UNICELLULAR.—Consisting of a single cell.
VASCULAR.—Containing blood-vessels.
VERMIFORM.—Like a worm.
VERTEBRATA or VERTEBRATE ANIMALS.—The highest division of the animal kingdom, so called from the presence in most cases of a backbone composed of numerous joints or vertebræ, which constitutes the centre of the skeleton and at the same time supports and protects the central parts of the nervous system.
WHORLS.—The circles or spiral lines in which the parts of plants are arranged upon the axis of growth.
WORKERS.—See neuters.
ZOËA-STAGE.—The earliest stage in the development of many of the higher Crustacea, so called from the name of Zoëa applied to these young animals when they were supposed to constitute a peculiar genus.
ZOOIDS.—In many of the lower animals (such as the Corals, Medusæ, &c.) reproduction takes place in two ways, namely, by means of eggs and by a process of budding with or without separation from the parent of the product of the latter, which is often very different from that of the egg. The individuality of the species is represented by the whole of the form produced between two sexual reproductions; and these forms, which are apparently individual animals, have been called zooids.
INDEX.
Aberrant groups, [379].
Abyssinia, plants of, [340].
Acclimatisation, [112].
Adoxa, [173].
Affinities of extinct species, [301].
—, of organic beings, [378].
Agassiz on Amblyopsis, [112].
—, on groups of species suddenly appearing, [289].
—, on prophetic forms, [301].
—, on embryological succession, [310].
—, on the Glacial period, [330].
—, on embryological characters, [368].
—, on the latest tertiary forms, [278].
—, on parallelism of embryological development and geological succession, [396].
—, Alex., on pedicellariæ, [191].
Algæ of New Zealand, [338].
Alligators, males, fighting, [69].
Alternate generations, [387].
Amblyopsis, blind fish, [112].
America, North, productions allied to those of Europe, [333].
—, boulders and glaciers of, [335].
—, South, no modern formations on west coast, [272].
Ammonites, sudden extinction of, [297].
Anagallis, sterility of, [236].
Analogy of variations, [127].
Andaman Islands inhabited by a toad, [350].
Ancylus, [345].
Animals, not domesticated from being variable, [13].
—, domestic; descended from several stocks, [14].
—, acclimatisation of, [112].
Animals of Australia, [90].
—, with thicker fur in cold climates, [107].
—, blind, in caves, [110].
—, extinct, of Australia, [310].
Anomma, [232].
Antarctic islands, ancient flora of, [355].
Antechinus, [373].
Ants attending aphides, [207].
—, slave-making instinct, [217].
—, neuters, structure of, [230].
Apes, not having acquired intellectual powers, [181].
Aphides attended by ants, [207].
Aphis, development of, [390].
Apteryx, [140].
Arab horses, [26].
Aralo-Caspian Sea, [311].
Archeopteryx, [284].
Archiac, M. de, on the succession of species, [299].
Artichoke, Jerusalem, [114].
Ascension, plants of, [347].
Asclepias, pollen of, [151].
Asparagus, [325].
Aspicarpa, [367].
Asses, striped, [127].
—, improved by selection, [30].
Ateuchus, [109].
Aucapitaine, on land-shells, [353].
Audubon, on habits of frigate-bird, [142].
—, on variation in birds’ nests, [208].
—, on heron eating seeds, [346].
Australia, animals of, [90].
—, dogs of, [211].
—, extinct animals of, [310].
—, European plants in, [337].
—, glaciers of, [335].
Azara, on flies destroying cattle, [56].
Azores, flora of, [328].
Babington, Mr., on British plants, [37].
Baer, Von, standard of Highness, [97].
—, comparison of bee and fish, [308].
—, embryonic similarity of the Vertebrata, [387].
Baker, Sir S., on the giraffe, [178].
Balancement of growth, [117].
Baleen, [182].
Barberry, flowers of, [77].
Barrande, M., on Silurian colonies, [291].
—, on the succession of species, [299].
—, on parallelism of palæozoic formations, [301].
—, on affinities of ancient species, [302].
Barriers, importance of, [317].
Bates, Mr., on mimetic butterflies, [375], [376].
Batrachians on islands, [350].
Bats, how structure acquired, [140].
—, distribution of, [351].
Bear, catching water-insects, [141].
