  T.
• Tabanidæ, habits of, i. [254].
• Tadorna variegata, sexes and young of, ii. [206].
• Tadorna vulpanser, ii. [114].
• Tahitians, i. [183];
  • compression of the nose by the, ii. [352].
• Tail, rudimentary, occurrence of, in man, i. [29];
  • convoluted body in the extremity of the, i. [30];
  • absence of, in man and the higher apes, i. [150], [194];
  • variability of, in species of Macacus and in baboons, i. [150];
  • presence of, in the early progenitors of man, i. [206];
  • length of, in pheasants, ii. [156], [164], [166];
  • difference of length of the, in the two sexes of birds, ii. [164].
• Tait, Lawson, on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. [168].
• Tanager, scarlet, variation in the male, ii. [126].
• Tanagra æstiva, ii. [180];
  • age of mature plumage in, ii. [213].
• Tanagra rubra, ii. [126];
  • young of, ii. [220].
• Tanais, absence of mouth in the males of some species of, i. [255];
  • relations of the sexes in, i. [315];
  • dimorphic males of a species of, i. [328].
• Tankerville, Earl, on the battles of wild bulls, ii. [240].
• Tanysiptera, races of, determined from adult males, ii. [190].
• Tanysiptera sylvia, long tail-feathers of, ii. [165].
• Taphroderes distortus, enlarged left mandible of the male, i. [344].
• Tapirs, longitudinal stripes of young, ii. [184], [303].
• Tarsi, dilatation of front, in male beetles, i. [343].
• Tarsius, i. [200].
• Tasmania, half-castes killed by the natives of, i. [220].
• Tattooing, i. [232];
  • universality of, ii. [339].
• Taste, in the Quadrumana, ii. [296].
• Taylor, G. on Quiscalus major, i. [307].
• Tea, fondness of monkeys for, i. [12].
• Tear-sacks, of Ruminants, ii. [280].
• Teebay, Mr., on changes of plumage in spangled Hamburgh fowls, i. [281].
• Teeth, rudimentary incisor, in Ruminants, i. [17];
  • posterior molar, in man, i. [25];
  • wisdom, i. [26];
  • diversity of, i. [108];
  • canine, in the early progenitors of man, i. [206];
  • canine, of male mammals, ii. [241];
  • in man, reduced by correlation, ii. [325];
  • staining of the, ii. [339];
  • front, knocked out or filed by some savages, ii. [340].
• Tegetmeier, Mr., on the abundance of male pigeons, i. [306];
  • on the wattles of game-cocks, ii. [98];
  • on the courtship of fowls, ii. [117];
  • on dyed pigeons, ii. [118].
• Tembeta, ii. [341].
• Temper, in dogs and horses, inherited, i. [40].
• Tench, proportions of the sexes in the, i. [308], [309];
  • brightness of male, during breeding season, ii. [13].
• Tenebrionidæ, stridulation of, i. [379].
• Tennent, Sir J. E., on the tusks of the Ceylon Elephant, ii. [248], [258];
  • on the frequent absence of beard in the natives of Ceylon, ii. [321];
  • on the Chinese opinion of the aspect of the Cingalese, ii. [345].
• Tennyson, A., on the control of thought, i. [101].
• Tenthredinidæ, proportions of the sexes in, i. [314];
  • fighting habits of male, i. [364];
  • difference of the sexes in, i. [365].
• Tephrodornis, young of, ii. [190].
• Terai, i. [237].
• Termites, habits of, i. [364].
• Terns, white, ii. [228];
  • and black, ii. [230].
• Terns, seasonal change of plumage in, ii. [228].
• Terror, common action of, upon the lower animals and man, i. [39].
• Testudo nigra, ii. [28].
• Tetrao cupido, battles of, ii. [50];
  • sexual difference in the vocal organs of, ii. [56].
• Tetrao phasianellus, dances of, ii. [68];
  • duration of dances of, ii. [100].
• Tetrao scoticus, ii. [170], [185], [194].
• Tetrao tetrix, ii. [170], [185], [194];
  • pugnacity of the male. ii. [45].
• Tetrao umbellus, pairing of, ii. [49];
  • battles of, ii. [50];
  • drumming of the male, ii. [61].
• Tetrao urogalloides, dances of, ii. [100].
• Tetrao urogallus, pugnacity of the male, ii. [45].
