A Study of Recent Earthquakes

by Charles Davison

[94] Roy. Soc. Proc., vol. lvii., 1895, pp. 87-95.

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INDEX.[ToC]

• Acceleration, maximum, of wave-motion in Japanese earthquake, [184], [185];
  • in Indian earthquake, [272]
• After-shocks, definition, [4];
  • frequency, [198], [256], [296], [344];
  • distribution in space, [200], [203], [298], [326], [345];
  • sound-phenomena, [207], [300];
  • connection with fault-scarps, [300];
  • outlining of epicentre by, [326];
  • origin of, [257];
  • of Neapolitan earthquake, [40];
  • of Ischian earthquakes, [56], [65];
  • of Andalusian earthquake, [97];
  • of Charleston earthquake, [133];
  • of Riviera earthquake, [167];
  • of Japanese earthquake, [198];
  • of Hereford earthquake, [240];
  • of Inverness earthquake, [256];
  • of Indian earthquake, [296];
  • of British earthquakes, [343];
  • of Italian earthquakes, [343];
  • of Japanese earthquakes, [344]
• Agamennone, G., [93], [94], [101], [319]
• Alluvium, displacement of, by Indian earthquake, [287]
• Amplitude of wave-motion, definition, [4];
  • in Neapolitan earthquake, [34];
  • in Japanese earthquake, [185];
  • in Indian earthquake, [270]
• Andalusian earthquake, preparation for, [75];
  • investigation of, [76];
  • damage caused by, [77];
  • isoseismal lines and disturbed area, [78];
  • the unfelt earthquake, [82];
  • position of epicentre, [84];
  • depth of focus, [85];
  • nature of shock, [87];
  • sound-phenomena, [91];
  • velocity of earth-waves, [92];
  • connection between geological structure and intensity of shock, [95];
  • fissures, [96];
  • landslips, [97];
  • effect on underground water, [97];
  • after-shocks, [97];
  • origin of, [99];
  • bibliography, [101]
• Animals, effects of earthquakes on, [143]
  
• Baluchistan earthquake of 1892, [288], [341]
• Baldacci, L., [70], [73]
• Baratta, M., [320]
• Barrois, C., [76]
• Bergeron, C., [76]
• Bertelli, T., [175]
• Bertrand, M., [76]
• Birds, effects of earthquakes on, [143]
• Bordwar, crust-fracture at, [309]
• Bréon, R., [76]
• Burton, W.K., [214]
  
• Cancani, A., [281], [282], [320], [343], [345]
• Castro, M.F. de, [76], [101]
• Charleston earthquake, investigation of, [102];
  • damage caused by, [103];
  • isoseismal lines and disturbed area, [104];
  • preparation for, [107];
  • nature of shock, [108];
  • double epicentre, [111];
  • origin of double shock, [120];
  • depth of foci, [122];
  • velocity of earth-waves, [126];
  • fissures, [130];
  • sand-craters, [130];
  • effects on human beings, [131];
  • feeling of nausea, [132];
  • after-shocks, [133];
  • origin of, [134];
  • bibliography, [137]
• Charlon, E., [175]
• Chedrang, fault-scarp at, [304]
• Clocks, untrustworthiness of time-records of stopped, [39], [94], [121], [127]
• Conder, J., [177], [213]
• Coseismal lines, [227], [324]
• Covelli, N., [67], [69]
  
• Damage caused by Neapolitan earthquake, [10], [24];
  • by Ischian earthquakes, [50], [56];
  • by Andalusian earthquake, [77];
  • by Charleston earthquake, [103];
  • by Riviera earthquake, [139];
  • by Japanese earthquake, [181];
  • by Hereford earthquake, [217];
  • by Inverness earthquake, [247]
• Darwin, H., [281]
• Daubrée, A., [73]
• Davison, C, [202-206], [208], [210], [213], [215-261], [295]
• Death-rate of Neapolitan earthquake, [24];
  • of Ischian earthquakes, [50], [56];
  • of Andalusian earthquake, [77];
  • of Charleston earthquake, [104];
  • of Riviera earthquake, [140];
  • of Japanese earthquake, [182]
• Denza, F., [155], [175]
• Depth of seismic focus, methods of determining, [25], [86], [122], [326];
  • of Neapolitan earthquake, [28];
  • of Ischian earthquakes, [54], [61];
  • of Andalusian earthquake, [86];
  • of Charleston earthquake, [122], [125];
  • of Riviera earthquake, [150];
  • of Japanese earthquakes, [328]
• Derby earthquake of 1903, [236]
• Direction of shock, [22], [33], [186], [225], [325]
• Disturbed area, definition of, [3];
  • of Neapolitan earthquake, [10];
  • of Ischian earthquakes, [51], [58];
  • of Andalusian earthquake, [80];
  • of Charleston earthquake, [107];
  • of Riviera earthquake, [145];
  • of Japanese earthquake, [183];
  • of Hereford earthquake, [219];
  • of Inverness earthquake, [249];
  • of Indian earthquake, [265];
  • connection between intensity of shock and, [323]
• Dolomieu, [11]
• Du Bois, F., [73]
• Dutton, C.E., [103-137]
• Dutton's method of determining depth of seismic focus, [122], [327]
  