Beauty, how acquired, [159], [414].
Bee, sting of, [163].
—, queen, killing rivals, [164].
—, Australian, extermination of, [59].
Bees, fertilizing flowers, [57].
—, hive, not sucking the red clover, [75].
—, Ligurian, [75].
—, hive, cell-making instinct, [220].
—, variation in habits, [208].
—, parasitic, [216].
—, humble, cells of, [220].
Beetles, wingless, in Madeira, [109].
—, with deficient tarsi, [109].
Bentham, Mr., on British plants, [37].
—, on classification, [369].
Berkeley, Mr., on seeds in salt-water, [324].
Bermuda, birds of, [348].
Birds acquiring fear, [208].
—, beauty of, [161].
—, annually cross the Atlantic, [329].
—, colour of, on continents, [107].
—, footsteps, and remains of, in secondary rocks, [284].
—, fossil, in caves of Brazil, [310].
—, of Madeira, Bermuda, and Galapagos, [349], [349].
—, song of males, [70].
—, transporting seeds, [328].
—, waders, [345].
—, wingless, [108], [140].
Bizcacha, [318].
—, , affinities of, [379].
Bladder for swimming, in fish, [147].
Blindness of cave animals, [110].
Blyth, Mr., on distinctness of Indian cattle, [14].
—, on striped Hemionus, [128].
—, on crossed geese, [240].
Borrow, Mr., on the Spanish pointer, [26].
Bory St. Vincent, on Batrachians, [350].
Bosquet, M., on fossil Chthamalus, [284].
Boulders, erratic, on the Azores, [328].
Branchiæ, [148], [149].
—, of crustaceans, [152].
Braun, Prof., on the seeds of Fumariaceæ, [174].
Brent, Mr., on house-tumblers, [210].
Britain, mammals of, [352].
Broca, Prof., on Natural Selection, [170].
Bronn, Prof., on duration of specific forms, [275].
—, various objections by, [170].
Brown, Robert, on classification, [366].
Brown-Sequard, on inherited mutilations, [108].
Busk, Mr., on the Polyzoa, [193].
Butterflies, mimetic, [375], [376].
Buzareingues, on sterility of varieties, [258].
Cabbage, varieties of, crossed, [78].
Calceolaria, [239].
Canary-birds, sterility of hybrids, [240].
Cape de Verde Islands, productions of, [354].
—, plants of, on mountains, [337].
Cape of Good Hope, plants of, [101], [347].
Carpenter, Dr., on foraminifera, [308].
Carthemus, [173].
Catasetum, [155], [372].
Cats, with blue eyes, deaf, [9].
—, variation in habits of, [209].
—, curling tail when going to spring, [162].
Cattle destroying fir-trees, [56].
—, destroyed by flies in Paraguay, [56].
—, breeds of, locally extinct, [86].
—, fertility of Indian and European breeds, [241].
—, Indian, [14], [241].
Cave, inhabitants of, blind, [110].
Cecidomyia, [387].
Celts, proving antiquity of man, [13].
Centres of creation, [320].
Cephalopodæ, structures of eyes, [151].
—, development of, [390].
Cercopithecus, tail of, [189].
Ceroxylus laceratus, [182].
Cervulus, [240].
Cetacea, teeth and hair, [115].
—, development of the whalebone, [182].
Cetaceans, [182].
Ceylon, plants of, [338].
Chalk formation, [297].
Characters, divergence of, [86].
—, sexual, variable, [119], [123].
—, adaptive or analogical, [373].
Charlock, [59].
Checks to increase, [53].
—, mutual, [55].
Chelæ of Crustaceans, [193].
Chickens, instinctive tameness of, [211].
Chironomus, its asexual reproduction, [387].
Chthamalinæ, [271].
Chthamalus, cretacean species of, [384].
Circumstances favourable to selection of domestic products, [29].
—, to natural selection, [80].
Cirripedes capable of crossing, [79].
—, carapace aborted, [118].
—, their ovigerous frena, [148].
—, fossil, [284].
—, larvæ of, [389].
Claparède, Prof., on the hair-claspers of the Acaridæ, [153].
Clarke, Rev. W.B., on old glaciers in Australia, [335].
Classification, [363].
Clift, Mr., on the succession of types, [310].