• Tetrao urophasianus, inflation of the œsophagus in the male, ii. [57].
• Thamnobia, young of, ii. [190].
• Thaumalea picta, display of plumage by the male, ii. [89].
• Thecla, sexual differences of colouring in species of, i. [389].
• Thecla rubi, protective colouring of, i. [392].
• Theridion, i. [337];
  • stridulation of males of, i. [339].
• Theridion lineatum, variability of, i. [338].
• Thomisus citreus, and T. floricolens, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [337].
• Thompson, J. H., on the battles of sperm-whales, ii. [240].
• Thompson, W., on the colouring of the male char during the breeding season, ii. [14];
  • on the finding of new mates by magpies, ii. [103];
  • on the finding of new mates by Peregrine falcons, ii. [104].
• Thorax, processes of, in male beetles, i. [370].
• Thorell, T., on the proportion of the sexes in spiders, i. [315].
• Thornback, difference in the teeth of the two sexes of the, ii. [6].
• Thoughts, control of, i. [101].
• Thrush, pairing with a blackbird, ii. [113];
  • colours and nidification of the, ii. [170].
• Thrushes, characters of young, ii. [185], [269].
• Thug, his regrets, i. [94].
• Thumb, absence of, in Ateles and Hylobates, i. [140].
• Thury, M., on the numerical proportion of male and female births among the Jews, i. [301].
• Thylacinus, possession of the marsupial sack by the male, i. [208].
• Thysanura, i. [348].
• Tibia, dilated, of the male Crabro cribrarius, i. [343].
• Tibia and femur, proportions of, in the Aymara Indians, i. [119].
• Tierra del Fuego, marriage-customs of, ii. [373].
• Tiger, colours and markings of the, ii. [302].
• Tigers, depopulation of districts by, in India, i. [134].
• Tillus elongatus, difference of colour in the sexes of, i. [368].
• Timidity, variability of, in the same species, i. [40].
• Tineina, proportion of the sexes in, i. [310].
• Tipula, pugnacity of male, i. [349].
• Tits, sexual difference of colour in, ii. [174].
• Toads, ii. [25];
  • male, treatment of ova by some, i. [210];
  • male, ready to breed before the female, i. [260].
• Toe, great, condition of, in the human embryo, i. [17].
• Tomtit, blue, sexual difference of colour in the, ii. [174].
• Tonga Islands, beardlessness of the natives of, ii. [322], [349].
• Tooke, Horne, on language, i. [55].
• Tools, flint, i. [183];
  • used by monkeys, i. [51];
  • use of, i. [137].
• Top-knots in birds, ii. [74].
• Tomicus villosus, proportion of the sexes in, i. [314].
• Tortoise, voice of the male, ii. [331].
• Tortures, submitted to by American savages, i. [95].
• Totanus, double moult in, ii. [81].
• Toucans, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171];
  • beaks and ceres of the, ii. [227].
• Towns, residence in, a cause of diminished stature, i. [115].
• Toynbee, J., on the external shell of the ear in man, i. [21].
• Trachea, convoluted and imbedded in the sternum, in some birds, ii. [59];
  • structure of the, in Rhynchæa, ii. [203].
• Trades, affecting the form of the skull, i. [147].
• Tragelaphus, sexual differences of colour in, ii. [288].
• Tragelaphus scriptus, dorsal crest of, ii. [282];
  • markings of, ii. [299], [300].
• Tragopan, i. [270];
  • swelling of the wattles of the male, during courtship, ii. [72];
  • display of plumage by the male, ii. [91];
  • markings of the sexes of the, ii. [134].
• Tragops dispar, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [30].
• Training, effect of, on the mental difference between the sexes of man, ii. [329].
• Transfer of male characters to female birds, ii. [193].
• Transmission, equal, of ornamental characters, to both sexes in mammals, ii. [297].
• Traps, avoidance of, by animals, i. [49];
  • use of, i. [137].
• Treachery, to comrades, avoidance of, by savages, i. [88].
• Tremex columbæ, i. [365].
• Tribes, extinct, i. [160];
  • extinction of, i. [236].
• Trichius, difference of colour in the sexes of a species of, i. [368].