• Earthquake-motion, nature of, [280], [282], [328], [330], [337];
  • propagation of, to great distances, [337]
• Earth-sound, definition of, [4]
• Edinburgh, record of Indian earthquake at, [281], [283], [285]
• Ellis, W., [83]
• Emergence, angle of, [13]
• Epicentre, definition of, [3];
  • methods of determining position of, [14], [52], [60], [324];
  • of Neapolitan earthquake, [22], [23];
  • of Ischian earthquakes, [53], [60], [67];
  • of Andalusian earthquake, [84];
  • of Charleston earthquake, [111];
  • of Riviera earthquake, [146];
  • of Hereford earthquake, [224];
  • of Inverness earthquake, [248];
  • of Indian earthquakes, [264], [276], [302]
• Epomeo, [45], [61], [71]
  
• Falb's method of determining depth of seismic focus, [86], [327]
• Fallen pillars, evidence of, [17], [19]
• Fault, originating, of Hereford earthquake, [219];
  • of Inverness earthquake, [249]
• Fault-scarp of Japanese earthquake, [189];
  • general appearance, [189];
  • length, [192];
  • throw, [193];
  • horizontal shift, [193];
  • course, [193];
  • swamp formed by it, [194]
• Fault-scarps of Indian earthquakes, [273], [304];
  • Chedrang fault, [304];
  • Samin fault, [308];
  • of Greek earthquake of 1894, [340], [341];
  • of Baluchistan earthquake of 1893, [341], [342];
  • formation and growth of, [342]
• Fault-slips, tectonic earthquakes due to, [5], [43], [100], [135], [174], [211], [219], [224], [241], [249], [255], [317], [346]
• Fishes, destruction of, by Riviera earthquake, [162]
• Fissures, caused by Andalusian earthquake, [96];
  • by Charleston earthquake, [130];
  • by Inverness earthquake, [247];
  • by Indian earthquake, [285]
• Focus, seismic, definition of, [3]
• Focus, seismic, depth of, methods of determining, [25], [86], [122], [326];
  • of Neapolitan earthquake, [28];
  • of Ischian earthquakes, [54];
  • of Andalusian earthquake, [86];
  • of Charleston earthquake, [122], [125];
  • of Riviera earthquake, [150];
  • of Japanese earthquakes, [328]
• Focus, dimensions of seismic, of Hereford earthquake, [224];
  • of Inverness earthquake, [250]
• Fore-shocks, [321];
  • of Neapolitan earthquake, [40];
  • of Ischian earthquake, [57];
  • of Andalusian earthquake, [76];
  • of Charleston earthquake, [107];
  • of Riviera earthquake, [142];
  • of Japanese earthquake, [201];
  • of Hereford earthquake, [239];
  • of Inverness earthquake, [246]
• Fouqué, F., [76], [84], [101]
• Fracture, crust-, at Bordwar, [309]
• Fractures in buildings, evidence of, [14], [15], [26]
• Fuchs, C.W.C., [102]
  
• Galli, I., [82]
• Geological structure and intensity of shock, connection between, [95], [106], [113], [115], [135], [164], [265]
• Gifu, records of Japanese after-shocks at, [183], [197]
• Gray, T., [295]
• Great Glen fault and Inverness earthquakes, connection between, [245]
• Greek earthquake of 1894, fault-scarp of, [340]
  
