A History of Spain / founded on the Historia de España y de la civilización española of Rafael Altamira

by Charles E. Chapman; Rafael Altamira

[A], [B], [C], [D], [E], [F], [G], [H], [I], [J], [K], [L], [M], [N], [O], [P], [Q], [R], [S], [T], [U], [V], [W], [X], [Y], [Z]

Abbasside family, [42], [43].
Abdallah, [45].
Abd-er-Rahman I, [42], [43], [49], [50].
Abd-er-Rahman II, [44].
Abd-er-Rahman III, [45], [47], [49], [50], [54], [57].
Abdul Malik, [46], [58].
Aben-Hayyán, [103].
Abu Abdallah. See Boabdil.
Abul Cassim Mohammed, [69].
Abul Hassan, [204].
Academy, the. See Real Academia Española.
Academy of Fine Arts. See Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando.
Academy of History. See Real Academia de la Historia.
Achila, [32].
Acosta, [347].
Acquaviva, [356].
Acuña, Fernando de, [203].
Adelantados, [90], [93], [154-156], [197], [199], [200],
[222].
Adrian, Cardinal. See Adrian VI.
Adrian VI, Pope, [238], [239], [317].
Affonso Enríquez of Portugal, [75], [76].
Africa, [6], [8], [10], [17], [19], [28], [32], [39], [40], [42-45],
[69-71], [77], [121], [136], [172], [196], [205],
[206], [208], [214], [217], [223], [235], [236], [241], [242],
[249], [250], [252], [260], [265], [268], [277], [279],
[280], [379], [390], [513]. See Algiers, Morocco,
Tripoli, Tunis.
Ágreda, María de Jesús, [310].
Agrippa, [18].
Alans, [26-28].
Alarcón, the navigator, [349].
Alarcón, the novelist, [515].
Alarcos, battle of, [71], [76].
Alaric, [27].
Álava, [117], [134], [135], [197-200].
Alba, dukes of, [251], [252], [323], [428].
Albéniz, [516].
Alberoni, [374], [375], [377], [434], [439], [444], [451].
Albigenses, [79], [80].
Alburquerque, [118], [119].
Alcabala, the, [157], [175], [216], [225], [227], [237],
[278], [295], [297], [336], [453].
Alcalá, ordinance of, [142], [160], [163], [226],
[441]; university of, [230], [312], [340], [474].
Alcaldes, [92], [93], [154], [159], [174], [222], [432],
[433], [446], [473].
Alcántara, order of, [94], [219], [220].
Alcaraz, [450].
Alcudia, [430]; Duke of: See Godoy.
Alegre, [482].
Alexander III, Pope, [76].
Alexandrian school, [102], [103].
Alfieri, [482].
Alfonso, Prince, [115].
Alfonso (another), Prince, [123], [124].
Alfonso I of Aragon, [74], [75], [78], [79].
Alfonso II of Aragon, [79], [110].
Alfonso III of Aragon, [127], [128].
Alfonso IV of Aragon, [129].
Alfonso V of Aragon, [132], [148], [167], [170], [188-191],
[207], [212].
Alfonso I of Asturias and León, [54], [55].
Alfonso II of Asturias and León, [55], [56].
Alfonso III of Asturias and León, [57].
Alfonso IV of Asturias and León (925-930).
Omitted.
Alfonso V of Asturias and León, [58].
Alfonso VI of León and Castile, [70-74], [95].
Alfonso VII of León and Castile, [74-76].
Alfonso VIII of Castile, [71], [75-77], [79],
[106], [112], [135].
Alfonso IX of León, [76], [77], [106].
Alfonso X of Castile (and León), [112-116],
[142], [144], [146], [152], [153], [155], [156], [160-164],
[174], [181], [185], [226].
Alfonso XI of Castile (and León), [116-119],
[129-131], [135], [138], [153], [156], [157], [159],
[162], [163], [165], [174].
Alfonso XII of Spain, [503], [505], [506], [508].
Alfonso XIII of Spain, [506], [509-511].
Algarve, [113], [407]; Prince of: See Godoy.
Algeciras, [10], [32].
Algiers, [242], [356], [390].
Alhambra, the, [201], [205].
Alicante, [450], [468].
Aljubarrota, battle of, [121].
Almansor, [45], [46], [48], [51], [54], [57], [58].
Almería, city and province of, [2], [69], [71].
Almohades, ix, [70], [71], [75-77], [84], [85], [87],
[102], [104], [113]. See Moslems.
Almoravides, [69], [70], [72], [73], [84], [87], [102], [104].
See Moslems.
Alomar, [515].
Altamira, Rafael, [335], [516], [525].
Alvarado, [347].
Álvarez, General, [491].
Álvarez, the sculptor, [485].
Álvarez Quintero, the brothers, [515], [516].
Amadeo, King, of Spain, [503], [504].
Amadís de Gaula, [145], [185], [232], [355].
Amalia, Queen, of Spain, [472].
Amelot, [374], [434].
American Revolution, [383], [384], [399].
Americans. See United States.
Americas, the. See Spanish America.
Amigos del País, [462], [474].
Andalusia and the Andalusians, [2], [3], [9],
[11], [19], [38], [39], [44], [67], [71], [79], [138], [156], [180],
[203], [204], [211], [229], [268], [280], [284], [327],
[364], [365], [431], [460], [462], [464], [466], [490],
[516], [518], [520], [522].
Anglada, [516].
Anian, Strait of, [476].
Anjou, House of, [128], [132], [207]. See Charles
of Anjou.
Anson, George, [381].
Antonio, Julio, [516].
Antonio, Nicolás, [347].
Antonio of Crato, [251-253].
Arabs, the, [32], [39-52], [59], [71], [84], [107], [108],
[182], [183], [185], [188], [200], [248], [277], [278], [309],
[363]. See Moslems.
Aragón, Alfonso de, [216].
Aragon (kingdom and province of) and the
Aragonese, [2], [44], [45], [54], [56], [58], [64-66],
[68], [71], [74], [75], [78-82], [96-101], [106], [109-111],
[115], [117], [119], [120], [122], [124-134],
[146-150], [155], [166-173], [176-179], [187-193],
[195], [203], [206], [208], [209], [211-215], [217],
[219], [221-224], [227], [229], [231], [234], [235],
[244], [252], [253], [263], [268], [272-277], [280],
[288-290], [296], [301], [311], [325], [411], [412], [422],
[427], [429], [431], [432], [435], [453], [460], [476].
Aranda, Count of, [389], [393], [394], [402], [420],
[423], [428], [435], [436], [451], [472].
Aranjuez, [408], [423], [450], [492].
Archivo General de Indias, [476], [481].
Argentina, [389], [523].
Argote y Góngora. See Góngora.
Arian creed, [27], [30], [31], [36].
Aristotle, [103], [184].
Arjona, [71].
Arlegui, [482].
Armada, the Spanish, [253], [255], [256], [287].
Armada de Barlovento, [299].
Armenteira, [164].
Arniches, Carlos, [515].
Arriaga, Cofradía of, [135], [197].
Arriaga, Julián de, [436].
Arricivita, [482].
Arrieta. Bartolomé de, [300], [441].
Arrieta, the composer, [515].
Arteaga, [479].
Arthur, King, of England, [185].
Artois, [235].
Asia, [7], [262]. See Asia Minor.
Asia Minor, [8], [129]. See Asia.
Asiento, the, [370], [371], [380], [381], [385], [456].
Asso, [481].
Assyria and the Assyrians, [7], [10].
Astorga, [20].
Asturias, Princes of, [121], [426].
Asturias and the Asturians, [11], [53-57], [60-64], [135], [180], [327], [431], [434-436], [460].
Ataulf, [27], [28].
Athanagild, [29].
Athens, [129], [131], [190].
Atlantic Ocean, [1], [229], [260], [328], [385].
Audiencias, [155], [156], [222], [292], [293], [311], [321], [429-433], [437].
Augsburg, Diets of, [243].
Augustinians, [312], [314].
Augustus, [18], [20].
Austerlitz, battle of, [407].
Austria, House of. See Hapsburg.
Austria and the Austrians, [207], [235], [236], [244], [368], [369], [372], [375-379], [381], [402], [407], [496].
Autos de fe, [223], [224].
Avendaño, Francisco de, [353].
Averröes, [103], [110], [188].
Avignon, [120], [131], [168].
Ávila, [23], [239], [464].
Ayacucho, battle of, [488].
Ayala, Pedro Lópes de. See López de Ayala.
Ayala, the dramatist, [515].
Ayala, the navigator, [479].
Ayora, Gonzalo de, [226].
Ayuntamientos, [159], [290], [413], [426], [429], [432], [433].
Az-Zahra, palace of, [49].
Azcárate, [525].
Azcoytia, [450].
“Azorín,” [515].
Bacon, Francis, [342].
Badajoz, city and province of, [2], [20], [69-71], [405].
Baegert, [482].
Bahama Islands, [397], [398].
Baja California, [476].
Balearic Islands, [19], [69], [81], [100]. See Ibiza, Majorca, Minorca.
Baltic Sea, [189].
Barba, Alonso, [350].
Barbarossa, [242].
Barbary Coast. See Africa, Algiers, Morocco, Tripoli, Tunis.
Barca family, [12-14].
Barcelona, city of, [12], [22], [28], [64], [99], [125], [133], [147-149], [168-170], [172], [173], [177-179], [188], [215], [216], [221], [229], [263], [264], [286], [329], [372], [417], [423], [429], [431], [451], [460], [466], [484], [512];

counts of, [56], [58], [65], [75], [77], [78], [79], [133];
university of, [188], [312],3[50].
Barlovento. See Armada de Barlovento.
Baroja, Pío, [515].