• Trimen, R., on the proportion of the sexes in South African butterflies, i. [310];
  • on the attraction of males by the female of Lasiocampa quercus, i. [312];
  • on Pneumora, i. [358];
  • on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. [367];
  • on moths brilliantly coloured beneath, i. [397];
  • on mimickry in butterflies, i. [412];
  • on Gynanisa Isis, and on the ocellated spots of Lepidoptera, ii. [132];
  • on Cyllo Leda, ii. [133].
• Tringa, sexes and young of, ii. [216].
• Tringa canutus, ii. [82].
• Triphæna, coloration of the species of, i. [395].
• Tristram, H. B., on unhealthy districts in North Africa, i. [244];
  • on the habits of the chaffinch in Palestine, i. [307];
  • on the birds of the Sahara, ii. [172];
  • on the animals inhabiting the Sahara, ii. [224].
• Triton cristatus, ii. [24].
• Triton palmipes, ii. [24].
• Triton punctatus, ii. [24], [25].
• Troglodytes vulgaris, ii. [198].
• Trogons, colours and nidification of the, ii. [171], [173].
• Tropic-birds, white only when mature, ii. [228].
• Tropics, freshwater fishes of the, ii. [17].
• Trout, proportion of the sexes in, i. [308];
  • male, pugnacity of the, ii. [3].
• Trox sabulosus, stridulation of, i. [380].
• Truth, not rare between members of the same tribe, i. [95];
  • more highly appreciated by certain tribes, i. [100].
• Tulloch, Major, on the immunity of the negro from certain fevers, i. [243].
• Tumbler, almond, change of plumage in the, i. [294].
• Turdus merula, ii. [170];
  • young of, ii. [219].
• Turdus migratorius, ii. [185].
• Turdus musicus, ii. [170].
• Turdus polyglottus, young of, ii. [219].
• Turdus torquatus, ii. [170].
• Turkey, swelling of the wattles of the male, ii. [72];
  • variety of, with a top-knot, ii. [74];
  • recognition of a dog by a, ii. [110];
  • wild, pugnacity of young male, ii. [48];
  • wild, notes of the, ii. [60];
  • male, wild, acceptable to domesticated females, ii. [119];
  • wild, first advances made by older females, ii. [121];
  • wild, breast-tuft of bristles of the, ii. [179].
• Turkey-cock, scraping of the wings of, upon the ground, ii. [61];
  • wild, display of plumage by, ii. [87];
  • fighting habits of, ii. [98].
• Turner, Prof. W., on muscular fasciculi in man referable to the panniculus carnosus, i. [19];
  • on the occurrence of the supra-condyloid foramen in the human humerus, i. [28];
  • on muscles attached to the coccyx in man, i. [29];
  • on the filum terminale in man, i. [30];
  • on the variability of the muscles, i. [109];
  • on abnormal conditions of the human uterus, i. [123];
  • on the development of the mammary glands, i. [209];
  • on male fishes hatching ova in their mouths, i. [210].
• Turnix, sexes of some species of, ii. [201], [207].
• Turtle-dove, cooing of the, ii. [60].
• Tuttle, H., on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Tylor, E. B., on emotional cries, gestures, &c., of man, i. [54];
  • on the origin of the belief in spiritual agencies, i. [66];
  • on the primitive barbarism of civilised nations, i. [181];
  • on the origin of counting, i. [181];
  • on resemblances of the mental characters in different races of man, i. [232].
• Type of structure, prevalence of, i. [211].
• Typhœus, stridulating organs of, i. [378];
  • stridulation of, i. [380].
• Twins, tendency to produce, hereditary, i. [133].
• Twite, proportion of the sexes in the, i. [307].
• 
  U.
• Ugliness, said to consist in an approach to the lower animals, ii. [354].
• Umbrella-bird, ii. [58], [59].
• Umbrina, sounds produced by, ii. [23].
• United States, rate of increase in, i. [131];
  • influence of natural selection on the progress of, i. [179];
  • change undergone by Europeans in the, i. [246].
• Upupa epops, sounds produced by the male, ii. [62].
• Uraniidæ, coloration of the, i. [396].
• Uria troile, variety of, (= U. lacrymans), ii. [127].
• Urodela, ii. [24].
• Urosticte Benjamini, sexual differences in, ii. [151].
• Use and disuse of parts, effects of, i. [116];
  • influence of, on the races of man, i. [247].