• Hayden, E., [103]
• Heath, T., [283], [320]
• Hereford earthquake, investigation of, [215];
  • preparation for, [215], [238];
  • isoseismal lines and disturbed area of, [216];
  • damage caused by, [217], [294];
  • position of originating fault, [219];
  • nature of shock, [220];
  • origin of double series of vibrations, [223];
  • position and dimensions of the two foci, [224];
  • direction of the shock, [225];
  • coseismal lines and velocity of earth-waves, [227];
  • sound-phenomena, [229];
  • isacoustic lines and sound-area, [234];
  • fore-shocks, [238];
  • after-shocks, [240];
  • origin of earthquake, [240];
  • bibliography, [261]
• Hills, changes in aspect of, after Indian earthquake, [311]
• Hirata, K., [327], [331]
• Human beings, effects of Charleston earthquake on, [131]
• Hypocentre, [3]
  
• Iberian peninsula, earthquakes of, [75]
• Indian earthquake, investigation of, [262];
  • isoseismal lines and disturbed area, [264];
  • nature of shock, [266];
  • visible earth-waves, [268];
  • elements of wave-motion, [270];
  • sound-phenomena, [274];
  • velocity of earth-waves, [275];
  • the unfelt earthquake, [280];
  • earth-fissures, [285];
  • displacements of alluvium, [287];
  • sand-vents, [288];
  • rise of river-beds, etc., [290];
  • landslips, [291];
  • rotation of pillars, [293];
  • after-shocks, [296];
  • structural changes in epicentral area, [301], [315];
  • structure of epicentral district, [302];
  • fault-scarps, [304];
  • crust-fractures, [309];
  • lakes and pools not due to faulting, [310];
  • changes in aspects of hills, [311];
  • revision of trigonometrical survey, [312];
  • origin of earthquake, [317];
  • bibliography, [319]
• Inverness earthquake, preparation for, [246];
  • damage caused by, [247];
  • fissure in ground, [247];
  • isoseismal lines and disturbed area, [247];
  • position of originating fault, [249];
  • nature of shock, [250];
  • sound-phenomena, [253];
  • origin of earthquake, [255];
  • after-shocks and their origin, [256];
  • sympathetic earthquakes, [259];
  • comparison with Japanese earthquake, [260];
  • bibliography, [261].
• Investigation, Mallet's methods of, [12], [21]
• Isacoustic lines, [234];
  • of Hereford earthquake, [235];
  • of Derby earthquake, [236]
• Ischia, volcanic history of, [45], [70];
  • characteristics of eruptions, [49];
  • seismic history, [49]
• Ischian earthquake of 1881, investigation of, [50];
  • isoseismal lines and disturbed area, [51];
  • position of epicentre, [52];
  • depth of focus, [54];
  • nature of shock, [55];
  • after-shocks, [56];
  • origin of, [70];
  • bibliography, [73]
• Ischian earthquake of 1883, investigation of, [56];
  • preparation for, [57];
  • isoseismal lines and disturbed area, [58];
  • position of epicentre, [60];
  • depth of focus, [61];
  • nature of shock, [64];
  • landslips, [64];
  • after-shocks, [65];
  • origin of, [70];
  • bibliography, [73]
• Ischian earthquakes, characteristics of, [66]; origin of, [70]
• Isoseismal lines, definition of, [3];
  • their use in determining position of epicentre, [219], [249], [325];
  • of Neapolitan earthquake, [9];
  • of Ischian earthquakes, [51], [58];
  • of Andalusian earthquake, [78];
  • of Charleston earthquake, [104];
  • of Riviera earthquake, [143];
  • of Japanese earthquake, [178], [182];
  • of Hereford earthquake, [216];
  • of Inverness earthquake, [247];
  • of Indian earthquake, [264]
• Issel, A., [139], [163], [164], [166], [175]
  
• Japanese earthquake of 1887, [18]
• Japanese earthquake of 1891, investigation of, [177];
  • structure of meizoseismal area, [179];
  • damage caused by, [181];
  • isoseismal lines and disturbed area, [182];
  • nature of shock, [184];
  • the great fault-scarp, [189];
  • minor shocks, [197];
  • distribution of after-shocks in time, [198];
  • preparation for, [201];
  • distribution of after-shocks in space, [203];
  • sound-phenomena of after-shocks, [207];
  • sympathetic earthquakes, [209];
  • origin, of, [211];
  • bibliography, [213]
• Japanese earthquake of 1894, [18], [329]
• Johnston-Lavis, H.J., [50-72], [327]
  
• Kilian, W., [76]
• Koto, B., [177], [180], [181], [184], [190-196], [209], [212], [213]
  