Barraganía, [88], [96], [144], [164], [196], [216], [281], [305], [315].
Basle, treaty of, [403].
Basque provinces, the, and the Basques, [8], [43], [55], [58], [134], [135], [175], [192], [196-200], [213], [288], [423], [430], [432-434], [461], [465], [518]. See Álava, Guipúzcoa, Vizcaya.
Bavaria, Prince of, [270].
Bayeu, [485].
Baylén, battle of, [490].
Bayonne, [409], [489-491].
Beaumarchais, [483].
Beaumont, [482].
Becquer, [515].
Behetrías, [197-199].
Belgium. See Catholic Netherlands, Low Countries.
Benavente, Jacinto, [515], [516].
Benedict XIII, Pope, [131], [168].
Benedict XIV, Pope, [453].
Benedictines, [472].
Benedito, [516].
Beni-Casi family, [44].
Benimerines, [113], [114], [117], [131], [136].
Benlliure, [516].
Berbers, the, [8], [14], [19], [32], [40-43], [45-47], [49], [50], [69-71], [84], [200], [241]. See Moslems.
Berenguela, Queen, of Castile, [76], [77], [90].
Berruguete, [362].
Beruete, [516].
Bethencourt, Juan de, [122].
Biblioteca Nacional, [476].
Bilbao, city of, [329], [468].
Bilbao, the painter, [516].
Biron, [388].
Biscay, Bay of, [260].
Black Prince, the, [120].
Black Sea, [27].
Blanche of Bourbon, [118], [119].
Blanche of Navarre, [123], [134].
Blay, [516].
“Blue Lady.” See Ágreda.
Boabdil, [204], [205].
Bobastro, [44], [45].
Boccaccio, [184], [185], [356].
Bodega, [479].
Bogotá, [478].
Bologna, [452].
Bonaparte. See Joseph, Napoleon.
Bonilla, Adolfo, [515].
Borgia, Alfonso. See Calixtus III.
Borja, Cardinal, [318].
Borja, town of, [450].
Boston, [393].
Bougainville, [388].
Bourbon, House of, [118], [270], [284], [370], [384-386], [393], [397], [399], [404], [405], [407], [410], [421], [425], [426], [429], [432], [434], [438], [443], [445], [452], [454], [455], [469], [482], [497], [500], [503].
Bracamonte, Rubín de, [122].
Braciano, Duke of, [373].
Braga, [20].
Braganza, House of, [251], [265], [267].
Bravo Murillo, [500], [501].
Brazil, [252], [392].
Bretón, [515].
Bruges, [176], [326], [337].
Buckingham, Duke of, [284].
Bueno, Manuel, [516].
Buenos Aires, [388].
Burgos, [57], [329], [330], [409];
ordinances of, [160].
Burgoyne, [395].
Burgundy, [235], [236], [244], [262].
Burriel, [481], [482].
Byng, [376], [377].
Byzantine Greeks. See Byzantine Romans.
Byzantine Romans, [29-31], [33], [36-38], [50], [52], [129], [190].
Caballeros, [85], [86], [97], [137], [138], [141], [148], [159], [166], [170], [185], [192], [194], [211], [273], [433].
Cabezón, [366].
Cáceres, [2], [244].
Cádiz, city and province of, [2], [10], [32], [38], [255], [328], [392], [423], [468-470], [484], [492], [493], [496].
Cæpio, [17].
Cæsar, [18], [185].
Calatrava, order of, [75], [94], [139], [219], [220].
Calderón, Alfredo, [515].
Calderón de la Barca, Pedro, [355].
California, [156], [232], [349], [361], [481];
Gulf of, [349].
Calixtus III, Pope, [190], [191].
Cámara de Castilla, [292], [321], [412], [431], [433].
Camarilla, the, [495], [501].
Campillo, [434], [480].
Campoamor, [515].
Campomanes, [415], [418], [435], [450], [459], [461], [480], [481].
Canalejas, [509].
Canary Islands, [6], [122], [206], [293], [431], [453].
Canellas, [97].
Cangas de Onís, [53].
Cano, Alonso, [362], [366].
Cano, Melchor, [314], [316].
Cánovas del Castillo, [516].
Canstadt man, [6].
Cantabrian Mountains, [2], [491].
Cantabrians, [8].
Capmany, [481].
Caribbean Sea, [253], [385], [387].
Carlism, [497-501], [503-505], [511].
Carlos, Don, [497], [498], [503].
Carmona, [69].
Carpetana Mountains. See Carpeto-Vetónica Mountains.
Carpeto-Vetónica Mountains, [2], [3], [54].
Carpio, Bernardo del, [55].
Carranza, Bartolomé, [307].
Carreratge, [168], [169], [173], [199].
Carrillo, Alonso de, [183].
Cartagena in America, [380].
Cartagena in Spain, [12], [13], [23], [27].
Carthage and the Carthaginians, [7], [10-15].
Carvajal, [224].
Casa de Contratación, [231], [328], [341], [348], [349], [468].
Castaños, [490].
Castelar, [505].
Castellanos, Juan de, [347].
Castellón de Ampurias, [11].
Castile and the Castilians, [1-5], [38], [57], [58], [60-64], [66], [68], [69], [71-78], [81], [82], [84-99], [104-125], [129], [131-147], [149], [151-167], [169-176], [180-190], [192], [197-199], [203-206], [209-221], [223], [224], [226-231], [235], [237-240], [242], [249-253], [262-266], [274-277], [280], [288-290], [292], [296], [301], [311], [325], [327], [346], [364], [369], [372], [426], [427], [429-432], [441], [453], [460], [464];
language of, [106], [184], [185], [189], [190], [197], [231], [308], [341], [346], [351-353], [357], [358], [476], [481], [518]. See New Castile, Old Castile.
Castro, Américo, [515].
Castro, Juana de, [119].
Castro, Rosalía de, [515].
“Catalan vengeance,” the, [129].
Catalonia and the Catalans, [2], [11], [13], [56], [58], [59], [64-66], [77-82], [96-100], [109], [110], [125], [127], [129-134], [146-150], [168-173], [176-179], [184], [187], [189], [190], [192], [203], [206], [210-212], [221], [227], [231], [258], [262-265], [267], [272], [275], [276], [280], [288-290], [296], [299], [301], [311], [328], [359], [370-374], [379], [380], [422], [426], [427], [429-431], [432], [441], [453], [460], [466], [511], [512], [518];
language of, [110], [189], [190], [231], [429], [511], [518].
Catherine of Aragon, [207].
Catholic Kings. See Ferdinand II of Aragon, Isabella I of Castile.
Catholic Netherlands, [250], [262], [372], [378]. See Low Countries.
Catholic Reaction. See Counter-Reformation.
Catholicism, [22], [27], [29-31], [36], [80], [216], [243], [246-248], [250], [251], [253-255], [261], [264], [281], [288], [302-304], [306], [308], [313], [315], [316], [319], [343], [355], [359], [443], [445], [448], [455-457], [494], [501], [502], [512], [514], [521]. See Arian creed, Church.
Cavanilles, [478].
Cavo, [482].
Cejador, [515].
Celtiberian Mountains, [2].
Celtiberians, the, [8], [9].
Celts, the, [8], [9].
Censos, [281], [416], [452].
Cerda, Fernando de la. See Fernando.
Cerdagne, [134], [206], [207], [235], [262].
Cervantes de Salazar, [347].
Cervantes y Saavedra, Miguel de, [334], [353], [355-357], [359], [483].
Ceuta, [268], [513].
Chaldea and the Chaldeans, [7], [10];
language of, [230].
Champagne, Count of, [82].
Chancillerías. See Audiencias.
Chanson de Roland, [43].
Chapí, [515].
Chappe d’Autereche, [476].
Charlemagne, [43], [55], [185].
Charles, Prince, [247], [256].
Charles, the Archduke. See Charles VI (the Emperor).
Charles V, the Emperor. See Charles I of Spain.
Charles VI, the Emperor, [270], [369-372], [376-381], [444].
Charles of Anjou, [126].
Charles of Valois, [127].
Charles of Viana, [132-134].
Charles I of England, [284].
Charles IV of France, [134].
Charles VIII of France, [206], [207].
Charles I of Spain, [209], [216], [219], [234-250], [256-258], [263], [275-277], [283-287], [289], [293], [296], [298], [300], [306-308], [311], [314], [316-320], [322], [326], [335], [339], [345], [346], [352], [353], [363].
Charles II of Spain, [258], [268-271], [285], [288], [289], [333], [369], [384].
Charles III of Spain, [376-380], [382-386], [389-392], [394-399], [403], [411], [412], [414], [415], [419], [420], [422-424], [427], [431-433], [435], [436], [438], [439], [445], [447], [449-454], [456], [461-465], [467], [472-475], [478], [479], [481], [485], [486], [495].
Charles IV of Spain, [384], [399-404], [407-409], [412], [415], [419], [422], [423],

[425], [427], [435], [436], [439], [446], [447], [456], [463], [469], [473], [477], [486], [488], [498].
Charolais, [235].
Charron, [343].
Chatham, Lord. See Pitt.
Chicharro, [516].
Chièvres, [237].
Chile, [478].
Chindaswinth, [31], [35].
Chinese, the, [353].
Choiseul, [389].
Christians, [22], [23], [39-41], [43-47], [49], [53-60], [67-73], [75-77], [84], [85], [87], [88], [97], [102], [103], [105], [106], [108], [110], [124], [135], [136], [142], [143], [147], [150], [172], [180], [182], [192], [193], [195], [200], [201], [205], [213], [214], [236], [248], [249], [266], [274-278], [280], [307], [338], [342], [362], [421]. See Church.
Chueca, [515].