• Uterus, reversion in the, i. [123];
  • more or less divided, in the human subject, i. [123], [130];
  • double, in the early progenitors of man, i. [206].
• 
  V.
• Vaccination, influence of, i. [168].
• Vancouver Island, Mr. Sproat on the savages of, i. [239];
  • natives of, eradication of facial hair by the, ii. [348].
• Vanellus cristatus, wing tubercles of the male, ii. [48].
• Vanessæ, i. [387];
  • resemblance of lower surface of, to bark of trees, i. [392].
• Variability, causes of, i. [111];
  • in man, analogous to that in the lower animals, i. [112];
  • of the races of man, i. [225];
  • greater in men than in women, i. [275];
  • period of, relation of the, to sexual selection, i. [296];
  • of birds, ii. [124];
  • of secondary sexual characters in man, ii. [320].
• Variation, correlated, i. [30];
  • laws of, i. [113];
  • in man, i. [185];
  • analogous, i. [194];
  • analogous, in plumage of birds, ii. [74].
• Variations, spontaneous, i. [131].
• Varieties, absence of, between two species, evidence of their distinctness, i. [215].
• Variety, an object in nature, ii. [230].
• Variola, communicable between man and the lower animals, i. [11].
• Vauréal, i. [29].
• Veddahs, monogamous habits of, ii. [363].
• Veitch, Mr., on the aversion of Japanese ladies to whiskers, ii. [349].
• Vengeance, instinct of, i. [89].
• Venus Erycina, priestesses of, ii. [357].
• Vermes, i. [327].
• Vermiform appendage, i. [27].
• Verreaux, M., on the attraction of numerous males by the female of an Australian Bombyx, i. [312].
• Vertebræ, caudal, number of, in macaques and baboons, i. [150];
  • of monkeys, partly imbedded in the body, i. [151].
• Vertebrata, ii. [1];
  • common origin of the, i. [203];
  • most ancient progenitors of, i. [212];
  • origin of the voice in air-breathing, ii. [331].
• Vesicula prostatica, the homologue of the uterus, i. [31], [208].
• Vibrissæ, represented by long hairs in the eyebrows, i. [25].
• Vidua, ii. [181].
• Vidua axillaris, i. [269].
• Villerme, M., on the influence of plenty upon stature, i. [115].
• Vinson, Aug., on the male of Epeira nigra, i. [338].
• Viper, difference of the sexes in the, ii. [29].
• Virey, on the number of species of man, i. [226].
• Virtues, originally social only, i. [93];
  • gradual appreciation of, i. [165].
• Viscera, variability of, in man, i. [109].
• Viti Archipelago, population of the, i. [225].
• Vlacovich, Prof., on the ischio-pubic muscle, i. [127].
• Vocal music of birds, ii. [51].
• Vocal organs of man, i. [58];
  • of birds, i. [59]; ii. [163];
  • of frogs, ii. [28];
  • of the Insessores, ii. [55];
  • difference of, in the sexes of birds, ii. [56];
  • primarily used in relation to the propagation of the species, ii. [330].
• Vogt, Carl, on the origin of species, i. [1];
  • on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on the semilunar fold in man, i. [23];
  • on the imitative faculties of microcephalous idiots, i. [57];
  • on microcephalous idiots, i. [121];
  • on skulls from Brazilian caves, i. [218];
  • on the evolution of the races of man, i. [230];
  • on the formation of the skull in women, ii. [317];
  • on the Ainos and negroes, ii. [321];
  • on the increased cranial difference of the sexes in man with race-development, ii. [329];
  • on the obliquity of the eye in the Chinese and Japanese, ii. [344].
• Voice in mammals, ii. [274];
  • in monkeys and man, ii. [319];
  • in man, ii. [330];
  • origin of, in air-breathing vertebrates, ii. [331].
• Von Baer, definition of advancement in the organic scale, i. [211].
• Vulpian, Prof., on the resemblance between the brains of man and of the higher apes, i. [11].
• Vultures, selection of a mate by the female, ii. [116];
• colours of, ii. [229].
• 
  W.
• Waders, young of, ii. [217].
• Wagner, R., on the occurrence of the diastema in a Kafir skull, i. [126];
  • on the bronchi of the black stork, ii. [60].
• Wagtail, Ray’s, arrival of the male before the female, i. [260].
• Wagtails, Indian, young of, ii. [190].
