conclūdō for con-claudō;
explōdō for ex-plaudō.

2. Contraction. Concurrent vowels were frequently contracted into one long vowel. The first of the two vowels regularly prevailed; as,—

trēs for tre-es; cōpia for co-opia;
mālō for ma(v)elō; cōgō for co-agō;
amāstī for amā(v)istī; cōmō for co-emō;
dēbeō for dē(h)abeō; jūnior for ju(v)enior.
nīl for nihil;

3. Parasitic Vowels. In the environment of liquids and nasals a parasitic vowel sometimes develops; as,—

vinculum for earlier vinclum.

So perīculum, saeculum.

4. Syncope. Sometimes a vowel drops out by syncope; as,—

ārdor for āridor (compare āridus);

valdē for validē (compare validus).

CONSONANT CHANGES[[10]]