| conclūdō | for con-claudō; |
| explōdō | for ex-plaudō. |
2. Contraction. Concurrent vowels were frequently contracted into one long vowel. The first of the two vowels regularly prevailed; as,—
| trēs | for tre-es; | cōpia | for co-opia; |
| mālō | for ma(v)elō; | cōgō | for co-agō; |
| amāstī | for amā(v)istī; | cōmō | for co-emō; |
| dēbeō | for dē(h)abeō; | jūnior | for ju(v)enior. |
| nīl | for nihil; |
3. Parasitic Vowels. In the environment of liquids and nasals a parasitic vowel sometimes develops; as,—
vinculum for earlier vinclum.
So perīculum, saeculum.
4. Syncope. Sometimes a vowel drops out by syncope; as,—
ārdor for āridor (compare āridus);
valdē for validē (compare validus).