• Lakes formed by bending of river-bed during Indian earthquake, [310]
• Lakes formed by fault-scarp of Japanese earthquake, [194];
  • of Indian earthquake, [305]
• Landslips caused by Ischian earthquake, [64];
  • by Andalusian earthquake, [97];
  • by Indian earthquake, [291]
• Lévy, M., [76]
• Lisbon earthquake of 1755, [75], [82]
  
• McGee, W.J., [134]
• Macpherson, J., [101]
• Magnetographs, earthquakes recorded by, [82], [157], [160], [189], [277], [282]
• Mallet, R., [7-44], [85], [102], [124], [150], [294-296], [325]
• Mallet's method of determining depth of focus, [25], [327]
• Masato, H., [178], [213]
• Mascart, E., [159], [160]
• May Hill anticlinal and Hereford earthquake, connection between, [242]
• Meizoseismal area, definition of, [3];
  • of Andalusian earthquake, [99];
  • of Japanese earthquake, [179]
• Mercalli, G., [11], [57], [58], [60], [61], [63], [67], [70-73], [76], [80], [84], [85], [88], [90], [101], [138-175], [325], [327]
• Michell, J., [325]
• Milne, J., [35], [177], [181], [182], [186], [189], [200], [213], [281], [283]
• Minor shocks of Neapolitan earthquake, [40];
  • of Japanese earthquake, [197]
• Mountain ranges, effect of, on intensity of shock, [95], [106]
• Moureaux, T., [161]
  
• Nagaoka, H., [177], [214], [339]
• Nagoya, records of Japanese after-shocks at, [183], [197]
• Nature of shock, Neapolitan earthquake, [30];
  • Ischian earthquakes, [55], [64];
  • Andalusian earthquake, [87];
  • Charleston earthquake, [108];
  • Riviera earthquake, [150];
  • Japanese earthquake, [184];
  • Hereford earthquake, [220];
  • Inverness earthquake, [250];
  • Indian earthquake, [266]
• Nausea, feeling of, caused by Charleston earthquake, [132]
• Neapolitan earthquake, investigation of, [7], [12];
  • isoseismal lines and disturbed area, [9];
  • damage caused by, [10];
  • position of epicentre, [14];
  • depth of focus, [25];
  • nature of shock, [30];
  • sound-phenomena, [37];
  • velocity of earth-waves, [39];
  • minor shocks, [40];
  • origin, [41];
  • bibliography, [44]
• Ness, Loch, connection between Inverness earthquakes and formation of, [255], [257], [261]
• Nogués, A.F., [101]
  
• Oddone, E., [175]
• Offret, A., [76], [158], [159], [175]
• Oglialoro, A., [73]
• Oldham, R.D., [262-320], [337], [340]
• Omori, F., [19], [20], [177], [183-186], [188], [197-199], [207], [214], [262], [325], [327], [329], [331]
• Origin of earthquakes, [2], [5], [345];
  • of Neapolitan earthquake, [41];
  • of Ischian earthquakes, [70];
  • of Andalusian earthquake, [101];
  • of Charleston earthquake, [134];
  • of Riviera earthquakes, [174];
  • of Japanese earthquake, [211];
  • of Hereford earthquake, [240];
  • of Inverness earthquake, [255];
  • of Indian earthquake, [317]
• Overturned bodies, maximum acceleration deduced from, [184], [272]
  
• Palmieri, L., [57], [72], [73]
• Periodicity of Japanese after-shocks, [199]
• Perrey, A., [7]
• Potenza, evidence of damaged church at, [15], [26]
• Prediction of earthquakes, possible, [322]
• Preparation for earthquakes, [40], [57], [76], [107], [142], [201], [238], [246], [321]
  
• Rails, flexure of, by Charleston earthquake, [112];
  • by Japanese earthquake, [182];
  • by Indian earthquake, [288]
• Railway-tunnels, observations of Riviera earthquake in, [166]
• Rebeur-Paschwitz, E. von, [281]
• River-beds, rise of, caused by Indian earthquake, [290]
• Riviera earthquake, investigation, [138];
  • damage caused by, [139];
  • preparation for, [142];
  • isoseismal lines and disturbed area, [143];
  • position of epicentre, [146];
  • depth of principal focus, [149];
  • nature of shock, [150];
  • sound-phenomena, [156];
  • the unfelt earthquake, [157];
  • effects of earthquake at sea, [162];
  • destruction of fishes, [162];
  • seismic sea-waves, [163];
  • connection between geological structure and intensity of shock, [164];
  • observations in railway-tunnels, [166];
  • after-shocks, [167];
  • recent movements in the Riviera, [170];
  • seismic history of the Riviera, [171];
  • origin of, [171];
  • bibliography, [175]
• Rocca di Papa, record of Indian earthquake at, [281], [282], [285]
• Rossi, M.S. de, [57], [74], [82], [101], [175]
• Rossi-Forel scale of seismic intensity, [104], [216], [247]
• Rotation of pillars, caused by Hereford earthquake, [294];
  • by Indian earthquake, [293];
  • explanation of, [295]
• Rudzki, P., [336]
• Rumi, Prof., [169]
  