Climate, effects of, in checking increase of beings, [54].
—, adaptation of, to organisms, [112].
Climbing plants, [147].
—, development of, [96].
Clover visited by bees, [75].
Cobites, intestine of, [147].
Cockroach, [59].
Collections, palæontological, poor, [270].
Colour, influenced by climate, [107].
—, in relation to attacks by flies, [159].
Columba livia, parent of domestic pigeons, [17].
Colymbetes, [345].
Compensation of growth, [117].
Compositæ, flowers and seeds of, [116].
—, outer and inner florets of, [173].
—, male flowers of, [398].
Conclusion, general, [421].
Conditions, slight changes in, favourable to fertility, [251].
Convergence of genera, [100].
Coot, [142].
Cope, Prof., on the acceleration or retardation of the period of
reproduction, [149].
Coral-islands, seeds drifted to, [326].
—, reefs, indicating movements of earth, [326].
Corn-crake, [143].
Correlated variation in domestic productions, [9].
Coryanthes, [154].
Creation, single centres of, [320].
Crinum, [238].
Croll, Mr., on subaërial denudation, [267], [269].
—, on the age of our oldest formations, [286].
—, on alternate Glacial periods in the North and South, [336].
Crosses, reciprocal, [244].
Crossing of domestic animals, importance in altering breeds, [15].
—, advantages of, [76], [77].
—, unfavourable to selection, [80].
Crüger, Dr., on Coryanthes, [154].
Crustacea of New Zealand, [338].
Crustacean, blind, [110].
air-breathers, [152].
Crustaceans, their chelæ, [193].
Cryptocerus, [231].
Ctenomys, blind, [110].
Cuckoo, instinct of, [205], [212].
Cunningham, Mr., on the flight of the logger-headed duck, [108].
Currants, grafts of, [246].
Currents of sea, rate of, [325].
Cuvier on conditions of existence, [205].
—, on fossil monkeys, [283], [284].
Cuvier, Fred., on instinct, [205].
Cyclostoma, resisting salt water, [353].
Dana, Prof., on blind cave-animals, [111].
—, on relations of crustaceans of Japan, [334].
—, on crustaceans of New Zealand, [338].
Dawson, Dr., on eozoon, [287].
De Candolle, Aug. Pyr., on struggle for existence, [49].
—, on umbelliferæ, [116].
—, on general affinities, [379].
De Candolle, Alph., on the variability of oaks, [40].
—, on low plants, widely dispersed, [359].
—, on widely-ranging plants being variable, [43].
—, on naturalisation, [89].
—, on winged seeds, [117].
—, on Alpine species suddenly becoming rare, [135].
—, on distribution of plants with large seeds, [326].
—, on vegetation of Australia, [340].
—, on fresh-water plants, [345].
—, on insular plants, [347].
Degradation of rocks, [266].
Denudation, rate of, [268].
—, of oldest rocks, [287].
—, of granitic areas, [274].
Development of ancient forms, [307].
Devonian system, [305].
Dianthus, fertility of crosses, [243].
Dimorphism in plants, [35], [252].
Dirt on feet of birds, [328].
Dispersal, means of, [323].
—, during Glacial period, [330].
Distribution, geographical, [316].
—, means of, [323].
Disuse, effect of, under nature, [108].
Diversification of means for same general purpose, [153].
Division, physiological, of labour, [89].
Divergence of character, [86].
Dog, resemblance of jaw to that of the Thylacinus, [374].
Dogs, hairless, with imperfect teeth, [9].
—, descended from several wild stocks, [15].
—, domestic instincts of, [210].
—, inherited civilisation of, [210].
—, fertility of breeds together, [241].
—, of crosses, [256].
—, proportions of body in different breeds, when young, [392].
Domestication, variation under, [5].
Double flowers, [230].
Downing, Mr., on fruit-trees in America, [66].
Dragon-flies, intestines of, [147].
Drift-timber, [326].
Driver-ant, [232].
Drones killed by other bees, [164].
Duck, domestic, wings of, reduced, [8].
—, beak of, [183].
—, logger-headed, [140].
Duckweed, [344].
Dugong, affinities of, [365].
Dung-beetles with deficient tarsi, [108].
Dyticus, [345].
Earl, Mr., W., on the Malay Archipelago, [351].
