anceps, double, pronounced angceps.
7. The Spirants (sometimes called Fricatives) are f, s, h. These were voiceless.
8. The Semivowels are j and v. These were voiced.
9. Double Consonants are x and z. Of these, x was equivalent to cs, while the equivalence of z is uncertain. See [§ 3], 3.
10. The following table will indicate the relations of the consonant sounds:—
| VOICELESS. | VOICED. | ASPIRATES. | ||
| p, | b, | ph, | (Labials). | |
| Mutes, | t, | d, | th, | (Dentals). |
| c, k, q, | g, | ch, | (Gutturals). | |
| Liquids, | l, r, | |||
| Nasals, | m, n, | |||
| f, | (Labial). | |||
| Spirants, | s, | (Dental). | ||
| h, | (Guttural). | |||
| Semivowels, | j, v. |
a. The Double Consonants, x and z, being compound sounds, do not admit of classification in the above table.
SOUNDS OF THE LETTERS.
[3]. The following pronunciation (often called Roman) is substantially that employed by the Romans at the height of their civilization; i.e., roughly, from 50 B.C. to 50 A.D.
1. Vowels.