Church, the, [22], [23], [26], [27], [35-37], [41], [42], [47], [49], [53-55], [60-63], [65], [66], [85-88], [90], [91], [93-98], [100], [105], [111], [114], [117], [123], [124], [127], [131], [137-141], [143], [144], [146], [155-160], [163-165], [169], [172], [173], [182-184], [188], [197], [210], [212], [216], [217], [222], [225], [227], [237], [239], [248], [249], [252], [266], [273-278], [283], [289], [293], [295], [297], [303-323], [325], [334], [340-343], [347], [351-353], [365], [366], [401], [412], [415], [416], [418], [422], [426-428], [430], [437], [441], [443-460], [462], [464], [472], [473], [476], [477], [479], [480], [485], [493], [494], [496], [500], [501], [504], [505], [511-513], [522]. See Albigenses, Alcántara, Augustinians, Benedictines, Calatrava, Catholicism, Christians, Cistercians, Cluny, Counter-Reformation, Dominicans, Franciscans, Illuminism, Inquisition, Jesuits, Limpieza de sangre, Mozárabes, Mysticism, Nobles, Papal States, Priscillianism, Protestantism, Quietism, Reformation, Santiago, Templars.
Churriguera, [362].
Cicero, [184].
Cid, the, [72-74], [106].
Cieza de León, [347].
Cistercians, [75], [164].
Cities. See Towns.
Ciudad Real, town and province of, [2], [450].
Ciudadela, [195].
Civita Vecchia, [452].
Clará, [516].
“Clarín,” [515].
Clavigero, [482].
Clement V, Pope, [167].
Clement VII, Pope, [167], [168].
Clergy. See Church.
Clovis, [29].
Cluny, monks of, [65], [66], [72], [86], [95], [96], [98], [106]. See Church.
Cobos, Bernabé, [347].
Coello, [366].
Cofradías, [144], [145], [182], [281], [417]. See Arriaga.
Coimbra, [54].
Colmeiro, [516].
Colonna, [184].
Columbus, Christopher, [232], [522].
Columbus, Ferdinand, [347].
Comenius, [343].
Commons, House of, [493].
Compilación de Canellas, [97].
Compostela, Santiago de, [55], [63], [74], [75],
[93], [95], [105], [106], [165], [174], [238], [263].
Comunales, [93].
Comunidades, the, [239], [248], [250].
Concejo. See Towns, Villa.
Condé, [261].
Consejo de Castilla. See Consejo Real.
Consejo Real, [154], [203], [221], [264], [290-293],
[311], [317], [320], [321], [329], [331], [418], [425],
[426], [428], [431], [433], [435], [445], [450], [468],
[475].
Consejos, the, [292], [297], [430], [431], [433], [441],
[468]. See Cámara, Consejo Real.
Consell, the. See Barcelona.
Conservatives, the, [506], [509], [512]. See
Moderates.
Constance of Aragon, [130].
Constance of Sicily, [126].
Constantinople, [129], [132], [195], [249].
Constanza, Princess, [121].
Constitutions, [493], [494], [496], [498-502], [504-506],
[509], [510].
Consulados, [109], [177], [178], [328], [329], [331],
[468], [469].
Consumo, the, [157].
Convention, the French, [403].
Conversos, the. See Marranos.
Copernicus, [349].
Córdoba, Gonzalo de, [208], [226].
Cordova, [24], [43-45], [47], [49], [50], [53], [68], [69],
[77], [103], [224].
Coria, [54].
Corneille, [482].
Cornejo, [481].
Cornwall, Earl of, [112].
Corregidores, [90], [159], [198], [199], [220], [238],
[290], [329], [429], [432], [466], [473].
Corsica, [8], [128], [171], [452].
Cort, the, [93], [154], [155].
Cortes, the, [85], [89-93], [97], [99-101], [114],
[117], [123], [128], [133], [140], [141], [147], [148], [158],
[160], [161], [163], [165-168], [170], [171], [173],
[178], [209], [217], [220], [221], [226], [237-239],
[252], [263], [277], [288], [289], [294], [297], [299],
[301], [302], [305], [311], [320], [321], [413], [425-429],
[473], [492-498], [501-505], [509].
Cortés, Hernando, [296], [347], [350].
Coruña, [238], [255], [263], [450].
Cossío, [516].
Costa, [525].
Counter-Reformation, [306], [312], [342]. See
Church, Protestantism, Reformation.
Counts, [61], [62], [65], [90], [211], [221], [273].
Covadonga, battle of, [53], [54].
Cowley, [388].
Cristina, Queen, of Spain, [497-500].
Cromagnon man, [6], [7].
Cromwell, [262], [393].
Cruz, Juan de la, Saint, [310].
Cruz, Ramón de la, [484], [487].
Cruzada, the, [225], [292], [295], [444], [445].
Cuba, [488], [500], [506].
Cuenca, town and province of, [2], [450], [460].
Cueva, Beltrán de la, [123].
Dante, [185].
Danube River, [27].
Danvila y Collado, [516].
Daoiz, Luis, [410].
Darío, Rubén, [515].
Daroca, [450].
Daza, Juan de, [224].
Denia, [69].
Denmark, [189], [308], [330], [379].
Depósito Hidrográfico, [479].
Deputation of the Cortes. See Generalitat.
Descartes, [343].
Díaz, Juan, [308].
Díaz, Rodrigo, or Ruy. See Cid.
Díaz de Montalvo, Alfonso, [226], [300], [301],
[441].
Díaz del Castillo, Bernal, [347].
Dicenta, [515].
Diderot, [428].
Diez Canedo, [515].
Diezmos, [140], [225], [295], [452].
Diocletian, [19], [22].
Directory, the French, [404].
Dominic, Saint, [80], [96].
Dominicans, [80], [96], [173], [304], [314], [316],
[358]. See Church.
Don Quixote, [355-357].
Donativos, [295].
Dorantes de Carranza, [347].
Dos de Mayo, the, [399], [410], [486], [489], [513].
Dos novenas, [140].
Douro River, [2], [17], [54], [58].
Doz, [476].
Drake, Francis, [253], [255].
Dukes, [211], [221], [273].
Dupont, [490].
Dutch, the. See Protestant Netherlands.
East Indies, [262].
Ebro River, [2], [3], [7], [408], [490].
Echegaray, [515].
Edward, Prince. See Black Prince.
Edward I of England, [112].
Edward III of England, [120], [121].
Egmont, Port, [388], [389].
Egypt and the Egyptians, [8], [39], [42], [43]. See Gypsies.
El Greco, [364], [366], [485], [516].
El Zagal, [204].
Elche, [169].
Elhuyar brothers, [478].
Elisa, [479].
Elizabeth, Queen, of England, [253-255].
Elvira, [22], [45].
Emporium, [11].
Encomienda, [60], [138].
Encyclopedia, the, [428].
England and the English, [92], [105], [112], [113], [120], [121], [134], [158], [175], [176], [203], [207], [209], [235], [236], [241], [244], [246], [247], [253-256], [259], [260], [262], [267], [269], [270], [299], [330], [337], [342], [346], [359], [368-372], [376], [377], [379-401], [403-407], [425], [429], [435], [440], [450], [451], [456], [458], [459], [469-471], [483], [489], [491], [499], [508], [514], [518], [519].
Engracia, Saint, [22].
Ensenada, Marquis of, [434-436], [439], [440], [480].
Enzina, Juan del, [232], [353].
Épila, battle of, [130].
Erasmus, [342].
Escarano, [393], [396].
Escoiquiz, [406], [409].
Escorial, the, [255], [362].
Espagnoletto. See Ribera (the painter).
Espartero, [499], [502].
Espéculo, the, [162].
Espinosa, [482].
Esquivel, [350].
Estudios Reales de San Isidro, [341].
Etruria, [405], [407], [410].
Etruscans, the ancient, [24].
Eulalia, Saint, [22].
Euric, [28], [29],

[34].
Europe and Europeans, [1], [3], [6], [21], [28], [38], [44], [45], [49-51], [60-62], [64], [67], [86], [91], [94], [102], [103], [105-108], [110], [112], [139], [148], [165], [181], [182], [186], [188], [195], [202], [203], [206], [209], [219], [230], [234], [236], [240-246], [248-251], [254], [257-262], [265], [266], [269], [270], [284], [286], [298], [300], [303], [306], [315], [324], [328], [330], [334], [336-338], [350], [352], [355], [356], [358-360], [368-370], [376], [380-384],
[391], [392], [394], [401-403], [407], [415], [419], [426], [449], [466], [471], [478], [480-482], [492], [495], [496], [500], [513], [520].
Évora, [266].
Evreux, House of, [134].
Expolios, [319], [321].
Extremadura, [1], [2], [44], [45], [212], [228], [280], [431], [460], [464].
Fachenetti concordat, [320].
Fadrique of Sicily, [128], [129].
Falkland Islands, [388], [389], [400].
Falla, [516].
Family Compact, the, [379], [383], [386], [389], [390], [395], [400].
Far East, the, [265], [353], [488].
Farnese, Alexander, [251].
Farnesio, Isabel, [374-382], [404], [418], [445], [449], [451].
Ferdinand I, the Emperor, [235], [244].
Ferdinand II, the Emperor, [260].
Ferdinand of Antequera. See Ferdinand I of Aragon.
Ferdinand of Aragon. See Ferdinand II of Aragon.
Ferdinand I of Aragon, [122], [131], [132], [168], [170], [189].
Ferdinand II of Aragon, [111], [124], [133], [134], [148], [154], [191], [202-215], [217-230], [234], [235], [272], [276], [277], [287], [290], [292-294], [300], [306], [316], [325], [332], [335], [350].
Ferdinand of Bourbon, Prince, [382].
Ferdinand I of Castile, [71], [73], [75].
Ferdinand II of León (1157-1188). Omitted.