Ears, drooping, in domestic animals, [8].
—, rudimentary, [400].
Earth, seeds in roots of trees, [326].
—, charged with seeds, [328].
Echinodermata, their pedicellariæ, [191].
Eciton, [230].
Economy of organisation, [117].
Edentata, teeth and hair, [115].
—, fossil species of, [417].
Edwards, Milne, on physiological division of labour, [89].
—, on gradations of structure, [156].
Edwards, on embryological characters, [368].
Eggs, young birds escaping from, [68].
Egypt, productions of, not modified, [169].
Electric organs, [150].
Elephant, rate of increase, [51].
—, of Glacial period, [113].
Embryology, [386].
Eozoon Canadense, [287].
Epilipsy inherited, [108].
Existence, struggle for, [48].
—, condition of, [167].
Extinction, as bearing on natural selection, [96].
—, of domestic varieties, [93].
—, , [293].
Eye, structure of, [144].
—, correction for aberration, [163].
Eyes, reduced, in moles, [110].
Fabre, M., on hymenoptera fighting, [69].
—, on parasitic sphex, [216].
—, on Sitaris, [394].
Falconer, Dr., on naturalisation of plants in India, [51].
—, on elephants and mastodons, [306].
—, and Cautley on mammals of sub-Himalayan beds, [311].
Falkland Islands, wolf of, [351].
Faults, [268].
Faunas, marine, [317].
Fear, instinctive, in birds, [211].
Feet of birds, young molluscs adhering to, [345].
Fertilisation variously effected, [154], [161].
Fertility of hybrids, [238].
—, from slight changes in conditions, [252].
—, of crossed varieties, [255].
Fir-trees destroyed by cattle, [56].
—, pollen of, [164].
Fish, flying, [140].
—, teleostean, sudden appearance of, [285].
—, eating seeds, [327], [346].
—, fresh-water, distribution of, [343].
Fishes, ganoid, now confined to fresh water, [83].
—, electric organs of, [150].
—, ganoid, living in fresh water, [296].
—, of southern hemisphere, [338].
Flat-fish, their structure, [186].
Flight, powers of, how acquired, [140].
Flint-tools, proving antiquity of man, [13].
Flower, Prof., on the larynx, [190].
—, on Halitherium, [302].
—, on the resemblance between the jaws of the dog and Thylacinus, [375].
—, on the homology of the feet of certain marsupials, [382].
Flowers, structure of in relation to crossing, [73].
—, of compositæ and umbelliferæ, [116], [173].
—, beauty of, [161].
—, double, [230].
Flysch formation, destitute of organic remains, [271].
Forbes, Mr. D., on glacial action in the Andes, [335].
Forbes, E., on colours of shells, [107].
—, on abrupt range of shells in depth, [135].
—, on poorness of palæontological collections, [270].
—, on continuous succession of genera, [293].
—, on continental extensions, [323].
—, on distribution during Glacial period, [330].
—, on parallelism in time and space, [361].
Forests, changes in, in America, [58].
Formation, Devonian, [305].
—, Cambrian, [287].
Formations, thickness of, in Britain, [268].
—, intermittent, [277].
Formica rufescens, [216].
—, sanguinea, [217].
—, flava, neuter of, [231].
Forms, lowly organised, long enduring, [99].
Frena, ovigerous, of cirripedes, [148].
Fresh-water productions, dispersal of, [343].
Fries on species in large genera being closely allied to other species, [45].
Frigate-bird, [142].
Frogs on islands, [350].
Fruit-trees, gradual improvement of, [27].
—, in United States, [66].
—, varieties of, acclimatised in United States, [114].
Fuci, crossed, [249], [343].
Fur, thicker in cold climates, [107].
Furze, [388].
Galapagos Archipelago, birds of, [348].
—, productions of, [353], [355].
Galaxias, its wide range, [343].
Galeopithecus, [139].
Game, increase of, checked by vermin, [55].
Gärtner on sterility of hybrids, [237], [241].
—, on reciprocal crosses, [243].
—, on crossed maize and verbascum, [257], [258].
—, on comparison of hybrids and mongrels, [259], [260].
Gaudry, Prof., on intermediate genera of fossil mammals in Attica, [301].
Geese, fertility when crossed,