• Samin, fault-scarp at, [308]
• Sand-craters caused by Charleston earthquake, [130];
  • by Indian earthquake, [288]
• Schmidt, A., [336]
• Seismic sea-waves of Riviera earthquake, [142], [163]
• Seismic vertical, [12], [29], [62]
• Seismographic records of Riviera earthquake, [154];
  • of Japanese earthquake of 1894, [329]
• Sekiya, S., [18], [19]
• Serpieri, A., [74]
• Shillong, nature of Indian earthquake at, [266]
• Sloan, E., [103], [117-119], [134], [135]
• Sound-area, definition of, [3];
  • of Neapolitan earthquake, [38];
  • of Andalusian earthquake, [92];
  • of Hereford earthquake, [234];
  • of Inverness earthquake, [252];
  • of Indian earthquake, [275]
• Sound-phenomena, nature of sound, [38], [229], [252], [332];
  • inaudibility to some observers, [231], [274]; its cause, [233];
  • isacoustic lines, [234-236];
  • variations in nature of sound throughout sound-area, [237];
  • time-relation of sound and shock, [238], [253];
  • origin of earthquake-sounds, [334];
  • sound-phenomena of Neapolitan earthquake, [37];
  • of Andalusian earthquake, [91];
  • of Charleston earthquake, [133];
  • of Riviera earthquake, [156];
  • of Japanese after-shocks, [207];
  • of Hereford earthquake, [229];
  • of Inverness earthquake, [252];
  • of Indian earthquake, [274]
• Structural changes, distribution of, in Indian earthquake, [315]
• Subsultory shock, [5]
• Sympathetic earthquakes of Japanese earthquake, [209];
  • of Inverness earthquake, [259]
    
• Tanakadate, A., [177], [214]
• Taramelli, T., [76], [84], [85], [88], [90], [101], [138], [150], [165], [175], [325]
• Tectonic earthquakes, [5]
• Thrust-plane, Indian earthquake due to movement along, [318]
• Time-curve of Indian earthquake, [278];
  • of principal epochs of earthquake-waves of distant origin, [338]
• Time-records, general inaccuracy of, [324]
• Time-relations of sound and shock in Hereford earthquake, [238];
  • in Inverness earthquake, [253]
• Trigonometrical survey, revised, of Khasi hills after Indian earthquake, [312];
  • interpretation of results, [314]
• Twin earthquakes, origin of, [32], [89], [120], [153], [174], [223];
  • Neapolitan earthquake, [31];
  • Andalusian earthquake, [87];
  • Charleston earthquake, [108];
  • Riviera earthquake, [149], [150];
  • Hereford earthquake, [221]
    
• Undulatory shock, [5]
• Unfelt earth-waves, Andalusian earthquake, [82];
  • Riviera earthquake, [157];
  • Indian earthquake, [280]
• Uzielli, G., [143], [176]
  
• Velocity, maximum, of wave-motion, in Neapolitan earthquake, [35];
  • in Indian earthquake, [272]
• Velocity of earth-waves, methods of determining, [39], [93], [127], [229];
  • variation with depth, [336];
  • form of wave-paths, [336];
  • velocity of different phases, [339];
  • of Neapolitan earthquake, [39];
  • of Andalusian earthquake, [92];
  • of Charleston earthquake, [126];
  • of Japanese earthquakes, [188];
  • of Hereford earthquake, [229];
  • of Indian earthquake, [275], [279], [284]
• Visible earth-waves in Charleston earthquake, [110];
  • in Japanese earthquake, [186];
  • in Indian earthquake, [268]
• Volcanic earthquakes, [5], [70]
• Vorticose shock, [5]
  
• Water, effect of Andalusian earthquake on underground, [97]
• Waterfalls caused by fault-scarps of Indian earthquake, [305]
• Wave-path, [13]
• West, C.D., [272]
• Woolhope anticlinal and Hereford earthquake, connection between, [241]

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Typographical errors corrected in text:

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