Ferdinand III of Castile (and León), [68], [76], [77], [80], [81], [91], [95], [111], [158], [162].
Ferdinand IV of Castile (and León), [115-117].
Ferdinand V of Spain. See Ferdinand II of Aragon.
Ferdinand VI of Spain, [378], [381], [382], [391], [412], [418], [422], [431], [435], [439], [445], [449], [474], [478], [484].
Ferdinand VII of Spain, [406-409], [477], [486], [488], [492-498].
Ferdinand of Naples, [132].
Fernán González, [57].
Fernán-Núñez, Count of, [472], [481].
Fernández. See Moratín.
Fernández Caballero, [515].
Fernández de Oviedo, [347].
Fernández Duro, [516].
Fernández Guerra, [516].
Fernando de la Cerda, [113], [115].
Ferrán, [515].
Ferrara, [452].
Ferrer, Francisco, [511], [512].
Ferrer, Jaime, [189].
Feudalism. See Church, Nobles, Towns.
Feyjóo, [472], [483].
Fidalgo, [479].
Figueras, President, [504].
Fiscal, the, [156].
Fita, Fidel, [516].
Flanders, the Flemings, and Flemish influences, [105], [176], [187], [190], [195], [209], [233], [235], [237], [239], [247], [250], [270], [286], [294], [297], [323], [328], [342], [462].
Flor, Roger de, [129].
Florence, [209], [363].
Florencia, [347].
Flórez, [476].
Florida, [387], [395], [397], [398], [488].
Floridablanca, Count of, [395], [396], [400-402], [415], [428], [435], [436], [452], [463], [480].
Foix, Count of, [134].
France, the French, and French influences, [1], [8], [27-30], [34], [40], [42], [43], [58], [59], [64-66], [74], [75], [78-81], [83], [86], [89], [92], [105-107], [110], [115], [118], [120], [126], [127], [131], [134], [139], [161], [172], [181], [185], [188], [190], [196], [197], [200], [206-209], [214], [229], [235], [236], [240-244], [246-248], [251], [254], [255], [258], [260-265], [267-271], [280], [299], [300], [308], [312], [327], [330], [333], [351], [359], [360], [368-390], [392-397], [399-411], [419-421], [425], [427-429], [434], [440], [445], [449], [452], [454], [457], [459], [461], [468-472], [476], [482-485], [489-493], [496], [497], [500], [503], [508], [513], [514], [518], [524]. See French Revolution, Provençal influences.
Franche-Comté, [235].
Francis I of France, [209], [235], [240], [241].
Franciscans, [96], [173], [216], [217], [304], [314]. See Church.
Franks, the, [19], [29], [30], [42], [43], [55], [56], [64].
Freemasons, [495], [512].
French Revolution, [161], [384], [399-402], [428], [429], [457], [477], [496].
Fuero Juzgo, [31], [37], [63], [65], [91], [98], [99], [162], [163].
Fuero Real, [162], [163], [441].
Fuerza, recourse of, [156], [164], [291], [311], [321], [322], [446].
Furfooz man, [6].
Galba, [16].
Galeras, the, [295].
Galés. Pedro, [308].
Galicia and the Galicians, [2], [4], [8-10], [11], [27], [28], [56-58], [71], [74], [106], [180], [184], [185], [203], [238], [327], [431], [434], [460], [478], [511].
Galván, [350].
Gálvez, Bernardo de, [397].
Gálvez, José de, [436].
Gándara, [516].
Ganivet, [515].
García de la Huerta, [484].
Garnier, [393].
Gascony, [112], [113].
Gastambide, [515].
Gaudí, [516].
Gelmírez, Diego, [74], [75], [95].
General Privilege, the, [126], [130], [167].
Generalitat, the, [148], [170-172], [178], [299].
Genoa, [109], [129], [131], [297], [470].
Germanic tribes, [26-29], [33], [59], [63], [75]. See Alans, Germans, Ostrogoths, Suevians, Vandals, Visigoths.
Germany and the Germans, [105], [112], [113], [229], [235], [236], [238], [240-244], [246], [247], [260], [269], [285], [297], [308], [350], [359], [366], [371], [448], [462], [483], [485], [508], [513], [514]. See Prussia.
Gerona, city and province of, [11], [64], [65], [77], [82], [172], [173], [212], [430], [491].
Gibbon, [346].
Gibraltar, [32], [71], [371], [376], [377], [379], [381], [382], [385], [396], [397], [407], [514].
Gilbert, Humphrey, [253].
Giner de los Ríos, [516], [525].
Giotto, [187], [190].
Godoy, Manuel, [402-409], [419], [422], [423], [436], [447], [448], [455], [472], [474], [475], [477], [516].
Gómez de Baquero, [516].
Góngora, Luis de Argote y, [358].
Góngora, the historian, [347].
González Blanco, [515].
González Bravo, [500], [503].
González Dávila, Gil, [350].
González del Castillo, [484].
Gothic art, [107], [108], [110], [186], [187], [190], [197], [233], [361], [362].
Gothic rite, [36], [95], [98], [100].
Goya, Francisco José, [366], [421], [422], [471], [485], [486], [516].
Granada, city of, [2], [53], [71], [201], [205], [293], [423], [431];
kingdom and province of, [2], [3], [50], [68], [69], [71], [77], [82], [111], [113], [115], [117], [121-123], [135], [136], [142], [192], [200-202], [204-206], [211], [213], [219], [221], [225-227], [248], [277], [280], [327], [431], [460].
Granados, [516].
Grandees, [211], [273], [373], [379], [411-413], [447], [501], [505].
Great Schism, [131], [164], [167], [168], [317].
Greece, the Greeks, and Greek influences, [6], [7], [11-14], [18], [24], [36], [37], [51], [102], [103], [105], [190], [230], [242], [342], [350-353], [361], [362], [364], [484]. See Byzantine Romans.
Gregory VII, Pope, [95], [164].
Gregory XIII, Pope, [322], [349].
Gregory XIV, Pope, [317].
Grimaldi, [394],

[395].
Grotius, [344].
Guadalajara, [54], [450].
Guadalquivir River, [1-3], [5], [49].
Guadalupe, Sentence of, [212].
Guadarrama Mountains. See Carpeto-Vetónica Mountains.
Guadiana River, [2].
Guastalla, [381].
Guatemala, [478].
Guerrero, [366].
Guesclin, Bertrand du, [120].
Guimerá, [515].
Guipúzcoa, [134], [135], [197-200], [274], [284], [301], [429], [460].
Gutiérres de Santa Clara, [347].
Guzmán, Domingo de. See Dominic.
Guzmán, Leonor de, [118].
Guzmán el Bueno, [114], [115].
Guzmán family, [138], [152].
Gypsies, the, [275], [276], [414].
Hadrian, [20].
Hakem I, [43], [44].
Hakem II, [45], [57].
Hamilcar, [12].
Hannibal, [12-14].
Hapsburg, House of, [113], [207], [234-236], [241], [243], [244], [246], [260], [268-271], [276], [284], [287], [293], [303], [316], [331], [332], [368], [374], [411], [426], [432], [443], [446], [452], [454], [455], [473], [506].
Harcourt, [270].
Harrach, [270].
Hasdrubal, the elder, [12-13].
Hasdrubal, the younger, [13].
Havana, [386], [387], [395].
Hawkins, John, [253].
Hayti, [403].
Hebrew literature, [188], [230], [352]. See Jews.
Heceta, [479].
Henry, Prince, of Portugal, [189].
Henry I of Castile, [76].
Henry II of Castile (and León), [118-121], [138], [140], [186].
Henry III of Castile (and León), [121], [122], [135], [138], [186].
Henry IV of Castile (and León), [122-124], [134], [138], [139], [143], [164], [204], [210].
Henry VIII of England, [207], [208], [235].
Henry IV of France, [248], [260].
Henry of Lorraine, [74].
Henry I of Portugal, [251], [252].
Henry of Trastamara. See Henry II of Castile (and León).
Hermandades, [92], [141], [155], [158], [220], [223].
Hermenegild, [30].
Herrera, Juan de, [361], [362].
Herrera, the historian, [347].
Herrera, the painter, [366].
Hevía, [347].
Hidalgos, [211], [273], [274], [295], [298], [411-414], [419], [434].
Hillo, Pepe, [422].
Hinojosa, [516].
Hippocrates, [350].
Hisham I, [43].
Hisham II, [45], [46], [69].
Hisham III, [46], [68].
Hispano-Romans, [18-21], [24], [25], [28-31], [33-36], [47], [50].
Hittites, the, [8].
Hobbes, [428].
Hohenstaufen, House of, [126].
Holland. See Low Countries, Protestant Netherlands.
Holy Roman Emperors. See Holy Roman Empire.
Holy Roman Empire, [75], [112], [113], [126], [153], [207], [209], [235], [244], [269], [270], [369], [371].
Homer, [185], [356].
Honduras, [385-387], [395], [397], [398].
Honores, [138].
Honrats, [169], [170].
Hoyos, [356].
Huesca, [450].
Humanism, [230], [231], [343], [347], [351-353], [356].
Humboldt, Alexander von, [448], [478], [483].
Hume, [345], [428].
Hungary, [26], [242].
Huns, [27].
Ibáñez, Blasco, [515], [516].
Iberian Mountains, [2].
Iberian Peninsula, [1], [5-7].
Iberians, the, [7-10], [12], [14].
Ibiza, [10], [81].
Iglesias, [515].
Ignatius, Saint. See Loyola.
Ilerda, battle of, [18].
Iliberis, [22].
Illo, Pepe. See Hillo.
Illuminism, [308], [309], [314], [457]. See Church.
Incas, the, [281].
Index, the, [307], [311], [319], [428], [455].
India, [50], [229].