• Waist, proportions of, in soldiers and sailors, i. [117].
• Waitz, Prof., on the number of species of man, i. [226];
  • on the colour of Australian infants, ii. [318];
  • on the beardlessness of negroes, ii. [321];
  • on the fondness of mankind for ornaments, ii. [338];
  • on the liability of negroes to tropical fevers after residence in a cold climate, i. [243];
  • on negro ideas of female beauty, ii. [346];
  • on Javanese and Cochin Chinese ideas of beauty, ii. [347].
• Walckenaer and Gervais, on the Myriapoda, i. [340].
• Waldeyer, M., on the hermaphroditism of the vertebrate embryo, i. [207].
• Wales, North, numerical proportion of male and female births in, i. [301].
• Walker, Alex., on the large size of the hands of labourers’ children, i. [117].
• Walker, F., on sexual differences in the diptera, i. [348].
• Wallace, Dr. A., on the prehensile
• • use of the tarsi in male moths, i. [256];
  • on the rearing of the Ailanthus silk-moth, i. [311];
  • on breeding Lepidoptera, i. [311];
  • proportion of sexes of Bombyx cynthia, B. yamamai, and B. Pernyi, reared by, i. [313];
  • on the development of Bombyx cynthia and B. yamamai, i. [346];
  • on the pairing of Bombyx cynthia, i. [401];
  • on the fertilisation of moths, i. [406].
• Wallace, A. R., on the origin of man, i. [4];
  • on the power of imitation in man, i. [39];
  • on the use of missiles by the orang, i. [52];
  • on the varying appreciation of truth among different tribes, i. [100];
  • on the limits of natural selection in man, i. [137], [158];
  • on the occurrence of remorse among savages, i. [165];
  • on the effects of natural selection on civilised nations, i. [168];
  • on the use of the convergence of the hair at the elbow in the orang, i. [193];
  • on the contrast in the characters of the Malays and Papuans, i. [216];
  • on the line of separation between the Papuans and Malays, i. [218];
  • on the sexes of Ornithoptera Crœsus, i. [310];
  • on protective resemblances, i. [322];
  • on the relative sizes of the sexes of insects, i. [346];
  • on Elaphomyia, i. [349];
  • on the Birds of Paradise, i. [269];
  • on the pugnacity of the males of Leptorhynchus angustatus, i. [375];
  • on sounds produced by Euchirus longimanus, i. [381];
  • on the colours of Diadema, i. [388];
  • on Kallima, i. [392];
  • on the protective colouring of moths, i. [394];
  • on bright coloration as protective in butterflies, i. [395];
  • on variability in the Papilionidæ, i. [402];
  • on male and female butterflies inhabiting different stations, i. [403];
  • on the protective nature of the dull colouring of female butterflies, i. [403], [405], [414];
  • on mimickry in butterflies, i. [412];
  • on the mimickry of leaves by Phasmidæ, i. [414];
  • on the bright colours of caterpillars, i. [416];
  • on brightly-coloured fishes frequenting reefs, ii. [17];
  • on the coral snakes, ii. [31];
  • on Paradisea apoda, ii. [74], [78];
  • on the display of plumage by male Birds of Paradise, ii. [88];
  • on assemblies of Birds of Paradise, ii. [101];
  • on the instability of the ocellated spots in Hipparchia Janira, ii. [132];
  • on sexually limited inheritance, ii. [155];
  • on the sexual coloration of birds, ii. [166], [196], [197], [200], [206];
  • on the relation between the colours and nidification of birds, ii. [166], [171];
  • on the coloration of the Cotingidæ, ii. [177];
  • on the females of Paradisea apoda and papuana, ii. [193];
  • on the incubation of the cassowary, ii. [204];
  • on protective coloration in birds, ii. [223];
  • on the hair of the Papuans, ii. [340];
  • on the Babirusa, ii. [264];
  • on the markings of the tiger, ii. [302];
  • on the beards of the Papuans, ii. [322];
  • on the distribution of hair on the human body, ii. [375].
• Walrus, development of the nictitating membrane in the, i. [23];
  • tusks of the, ii. [241], [248];
  • use of the tusks by the, ii. [257].
