(2) When the verb is negative. En saanut kirjaa, I did not receive the book. Me emme tunne ystävääsi, we do not know your friend. Älä revi kirjaa, don’t tear the book. Lasta ei rakasteta, the child is not loved.
(3) When the action of the verb is continuous and not finished. Hän lukee kirjaa, he is reading the book. Seppä takoo rautaa, the smith is hammering the iron. Hän juuri toimittaa sitä asiata, he is just now doing the business. Often there is a difference in the meaning of a verb, according as it is followed by the accusative or partitive; the former denoting that the action is more complete. Han löi koiraa, he struck the dog; but hän löi koiran, he killed the dog. Hän repi kirjaa, he tore the book; but repi kirjan, he tore the book to pieces. A great many verbs never take a total object, because from the nature of their signification, their action cannot be definite and complete, but must be regarded as continuous. This is especially the case with verbs expressing a feeling. Niin rakasti Jumala maailmaa, so God loved the world. Neuvoin ystävääni olemaan menemättä, I advised my friend not to go. Odotin häntä kaksi tuntia, I waited two hours for him. Seurasin häntä Helsinkiin asti, I followed him to Helsingfors. Vihatkaatte pahaa, hate evil.
III. The object is also put in the nominative—
(1) If it is the total object of an imperative. Anna leipä pojalle, give the boy the bread. Vie hevonen talliin, take the horse to the stable.
(2) If it is the total object of an infinitive, which depends on an imperative, and sometimes in other cases (vide p. [185]). Käske tuoda ruoka pyötään, order the food to be put on the table. Antakaa lähettää sähkösanoma, have a telegram sent.
(3) If it is a cardinal number. Maksoin kolme ruplaa, I paid three rubles.
(4) As has already been stated, the so-called passive is an impersonal verb with its total object in the nominative and its partial object in the partitive. For a detailed explanation, vide p. [181].
An intransitive verb can sometimes take an accusative after it to express the result of its action. Äiti makasi lapsensa kuoliaaksi, the mother lay on her child and killed it (lit. slept her child dead). Juoksi itsensä väsyksiin, he ran himself tired. Hän joi itsensä siaksi, he drank himself silly. Puhui suunsa puhtaaksi, he spoke out his mind.
Of the Agreement of Substantives and Adjectives with one another.
As a rule, an adjective agrees with a noun in case and number.