Indians, [60], [272], [275], [296], [353], [391], [449], [518].
Iñigo Arista, [56].
Innocent III, Pope, [76], [80].
Inquisition, the, [202], [206], [210], [214-216], [221-224], [231], [248-250], [263], [276-278], [293], [304], [305], [307], [309-312], [314], [315], [319], [360], [428], [439], [444-449], [455-457], [494]. See Church.
Insúa, Alberto, [515].
Irish, the, [264], [315].
Isabel, Princess, [121].
Isabella I of Castile (and León), [111], [123], [124], [133], [134], [139], [154], [202-230], [242], [272], [276], [287], [290], [292-294], [300], [306], [316], [325], [332], [350], [383].
Isabella II of Spain, [498-503], [506].
Isidore, Saint, [37], [107].
Isla, [483].
Islam, [43]. See Mohammedanism.
Itálica, [20].
Italy, the Italians, and Italian influences, [6], [8], [13], [17], [27], [78], [100], [105], [109], [110], [125-127], [132], [167], [172], [177], [178], [181], [182], [184], [185], [187], [188], [190], [191], [195], [202], [203], [207-209], [214], [218], [219], [229-231], [233-236], [241-244], [247], [258], [260], [261], [264], [268], [297], [300], [308], [312], [316], [318], [320], [339], [351-353], [355-357], [359], [362-364], [366], [374-382], [434], [444], [470], [471], [482-485], [487], [518].
Jaén, [114].
Jaime I of Aragon, [68], [80-82], [97-100], [109-112], [125], [150], [167], [173], [192].
Jaime II of Aragon, [127], [128], [167].
Jaime II of Majorca, [82], [126], [127], [192].
Jaime of Urgel, [131], [132], [168].
Jamaica, [385].
James, Saint, [55].
James I of England, [254], [259].
Janda, battle of, [32].
Jansenists, [443], [456].
Japanese, the, [353].
Jay, John, [397].
Jena, battle of, [407].
Jenkins, [380].
Jerez, [347].
Jerusalem, [55], [312].
Jesuits, [266], [304], [310], [312-315], [323], [341], [359], [391], [443], [444], [448-453], [456], [473], [474], [478], [480], [483]. See Church.
Jews, the, [31], [32], [36], [39], [41], [42], [47], [84], [86], [87], [96], [98], [102-105], [143], [147], [149], [150], [158], [160], [175], [176], [182], [183], [188], [193-196], [210], [213-216], [221], [229], [266], [280], [304], [308], [315], [332], [414], [456], [457]. See Marranos.
Jiménez de Cisneros. See Ximénez.
Jiménez de Rada, Rodrigo, [107].
Jiménez de Urrea, Miguel, [189].
João IV of Portugal, [267]. See Braganza.
John, Don, of Austria. See Juan of Austria.
John of Gaunt, [121].
Joseph, King, of Spain, [409], [488], [490].
Jovellanos, [415], [436], [447], [459], [472], [474], [475], [480], [481].
Juan, Jorge, [476], [478].
Juan, Prince, of Castile, [114-116].
Juan I of Aragon, [131], [148], [167], [188], [189].
Juan II of Aragon, [132-134], [148], [170], [171], [195], [206], [212].
Juan of Austria, [249-251], [254].
Juan of Austria (another), [268], [269].
Juan I of Castile (and León), [121], [140], [154], [167], [186].
Juan II of Castile (and León), [122], [123], [139], [154], [156], [161], [181].
Juana Enríquez of Castile, [132-134].
Juana la Beltraneja, [123], [124], [203].
Juana la Loca, [207-209], [235], [244].
Judaizantes, [215]. See Marranos.
Jumilla, [450].
Junot, [407].
Junta Central, [492].
Junta de Comercio y Moneda, [330], [468].
Junta de Moneda. See Junta de Comercio
y Moneda.
Justicia, the, [97], [125], [126], [128], [130], [166].
Justinian, [29], [97], [163], [184], [301], [441].
Juzgado de Imprenta, [428].
Kino, Eusebio, [482].
Koran, the, [48], [49].
La Bisbal, [177].
La Celestina, [232], [356].
La Mancha, [2], [3], [228], [280], [460].
Labrit family, [240].
Lafita, Juan, [516].
Lancaster, Duke of. See John of Gaunt.
Lanza, Silverio, [515].
Lanzas, [295].
Las Casas, Bartolomé de, [347], [358], [518].
Las Mesas, [450].
Latifundia, [138], [144], [281], [325], [327], [336], [464], [522].
Latin language, [36], [50], [63], [106], [107], [184], [185], [189], [197], [230-232], [307], [341], [346], [350-353], [359]. See Rome.
Latins, [15]. See Rome.
Lauria, Roger de, [127].
Lee, Arthur, [395].
Leocadia, Saint, [22].
León, city of, [20], [56], [57], [361].
León, Ricardo, [515].
León (kingdom and province of) and the Leonese, [56-58], [60-64], [69-77], [85-97], [104-110], [161], [162], [180], [491].
León Pinelo, [347].
Leonor of Navarre, [134].
Leopold of Hohenzollern, [503].
Leovgild, [29], [30], [35].
Lepanto, battle of, [249], [356].
Lérida, [18], [78], [110].
Lerma, Duke of, [259], [266].
Lesage, [483].
Letrados, [154], [156], [221], [272], [274], [300].
Leyes de Toro, [217], [227],

[281], [301], [441].
Liberalism, [489], [495-503], [506], [508], [509], [514].
Limosna al rey, [295].
Limpieza de sangre, [216], [315], [417].
Linares Rivas, [515].
Lisbon, [255], [265].
Livy, [185], [186], [347].
Llorente, [481].
Lobeira, Vasco de, [185], [232].
Locke, [428].
Loire River, [28].
London, [365], [389], [393], [403].
Lope de Vega. See Vega.
López de Ayala, Pedro, [139], [152], [186].
López de Chinchilla, Garcí, [203].
López de Gómara, [347], [350].
López de Haro, [479].
López de Velasco, Juan, [347], [348].
Lords. See Church, Nobles.
Loreto, [55].
Louis IX of France, [77].
Louis XII of France, [208].
Louis XIV of France, [262], [269-271], [369], [371], [373-375], [425].
Louis XV of France, [375], [377], [378], [389].
Louis XVI of France, [396], [401-403], [496].
Louis the Pious, [55].
Louisiana, [387], [405], [406].
Low Countries, the, [209], [234], [235], [244], [247], [250-252], [254-256], [258], [259], [261], [267], [269], [296], [312], [374], [376], [455]. See Catholic Netherlands, Flanders, Protestant Netherlands.
Loyola, Ignacio de, [311], [312].
Lucan, [24], [185].
Lucas of Tuy, [107].
Lucero, [224].
Lucian, [356].
Lugo, [20].
Luis I of Spain, [377], [378], [426].
Lull, Raymond, [110], [188], [309].
Luna, Álvaro de, [122], [123], [139].
Luna, Pedro de. See Benedict XIII.
Lusitania and the Lusitanians, [8], [9], [16], [17], [57].
Luther, Martin, [307], [309].
Luxembourg, [235].
Luzán, Ignacio de, [482].
Machado (two), [515].
Madrid, [255], [263], [270], [283], [286], [291], [329], [331], [341], [354], [365], [370], [408-410], [421-423], [435], [450], [451], [455], [460], [468], [469], [473], [478], [479], [484], [490], [491], [508];
ordinance of, [160].
Maeztu, [515].
Magellan, Strait of, [388].
Mahomet, [39].
Mahomet-ben-Abdallah-abu-Amir. See Almansor.
Mahón, Port, [381].
Maimónides, [103].
Majismo, [421], [424], [486].
Majorca and the Majorcans, [81], [82], [109], [126], [131], [172], [187], [189], [190], [192-196], [240], [274], [275], [290], [293], [359], [427], [430-432], [437].
Málaga, city and province of, [2], [10], [68], [69].
Malaspina, [476].
Malouines Islands. See Falkland Islands.
Malta, [249];
knights of, [404].
Maluinas Islands. See Falkland Islands.
Manfred of Athens, [129].
Manfred of Sicily, [126].
Manila, [386-388].
Manuel I of Portugal, [252].
Maragall, [515], [516].
Marcus Aurelius, [20].
María Ana of Austria, [269], [284].
María Cristina, Queen, of Spain, [506].
María Cristina of Naples. See Cristina (Queen).
María Luisa, Queen, [402], [404], [405], [407-409], [412], [424], [448], [455].
María Luisa of Savoy, [374].
María of Aragon, [148], [149].
María of Portugal, [247].
María Teresa of Spain, [262], [270].
María Victoria of Portugal, [392].
Mariana, [345-347].
Mariánica Mountains, [2].
Marie de Medici, [260].
Marinas, [516].
Marius, [17].
Marmontel, [482].
Marquina, [515].
Marquises, [211], [221], [273].
Marranos, [143], [158], [189], [193], [214], [215]. See Jews, Judaizantes.
Marseilles, [11].
Martel, Charles, [42].
Martial, [24].
Martín I of Aragon. [131], [148], [167].
Martínez de la Mata, [344].
Martínez Marina, [481].
Martínez Sierra, [515], [516].
Martyr, Peter, [230], [232].
Mary, Queen, of England, [244], [247], [253], [342].
Mary Stuart, [254].
Masdeu, [480], [481].
Mathei, [388].
Maura, Antonio, [511], [512].
Mauretania, [19].
Maurice of Saxony, [243].
Maximilian I, the Emperor, [235], [237].
Mayáns, Gregorio, [480].
Media anata, the, [295], [413].
Medici, Marie de. See Marie.
Medina, [476].
Medina del Campo, [328], [329].
Medina Sidonia, dukes of, [138], [211], [255], [267], [268].