• Walsh, B. D., on the proportion of the sexes in Papilio Turnus, i. [310];
  • on the Cynipidæ and Cecidomyidæ, i. [314];
  • on the jaws of Ammophila, i. [342];
  • on Corydalis cornutus, i. [342];
  • on the prehensile organs of male insects, i. [342];
  • on the antennæ of Penthe, i. [343];
  • on the caudal appendages of dragon-flies, i. [344];
  • on Platyphyllum concavum, i. [356];
  • on the sexes of the Ephemeridæ, i. [361];
  • on the difference of colour in the sexes of Spectrum femoratum, i. [361];
  • on sexes of dragon-flies, i. [361];
  • on the difference of the sexes in the Ichneumonidæ, i. [365];
  • on the sexes of Orsodacna atra, i. [368];
  • on the variation of the horns of the male Phanæus carnifex, i. [370];
  • on the coloration of the species of Anthocharis, i. [393].
• Wapiti, battles of, ii. [240];
  • traces of horns in the female, ii. [245];
  • attacking a man, ii. [253];
  • crest of the male, ii. [282];
  • sexual difference in the colour of the, ii. [289].
• Warbler, Hedge-, ii. [198];
• young of the, ii. [209].
• Warblers, Superb, nidification of, ii. [169].
• Wariness, acquired by animals, i. [50].
• Warington, R., on the habits of the sticklebacks, ii. [2], [20];
  • on the brilliant colours of the male stickleback during the breeding season, ii. [14].
• Wart-hog, tusks and pads of the, ii. [265].
• Watchmakers, short-sighted, i. [118].
• Water-hen, ii. [40].
• Waterhouse, C. O., on blind beetles, i. [367];
  • on difference of colour in the sexes of beetles, i. [367].
• Waterhouse, G. R., on the voice of Hylobates agilis, ii. [332].
• Water-ouzel, autumn song of the, ii. [54].
• Waterton, C., on the pairing of a Canada goose with a Bernicle gander, ii. [114];
  • on hares fighting, ii. [239];
  • on the Bell-bird, ii. [79].
• Wattles, disadvantageous to male birds in fighting, ii. [98].
• Wealth, influence of, i. [169].
• Weale, J. Mansel, on a South African caterpillar, i. [416].
• Weapons, employed by monkeys, i. [51];
  • use of, i. [137];
  • offensive, of males, i. [257];
  • of mammals, ii. [241] et seq.
• Weaver-bird, ii. [54].
• Weaver-birds, rattling of the wings of, ii. [62];
  • assemblies of, ii. [101].
• Webb, Dr., on the wisdom teeth, i. [25].
• Wedgwood, Hensleigh, on the origin of language, i. [56].
• Weevils, sexual difference in length of snout in some, i. [255].
• Weir, Harrison, on the numerical proportion of the sexes in pigs and rabbits, i. [305];
  • on the sexes of young pigeons, i. [306];
  • on the songs of birds, ii. [52];
  • on pigeons, ii. [109];
  • on the dislike of blue pigeons to other coloured varieties, ii. [118];
  • on the desertion of their mates by female pigeons, ii. [119].
• Weir, J. Jenner, on the nightingale and blackcap, i. [259];
  • on the relative sexual maturity of male birds, i. [261];
  • on female pigeons deserting a feeble mate, i. [262];
  • on three starlings frequenting the same nest, i. [269];
  • on the proportion of the sexes in Machetes pugnax and other birds, i. [306], [307];
  • on the coloration of the Triphænæ, i. [395];
  • on the rejection of certain caterpillars by birds, i. [417];
  • on sexual differences of the beak in the goldfinch, ii. [40];
  • on a piping bullfinch, ii. [52];
  • on the object of the nightingale’s song, ii. [52];
  • on song-birds, ii. [53];
  • on the pugnacity of male fine-plumaged birds, ii. [93];
  • on the courtship of birds, ii. [94];
  • on the finding of new mates by Peregrine-falcons and Kestrels, ii. [104];
  • on the bullfinch and starling, ii. [105];
  • on the cause of birds remaining unpaired, ii. [107];
  • on starlings and parrots living in triplets, ii. [107];
  • on recognition of colour by birds, ii. [110];
  • on hybrid birds, ii. [113];
  • on the selection of a greenfinch by a female canary, ii. [115];
  • on a case of rivalry of female bullfinches, ii. [121];
  • on the maturity of the Golden pheasant, ii. [213].
