[1] Yarrell’s ‘Hist. of British Fishes,’ vol. ii. 1836, p. 417, 425, 436. Dr. Günther informs me that the spines in R. clavata are peculiar to the female.
[2] See Mr. R. Warington’s interesting articles in ‘Annals and Mag. of Nat. Hist.’ Oct. 1852 and Nov. 1855.
[3] Noel Humphreys, ‘River Gardens,’ 1857.
[4] Loudon’s ‘Mag. of Natural History,’ vol. iii. 1830, p. 331.
[5] ‘The Field,’ June 29th, 1867. For Mr. Shaw’s statement, see 'Edinburgh Review,’ 1843. Another experienced observer (Scrope’s 'Days of Salmon Fishing,’ p. 60) remarks that the male would, if he could, keep, like the stag, all other males away.
[6] Yarrell, ‘History of British Fishes,’ vol. ii. 1836, p. 10.
[7] ‘The Naturalist in Vancouver’s Island,’ vol. i. 1866, p. 54.
[8] ‘Scandinavian Adventures,’ vol. i. 1854, p. 100, 104.
[9] See Yarrell’s account of the Rays in his ‘Hist. of British Fishes,’ vol. ii. 1836, p. 416, with an excellent figure, and p. 422, 432.