Mediterranean Sea, [1], [2], [6], [8], [10], [12], [45], [66], [81], [102], [105], [109], [129-132], [158], [170-172], [177], [178], [195], [206], [229], [249], [260], [325], [328].
Meléndez Valdés, [483].
Melilla, [206], [390].
Melón, [164].
Mendieta, [347].
Mendoza, Pedro de, [216], [227].
Menéndez, the painter, [485].
Menéndez Pidal, [515].
Menéndez y Pelayo, [515], [516].
Mengs, [485].
Mercado, [350].
Mercator, [348].
Mérida, [20], [22], [32], [40], [44].
Merinos, [90], [92], [93], [154-156], [199].
Merlin, [185].
Mesa, [515].
Mesenghi, [445], [447].
Mesta, the, [104], [105], [155], [174], [227-229], [282], [325], [327], [416], [463], [465].
Metaurus, battle of the, [13].
Mexico, [296], [478], [500], [523]. See New Spain.
Meyra, [164].
Milá Fontanals, [515].
Milan, [207], [209], [241], [267], [372].
Milicias, the, [453].
Military orders. See Alcántara, Calatrava, Church, Malta, Nobles, Saint John, Santiago, Templars.
Millones, the, [294], [297].
Milton, [482].
Mina, [491].
Minorca, [81], [195], [371], [376], [379], [381], [382], [386], [396-398], [406].
Mirabeau, [428].
Miralles, [397].
Miranda, Marquis of, [428].
Mississippi River, [387], [398].
Mociño, [477].
Moderates, the, [496], [498], [499].
Moguls, the, [121].
Mohammedanism, [39-41], [43], [47-49], [51], [59], [69-72], [217], [248], [277]. See Moslems.
Molina, María de, [115], [116].
Molina, the botanist, [477].
Molinism. See Quietism.
Molinos, Miguel de, [309].
Mombeltrán, [450].
Mondoñedo, [164].
Moñino, José. See Floridablanca.
Montaigne, [343], [482].
Montalvo, Alfonso Díaz de. See Díaz.
Montalvo, Garcí Ordóñez de. See Ordóñez.
Montañés, [362].
Montano, Arias, [314], [352].
Montepíos, [417], [463].
Montesquieu, [428].
Montfort, Simon de, [80], [81].
Montiel, battle of, [120].
Moors. See Almohades, Moslems.
Morales, Ambrosio de, [346], [347].
Morales, the composer, [366].
Morales, the treasurer, [224].
Moratín, Leandro Fernández de, [483], [484].
Moratín, Nicolás Fernández de, [483].
Moreno Carbonero, [516].
Moriscos, [205], [213], [242], [248], [249], [272], [275-280], [304], [308], [327], [334], [336].
Morocco, [70], [82], [113], [117], [383], [390], [414], [456], [500], [511], [513]. See Africa.
Morote, [515].
Moslems, the, [5], [19], [26], [32], [33], [38-59], [63], [64], [66-73], [75-79], [81], [84], [85], [87], [88], [92], [94], [96], [98], [102-105], [111-113], [115-117], [123], [126], [135], [136], [138], [142], [158], [172], [174], [178-183], [188], [195], [196], [200], [201], [204-206], [213], [216], [225], [229], [241], [242], [247-249], [275], [279], [280], [284], [285], [295], [299], [315], [324], [332], [334], [338], [363], [66], [390], [414], [456], [513], [518], [520], [522]. See Almohades, Almoravides, Arabs, Benimerines, Berbers, Granada, Islam, Mohammedanism, Moriscos, Morocco, Mudéjares, Muladíes, Renegados, Shiites, Sunnites, Syrians.
Mota Padilla, [482].
Moura, Cristóbal de, [252].
Mozárabes, [47], [49], [50], [55], [59], [79], [84], [86], [87], [96], [98], [105]. See Gothic rite.
Mozart, [487].
Mudarites. See Shiites.
Mudéjar architecture, [108], [109], [187].
Mudéjares, the, [86], [87], [96-98], [100], [102], [105], [142], [143], [147], [149], [150], [158], [160], [175], [183], [193], [196], [200], [205], [210], [213], [214], [272], [276], [277], [304], [308].
Mühlberg, battle of, [243].
Muladíes, [41]. See Renegados.
Munda, battle of, [18].
Muñoz, Gil, [168].
Muñoz, the historian, [481].
Muñoz Degrain, [515].
Muñoz San Román, [515].
Murat, [408], [409].
Murcia, city of, [77], [437], [450];
province of, [2], [44], [50], [79], [81], [280], [435].
Murillo, [365], [366], [485].
Musa, [32], [33].
Mutis, [477].
Mysticism, [309], [310], [343], [359]. See Church.
Nájera, [91].
Naples, city of, [132], [188], [231];
kingdom of, [126], [132], [171], [189], [191], [195], [207], [208], [235], [268], [364], [372], [379], [380], [384], [447], [449], [452], [456], [472], [497].
Napoleon I of France, [399], [400], [404-410], [439], [488-492], [494], [497].
Narbonne, [29].
Narváez, [500-502].
National Assembly, the French, [400], [401], [493].
Navalcarnero, [450].
Navarre, [55-59], [64-66], [71],

[73], [75], [76], [79], [82], [83], [101], [110], [112], [120], [132-135], [192], [196], [197], [199], [207-209], [213], [214], [219], [235], [240], [288-290], [427], [430-433], [441], [460], [461], [491].
Navas de Tolosa, battle of, [71], [76].
Neanderthal man, [6].
Nebrija, Antonio de, [231].
Nelson, [406].
New Castile, [2], [431]. See Castile.
New Orleans, [395], [397].
New Spain, [394], [448], [450], [482]. See Mexico.
Newfoundland, [325], [385-387], [397].
Nicene creed. See Catholicism.
Nieto, [516].
Niño, Pero, [158].
Nobles, the, [30-35], [40], [41], [53-57], [60-65], [67], [73], [74], [76-82], [85], [86], [89-94], [96-101], [104], [111], [113-128], [130], [132], [133], [137-142], [144-157], [159], [160], [163], [166-172], [177], [192], [196-200], [202-204], [210-213], [217], [219-221], [225], [237-240], [252], [253], [263], [266], [267], [272-281], [288-290], [294], [295], [298], [307], [325], [334-336], [339], [341], [352], [402], [411-415], [419], [421], [422], [424], [426-428], [430], [433], [437], [447], [448], [459], [460], [462], [464], [468], [472-474], [490], [494], [501], [505], [511], [518], [522]. See Caballeros, Church, Counts, Dukes, Grandees, Hidalgos, Marquises, Military orders, Ricoshombres.
Nootka affair, the, [400], [401].
Normans, [44], [64].
North Africa. See Africa.
North America. See Spanish America, United States.
Norway, [189].
Novísima Recopilación, [425], [441].
Nueva Recopilación, [300], [301], [425], [441].
Numantia, [16], [17].
Numidians, [14].
Núñez de Arce, [515].
Ocampo, Florián de, [345], [346].
Octavius. See Augustus.
O’Donnell, [500-502].
Oidores, [154].
Old Castile, [2], [431], [460]. See Castile.
Olivares, Count-Duke of, [261], [263-268], [284], [288].
Oman, [489], [491].
Omar-ben Hafsun, [44], [45].
Ommayad family, [42], [46].
Ordenanzas Reales, the, [226], [301].
Ordóñez de Montalvo, Garcí, [232].
O’Reilly, Alejandro, [390].
Oretana Mountains, [2].
Orleans, Duke of, [375].
Orosius, [36].
Orry, [374], [434], [439].
Ortega, the historian, [482].
Ortega Gasset, [515].
Ostend Company, the, [378].
Ostrogoths, [27].
Ovid, [185].
Oviedo, [55-57].
Pacheco, [366].
Pacific Ocean, [310], [350], [381], [388].
Padilla, María de, [118], [119], [121].
Padilla family, [119].
Páez de Castro, [345], [346].
Palacio Valdés, [515].
Palacios, [516].
Palafox, General, [491].
Palafox, Juan de, [449], [450].
Palatinate, the, [260].
Palencia, [106], [450].
Palestine, [82].
Palma, [192-195], [430], [437].
Palou, [482].
Pamplona, [54], [312].
Panamá, Isthmus of, [350].
Papal States, [126-128], [241], [247], [260], [316-320], [451], [504]. See Church, Rome.
Paraguay, [391], [392], [435], [449].
Pardo Bazán, [515].
Paris, city of, [247], [369], [512];
treaty of, [387];
university of, [312].
Parlement of Paris, [369].
Parliament, the British, [388].
Parma, [374], [376], [381], [404], [405], [445].
Partidas, the, [162-165], [171], [175], [181], [184], [185], [226], [281], [301], [441].
Pase Regio, the, [95], [164], [167], [317], [318], [320], [322], [444-447].
Passau, [243].
Patiño, [434], [436], [439].
Patronato Real, [227], [292], [322], [443], [445].
Paul IV, Pope, [247], [316-318].
Paul, Saint, [22].
Paula, Francisco de, [410].
Pavón, [477].
Peace, Prince of the, [403]. See Godoy.
Pedrell, [516].
Pedro I of Aragon (1094-1104). Omitted.
Pedro II of Aragon, [79], [80], [98], [126], [127], [167].
Pedro III of Aragon, [82], [125-127]. [192].
Pedro IV of Aragon, [119], [120], [129-131], [146], [148], [150], [166-168], [171], [173], [188], [192].
Pedro I of Castile (and León), [117-121], [129], [138], [186].
Pelayo, [53], [54].
Penibética Mountains, [2].
Peninsula War, [491], [492].
Peñíscola, [168].
Pereda, [515].
Perés, Ramón D., [515].