• Weisbach, Dr., measurement of men of different races, i. [216];
  • on the greater variability of men than of women, i. [275];
  • on the relative proportions of the body in the sexes of different races of man, ii. [320].
• Welcker, M., on Brachycephaly and Dolichocephaly, i. [148];
  • on sexual differences in the skull in man, ii. [317].
• Wells, Dr., on the immunity of coloured races from certain poisons, i. [243].
• Westring, on the stridulation of Reduvius personatus, i. [350];
  • on the stridulating organs of the Coleoptera, i. [382];
  • on sounds produced by Cychrus, i. [382];
  • on the stridulation of males of Theridion, i. [339];
  • on the stridulation of beetles, i. [379];
  • on the stridulation of Omaloplia brunnea, i. [381].
• Westphalia, greater proportion of female illegitimate children in, i. [301].
• Westropp, H. M., on the prevalence of certain forms of ornamentation, i. [233].
• Westwood, J. O., on the classification of the Hymenoptera, i. [188];
  • on the Culicidæ and Tabanidæ, i. [254];
  • on a Hymenopterous parasite with a sedentary male, i. [272];
  • on the proportions of the sexes in Lucanus cervus and Siagonium, i. [313];
  • on the absence of ocelli in female mutillidæ, i. [341];
  • on the jaws of Ammophila, i. [342];
  • on the copulation of insects of distinct species, i. [342];
  • on the male of Crabro cribrarius, i. [343];
  • on the pugnacity of male Tipulæ i. [349];
  • on the stridulation of Pirates stridulus, i. [350];
  • on the Cicadæ, i. [351];
  • on the stridulating organs of the crickets, i. [354];
  • on Pneumora, i. [357];
  • on Ephippiger vitium, i. [355], [358];
  • on the pugnacity of the Mantides, i. [360];
  • on Platyblemnus, i. [361];
  • on difference in the sexes of the Agrionidæ, i. [362];
  • on the pugnacity of the males of a species of Tenthredinæ, i. [364];
  • on the pugnacity of the male stag-beetle, i. [375];
  • on Bledius taurus and Siagonium, i. [375];
  • on lamellicorn beetles, i. [378];
  • on the coloration of Lithosia, i. [396].
• Whale, Sperm-, battles of male, ii. [240].
• Whales, nakedness of, i. [148].
• Whately, Archb., language not peculiar to man, i. [53];
  • on the primitive civilisation of man, i. [181].
• Whewell, Prof., on maternal affection, i. [40].
• Whiskers, in monkeys, i. [192].
• White, Gilbert, on the proportion of the sexes in the partridge, i. [306];
  • on the house-cricket, i. [352];
  • on the object of the song of birds, ii. [52];
  • on the finding of new mates by white owls, ii. [105];
  • on spring coveys of male partridges, ii. [107].
• Whiteness, a sexual ornament in some birds, ii. [232];
  • of mammals inhabiting snowy countries, ii. [298].
• White-throat, aerial love-dance of the male, ii. [68].
• Widow-bird, polygamous, i. [269];
  • breeding plumage of the male, ii. [84], [97];
  • female, rejecting the unadorned male, ii. [120].
• Widows and widowers, mortality of, i. [176].
• Wigeon, pairing with a pintail duck, ii. [114].
• Wilckens, Dr., on the modification of domestic animals in mountainous regions, i. [120];
  • on a numerical relation between the hairs and excretory pores in sheep, i. [248].
• Wilder, Dr. Burt, on the greater frequency of supernumerary digits in men than in women, i. [276].
• Williams, on the marriage-customs of the Fijians, ii. [374].
• Wilson, Dr., on the conical heads of the natives of North-Western America, ii. [351];
  • on the Fijians, ii. [352];
  • on the persistence of the fashion of compressing the skull, ii. [353].
• Wing-spurs, ii. [162].
• Wings, differences of, in the two sexes of butterflies and Hymenoptera, i. [345];
  • play of, in the courtship of birds, ii. [95].
• Winter, change of colour of mammals in, ii. [298].
• Witchcraft, i. [68].
• Wives, traces of the forcible capture of, i. [182].
• Wolf, winter change of the, ii. [298].
• Wolff, on the variability of the viscera in man, i. [109].
• Wollaston, T. V., on Eurygnathus, i. [344];
  • on musical curculionidæ, i. [378];
  • on the stridulation of Acalles, i. [384].
• Wolves learning to bark from dogs, i. [44];
  • hunting in packs, i. [75].
• Wolves, black, ii. [294].
• Wombat, black varieties of the, ii. [294].
• Women distinguished from men by male monkeys, i. [13];
  • preponderance of, in numbers, i. [302];
  • effects of selection of, in accordance with different standards of beauty, ii. [355];
  • practice of capturing, ii. [360], [364];
  • early betrothals and slavery of, ii. [366];
  • selection of, for beauty, ii. [372];
  • freedom of selection by, in savage tribes, ii. [372].
• Wonder, manifestations of, by animals, i. [42].
• Wonfor, Mr., on sexual peculiarities in the wings of butterflies, i. [345].
• Woolner, Mr., observations on the ear in man, i. [22].
• Wood, J., on muscular variations in man, i. [109], [128], [129];
  • on the greater variability of the muscles in men than in women, i. [275].
• Wood, T. W., on the colouring of the orange-tip butterfly, i. [394];
  • on the habits of the Saturniidæ, i. [398];
  • on the habits of Menura Alberti, ii. [56];
  • on Tetrao cupido, ii. [56];
  • on the display of plumage by male pheasants, ii. [89];
  • on the ocellated spots of the Argus pheasant, ii. [144];
  • on the habits of the female Cassowary, ii. [204].
• Woodcock, coloration of the, ii. [226].
• Woodpecker, selection of a mate by the female, ii. [116].
• Woodpeckers, ii. [56];
  • tapping of, ii. [62];
  • colours and nidification of the, ii. [171], [174], [223];
  • characters of young, ii. [185], [199], [209].
• Wormald, Mr., on the coloration of Hypopyra, i. [397].
• Wounds, healing of, i. [13].
• Wren, ii. [198];
  • young of the, ii. [209].
• Wright, C. A., on the young of Orocetes and Petrocincla, ii. [220].
• Wright, Chauncey, on correlative acquisition, ii. [335];
  • on the enlargement of the brain in man, ii. [391].
• Wright, Mr., on the Scotch deerhound, ii. [261];
  • on sexual preference in dogs, ii. [271];
  • on the rejection of a horse by a mare, ii. [272].
• Wright, W. von, on the protective plumage of the Ptarmigan, ii. [81].
• Writing, i. [182].
• Wyman, Prof., on the prolongation of the coccyx in the human embryo, i. [16];
  • on the condition of the great toe in the human embryo, i. [17];
  • on variation in the skulls of the natives of the Sandwich Islands, i. [108];
  • on the hatching of the eggs in the mouths and branchial cavities of male fishes, i. [210], ii. [20].
• 
  X.
• Xenarchus, on the Cicadæ, i. [350].
• Xenorhynchus, sexual difference in the colour of the eyes in, ii. [129].
• Xiphophorus Hellerii, peculiar anal fin of the male, ii. [9], [10].
• Xylocopa, difference of the sexes in, i. [366].
• 
  Y.
• Yarrell, W., on the habits of the Cyprinidæ, i. [309];
  • on Raia clavata, ii. [2];
  • on the characters of the male salmon during the breeding season, ii. [4], [14];
  • on the characters of the rays, ii. [6];
  • on the gemmeous dragonet, ii. [8];
  • on the spawning of the salmon, ii. [19];
  • on the incubation of the Lophobranchii, ii. [21];
  • on rivalry in song-birds, ii. [53];
  • on the trachea of the swan, ii. [60];
  • on the moulting of the anatidæ, ii. [85];
  • on an instance of reasoning in a gull, ii. [108];
  • on the young of the waders, ii. [217].
• Yellow fever, immunity of negroes and mulattoes from, i. [243].
• Youatt, Mr., on the development of the horns in cattle, i. [284].
• Yura-caras, their notions of beauty, ii. [347].
• 
  Z.
• Zebra, rejection of an ass by a female, ii. [295];
  • stripes of the, ii. [302].
• Zebus, humps of, i. [284].
• Zigzags, prevalence of, as ornaments, i. [233].
• Zincke, Mr., on European emigration to America, i. [179].
• Zootoca vivipara, sexual difference in the colour of, ii. [36].
• Zygænidæ, coloration of the, i. [396].

THE END.

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