Pérez, the navigator, [479].
Pérez de Ayala, [515].
Pérez de Guzmán, [186], [345].
Pérez de Ribas, [347].
Pérez Galdós, [515], [516].
Persia, [121].
Perú, [281], [296], [478].
Pesquisa, the, [156], [157], [273].
Pesquisidores, [220].
Pestalozzi, [474].
Petrarch, [184], [185].
Petronilla, [79].
Philip of Bourbon, Prince, [378], [381].
Philip I of Castile (and León), [207], [208], [211], [235], [244].
Philip II of Spain, [244-259], [265], [267], [283-287], [292], [294], [296], [297], [303], [306-308], [311], [314-322], [325], [326], [331], [332], [340], [342], [346], [348], [352], [362-364], [455].
Philip III of Spain, [256], [258-260], [266], [284], [285], [288], [294], [296], [340], [365].
Philip IV of Spain, [258], [260-268], [283], [284], [288], [295], [308], [310], [318], [320], [326], [333], [340], [352], [362], [365], [372].
Philip V of Spain, [270], [271], [369-378], [381], [412], [418], [419], [422], [425-427], [429], [434], [444], [449], [478], [485], [498].
Philip IV of France, [83].
Philip the Handsome. See Philip I of Castile (and León).
Philippine Islands, [450], [488], [506].
Phocians, [11].
Phœnicians, [7-11], [14].
Pi y Margall, [504].
Picavea, [515].
Picón, [515].
Piquer, Andrés, [480].
Pisa, [78], [109], [129].
Pitt, William, [380], [385], [393].
Pius IV, Pope, [247], [308], [317].
Pius V, Pope, [318].
Pizarro, [296], [347].
Plasencia, [376], [381].
Plata, Río de la, [386], [391].
Plato, [103], [184].
Plutarch, [185].
Plymouth, [256].
Poitiers, [42].
Poland, [379].
Pombal, Marquis of, [391], [392].
Pompey, [18].
Ponce de la Fuente, Constantino, [307].
Ponce family, [138], [152].
Porlier, [491].
Porto Rico, [506].
Portocarrero, [270].
Portugal and the Portuguese, [1], [2], [5], [8], [9], [11], [19], [27], [58], [74-76], [113], [115], [117], [118], [120-122], [124], [155], [184], [185], [189], [195], [207], [214], [229], [231], [246], [247], [251-253], [258], [259], [262], [265-268], [288], [322], [330], [370], [383], [386], [387], [390-392], [394], [397], [404-408], [435], [449], [452], [490], [491].
Posada, [525].
Pradilla, [515].
Prado, the, [365], [484].
Pragmatic Sanction, [378], [381].
Prim, [500], [502-504], [506].
Primicias, [452].
Princes, [273].
Priscillian, [23].
Priscillianism, [23].
Privilege of the Union, [128], [130], [166].
Progressives, the, [496], [498], [499].
Propios, [93], [415].
Protestant Netherlands, the, and the Dutch, [246], [250], [251], [253], [254], [259-262], [265], [267-269], [299], [330], [344], [369], [370], [376], [378], [379], [434], [456]. See Low Countries.
Protestantism, [241-243], [248], [250], [251], [253], [261], [302-304], [306-309], [315], [318], [455], [456], [472]. See Church, Counter-Reformation, Reformation.
Provençal influences, [79], [106], [110], [184], [188-190]. See France.
Prussia, [379], [381], [402], [407], [496], [503].
Puebla de los Ángeles, [450].
Puig, [516].
Pulgar, Hernando del, [232], [345].
Punic Wars, [12-14].
Puritans, [393].
Pyrenees Mountains, [1], [2], [8], [28], [40], [43], [64], [127], [190], [208], [235], [240], [262], [369], [403], [428], [482].
Quadrivium, [181].
Quero, [450].
Quevedo, Francisco de, [358].
Quietism, [309].
Quintana, [483].
Quintilian, [24].
Racine, [482].
Radicals, the. See Progressives.
Raleigh, Walter, [253].
Ramiro I of Aragon (1035-1063). Omitted.
Ramiro II of Aragon, [79].
Ramiro I of Asturias and León (842-850). Omitted.
Ramiro II of Asturias and León, [57].
Ramón Berenguer I of Barcelona, [58], [77], [99], [100].
Ramón Buerenguer II of Barcelona (1076-1082 Omitted.
Ramón Buerenguer III of Barcelona, [73], [78].
Ramón Buerenguer IV of Barcelona, [78], [79], [100].
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago, [517].
Raphael, [363].
Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando, [484], [485].
Real Academia de la Historia, [476], [481].
Real Academia Española,

[476], [481].
Reales, [225].
Reccared, [30], [31], [36].
Recceswinth, [31], [35].
Recopilación de las Leyes de Indias, [301].
Reformation, the, [207], [236], [240], [304], [306], [342].
See Church, Counter-Reformation, Protestantism.
Regency, the, [492], [493].
Regidores, [429], [432], [433].
Reguera, Juan de la, [441].
Reid, [343].
Renaissance, [103], [125], [149], [184], [185], [188], [189], [231], [233], [285], [338], [341], [351], [361], [363].
Rendón, [397].
Renegados, the, [41], [43-45], [47], [59], [71], [84], [200].
See Moslems.
Republicans, the, [503-505], [510], [511].
Requesens, [251].
Residencia, the, [220], [306], [433].
Revilla Gigedo, [482].
Rhine River, [26].
Rhodes, [195].
Ribera, Juan de, [279].
Ribera, the painter, [364-366].
Richelieu, [261].
Ricoshombres, [128], [211], [273].
Riego, [496].
Riepto, the, [157], [170], [222].
Ripperdá, Baron of, [378], [379], [434].
Rochford, Lord, [393].
Rocroy, battle of, [261], [262].
Roderic, [32], [33], [53].
Rodríguez Marín, [515].
Roelas, [366].
Rojas, Fernando de, [232], [356].
Roland, [43].
Romans, [12-28], [34], [36], [37], [51], [52], [64], [88], [362], [484].
See Rome.
Rome, city of, [27], [55], [79], [168], [308], [311], [312], [316], [318], [319], [322], [342], [349], [356], [424], [443], [451], [452];
law of, [20-22], [24], [26], [33], [35], [63], [97], [99], [105], [106], [113], [138], [143], [144], [147], [149-151], [156], [163], [171], [181], [184], [189], [210], [217], [281], [301], [305], [344], [415-417], [441], [450];
republic and empire of, [12-28], [33], [36].
See Byzantine Romans, Hispano-Romans, Latin language, Latins, Papal States, Romans.
Romanesque architecture, [107], [110].
Roncesvalles, [43].
Ronda, [18].
Ronsard, [482].
Rooke, [371].
Rossini, [487].
Rousseau, [428], [474].
Roussillon, the, [82], [134], [192], [206], [207], [235], [262], [264].
Rudolph of Hapsburg, Count, [113].
Rueda, Lope de, [353], [356].
Rueda, Salvador, [515].
Rueda, town of, [70].
Ruiz, Lieutenant, [410].
Ruiz, the botanist, [477].
Ruiz de Luzuriaga, [478].
Rusiñol, [515], [516].
Russia, [496].
Saavedra, Diego de, [350].
Saavedra, the minister, [436].
Sacramento, [386], [387], [391], [392], [435], [449].
Saguntum, [12], [13].
Sahagún, the historian, [347].
Sahagún, town of, [86].
Sahara Desert, [69].
Said Armesto, [515].
Saint John, order of, [170].
Salado, battle of the, [117], [131], [136].
Salamanca, city of, [95], [450];
university of, [106], [181], [312], [340], [350], [428].
Salcedo, [350].
Salcillo, [485].
Salic law, [427], [498].
Salmerón, [504], [505].
Sallust, [185].
Salvá, [478].
San Ildefonso, [450].
San Lúcar, [450].
San Marcos of León, [361].
San Onofre, [318].
San Pablo of Valladolid, [233].
San Sebastián, [284].
San Telmo of Seville, [362].
Sánchez, Julián, [491].
Sancho García of Navarre, [56].
Sancho I of Asturias and León, [57].
Sancho II of Castile, [73].
Sancho III of Castile (1157-1158). Omitted.
Sancho IV of Castile (and León), [114], [115], [138], [154].
Sancho the Fat. See Sancho I of Asturias and León.
Sancho the Great of Navarre, [58], [66], [71], [78], [135].
Santa Fe, [205].
Santa Tecla, [392].
Santiago. See Compostela.
Santiago, order of, [94], [219], [220].
Santo Domingo, [403].
Saragossa, [20], [22], [23], [43], [69], [70], [73], [78], [167], [177], [216], [329], [431], [450], [491].
Saratoga, [395].
Sardinia, island and kingdom of, [128], [129], [131], [132], [171], [235], [262], [372], [376], [402].
Sarmiento, [478].
Savary, [409].
Savoy, [370], [372], [374], [376], [503], [504];
Duke of, [374].
Scandinavia, [27], [177].
Scipio, Gnæus, [13].
Scipio, Publius Cornelius, [13].
Scipio Æmilianus, [17].
Scipio Africanus, Publius Cornelius, [13], [14].
Scotland and the Scotch, [254], [255].
Scylax, [7].
Sebastian I of Portugal, [251], [252].
Segovia, [156].
Segoyuela, battle of, [33].
Segundones, [138], [220], [273].
Seneca, [24], [184].
Serrano, General, [503].
Serrano, the composer, [516].
Sertorius, [17], [18].
Servet, Miguel, [308].
Servilianus, [16], [17].
Sessé, [477].
Setenario, the, [162].
Seven Years War, [382], [386-388].
Severo, Saint, [22].
Seville, [10], [20], [36-38], [45], [50], [68], [69], [73], [77], [81], [95], [105], [138], [143], [149], [152], [164], [174], [180], [187], [215], [223], [265], [284], [286], [307], [325], [328], [329], [353], [361], [362], [366], [423], [431], [460], [466], [476], [492], [521], [524].
Shiites, [40], [42], [44].
“Sicilian vespers,” the, [126], [129].
Sicily, [6], [7], [12], [126-129], [131], [132], [171], [189], [235], [268], [372], [376], [377], [379].
Sierra Morena, [462].
See Mariánica Mountains.
Sierra Nevada. See Penibética Mountains.
Siete Partidas. See Partidas.
Sigüenza, [164].
Siliceo, [314].
Simancas, [342], [476].
Sisebut, [31].
Sixtus V, Pope, [318].
Smith, Adam, [344].
Solariegos, [212].
Solís, [347].
Solórzano, [344], [347], [358].
Somodevilla. See Ensenada.
Soria, ordinance of, [160];
town of, [17].
Sorolla, [516].
Sotomayor, [516].
South America, [370], [390-392], [476], [479].
See Spanish America.
“Span,” [10].
“Spania,” [10].
Spanish America, [5], [38], [39], [99], [112], [140], [151], [155], [156], [202], [203], [206], [210], [219-223], [227], [229-231], [234-236], [241], [244-246], [251], [253], [257-259], [262], [272], [274], [275], [279], [284], [285], [293], [296-299], [301], [303-306], [312], [313], [322], [324], [325], [327], [328], [330-332], [334], [336-339], [341], [343], [344], [347-350], [352], [353], [358-361], [368-372], [378], [380], [381], [384-387], [390-395], [397-401], [403], [406], [408], [414], [424], [431], [435], [442], [443], [451-453], [458], [466-471], [476-479], [481], [482], [485], [486], [488], [489], [492-497], [506], [508], [510], [513], [523].
Spanish Main, the, [253].
Spanish Mark, the, [56].
Spencer, [344].
Spínola, Ambrosio, [259-261].
Spires, Diets of, [243].
Squillace, [420], [450].
Stanhope, [270].
Stuart, Mary. See Mary Stuart.
Suárez de Peralta, [347].
Suevians, the, [27-30], [34], [37].
Sulla, [17], [18].
Sunnites, [40], [42-44].
Sweden, [189], [269], [379].
Swinthila, [31].
Switzerland and the Swiss, [3], [209], [285].
Syria and the Syrians, [39], [42].
See Moslems.
Tagus River, [2], [332].
Taifas, [68-72], [75], [84], [102], [504].
Talavera, Hernando de, [214], [227].
Talavera, town of, [54], [155].
Tamayo, [515].
Tamerlane, [121].
Tanucci, [472].
Tarazona, [189].
Tarifa, [2], [32], [72], [114], [115], [117].
Tarik, [32], [33].
Tavera, [246].
Taverner, [430].
Téllez, Gabriel, [354].
Téllez Girón, Pedro, [139].
Tello, [347].
Templars, order of the, [94], [139].
Tenreiro, [515].
Tercias reales, [140].
Teresa de Jesús, Saint, [310], [311].
Teresa of Portugal, [74], [75].
Theodoric, [28], [29].
Theodosius, [20].
Theotocopuli, Domenico. See El Greco.
Thirty Years War, [260-262].
Tierras, [138].
Tirso de Molina. See Téllez (Gabriel).
Titian, [363].
Tobarra, [450].
Toledo, archbishops of, [124], [164], [167], [205], [216], [307], [314], [322];
city and province of, [2], [22], [29], [30], [32], [33], [43-45], [54], [69], [72], [78], [95], [107], [155], [164], [187], [217], [223], [237-239], [364].
Tolstoy, [344].
Tordesillas, town of, [239];
treaty of, [253], [391].
Tories, [393].
Toro, Laws of (See Leyes de Toro);
ordinances of, [160].
Torquemada, Juan de, [215].
Torquemada, the historian, [347].
Torres Lanzas, [516].
Torres Naharro, [353].
Torrigiani, [452].
Tortosa, [69], [78].
Toulouse, [28], [75], [81].
Tours, battle of, [42].
Towns, [62-64], [87], [89], [91-93], [97-100], [104], [105], [108], [111], [114], [115],

[117], [119], [123-127], [130], [134], [137], [138], [140-142], [144-149], [151], [152], [155-163], [168-179], [192-200], [203], [220], [221], [228], [229], [237-239], [253], [263], [272], [276], [282-284], [289], [290], [293], [295], [325], [329], [331], [332], [354], [412-419], [423], [424], [426], [427], [430], [432-434], [458], [462], [468], [469], [473], [474], [478], [493], [496], [505], [508], [510], [511], [521], [523].
Trafalgar, battle of, [406], [440].
Trajan, [20].
Trent, Council of, [281], [306], [311], [319], [321].
Trinidad Island, [406], [407].
Tripoli, [456].
Trivium, [181].
Tunis, [126], [242], [250], [300], [456].
Turdetanians, [8].
Turina, [516].
Turkey and the Turks, [129], [132], [139], [195], [229], [241-243], [247], [249], [250], [260], [321], [456].
Tuscany, [376], [381], [405].
Two Sicilies, [235], [380], [382].
See Naples (kingdom of), Sicily.
Ulloa, Antonio de, [476], [478].
Unamuno, [515], [525].
Union, the, [127], [128], [130], [131], [173].
See Privilege of the Union.
United States, the, and the Americans, [196], [310], [369], [385], [392-398], [406], [410], [435], [488], [500], [506], [514], [518], [520], [521], [523].
See American Revolution.
Urban VI, Pope, [317].
Urban VII, Pope, [317].
Urquijo, [405], [447], [456].
Urraca, Queen, of Castile and León, [73-75], [78].
Ursins, Madame des, [373-375].
Usatges, [78], [99].
Utrecht, treaty of, [371], [376].
Vacantes, [320], [321], [444].
Valdés, Juan de, [308].
Valdés Leal, [366].
Valencia, city of, [22], [72], [73], [81], [110], [170], [173], [177-179], [188], [279], [284], [329], [431], [460], [484];
university of, [350].
Valencia (kingdom and province of) and the Valencians, [2], [3], [11], [13], [50], [69], [81], [82], [97], [100], [109], [110], [127], [128], [130], [132], [146], [147], [149], [150], [166], [169], [173], [176-179], [187], [189], [190], [221], [227], [231], [239], [240], [272], [275], [276], [279], [288-290], [296], [325], [327], [359], [422], [427], [429], [431], [432], [453], [460], [461], [465], [478], [516], [520].
Valera, [515].
Valladolid, city of, [114], [233], [239], [293], [307], [431];
ordinances of, [141], [142], [160], [237];
university of, [340].
Valle Inclán, [515].
Valverde, Quinito, [516].
Van Eyck, [187].
Vancouver Island, [400].
Vandals, the, [26-28], [37].
Varela, [456].
Vaulgrenant, [470].
Vázquez, [344].
Veedores, [220], [222].
Vega, Garcilaso de la, [347], [358].
Vega, Lope de, [354], [355], [367].
Velarde, Pedro, [410].
Velázquez, the architect, [516].
Velázquez de Silva, Diego, [364-366], [485], [516].
Venice, [207], [208], [363], [364], [366].
Veragua, Duke of, [522].
Vergennes, [389], [390], [393-395].
Vernon, [380].
Versailles, [369], [425].
Vetancurt, [347].
Vicente, Gil, [353].
Vicente, Saint, [22].
Victoria, Queen, of England, [510].
Victoria, the composer, [366].
Vienna, [378].
Vigo, [467].
Villa, [62], [63], [85], [86], [89], [91], [290], [412], [474].
See Towns.
Villa-Señor, [482].
Villaespesa, [515].
Villalar, battle of, [239].
Villanueva, Juan, [484].
Villareal, [155].
Villaviciosa, battle of, [268].
Villegas, [516].
Villena, Enrique de, [183].
Villena, town of, [450].
Virgil, [185].
Viriatus, [16-18].
Visigothic rite. See Gothic rite.
Visigoths, the, [26-37], [40-42], [44], [47], [48], [53], [54], [59], [63], [104], [146], [162], [163].
Visitadores, [220], [222], [293], [340].
Vitoria, battle of, [135];
town of, [409].
Vitoria, the jurist, [344].
Vivar, [72].
Vives, Luis, [281], [342-346], [473].
Vives, the composer, [516].
Vizcaya, [134], [135], [197-199], [268], [301], [412], [460].
Voltaire, [345], [428], [482].
Wallace, [344].
Wallia, [28].
Wamba, [32].
War of Independence, [488-492], [513].
War of Jenkins’ Ear, [380].
War of the Austrian Succession, [381].
War of the Spanish Succession, [370-374], [376], [429], [430], [432], [434], [439], [441].
Ward, [480].
Wellington, Duke of, [491], [492].
West Indies, [380], [387], [393], [395], [397], [488].
Westphalia, treaties of, [262], [455].
Weymouth, Lord, [396].
Whigs, [393].
White companies, [120], [158].
Wifredo, [56].
William of Orange (two), [251].
Windward Islands. See Armada de Barlovento.
Witiza, [32].
Ximénez de Cisneros, [205], [208], [209], [216], [223], [227], [230], [231], [242], [306], [317].
Yacub, [71].
Yemenites. See Sunnites.
Young, [482].
Yuste, [244].
Yusuf, [70].
Zalaca, battle of, [70].
Zama, battle of, [14].
Zamora, [57].
Zarate, [347].
Zoraya, [204].
Zubiaurre, the brothers, [516].
Zuloaga, [516].
Zulueta, [516].
Zurbarán, [365].
Zurita, Jerónimo, [346], [347].