5. Astonishment—no, noh, ha, kah, kas.
6. Disgust—hyi, hyihyi, ui, uiui.
SYNTAX.
Finnish sentences are formed of the same elements as those found in other European languages—subjects, predicates, objects, attributes, etc.; but, as the simplest phrases offer certain peculiarities, it is well, before analysing the use of the various forms, to give some general rules.
The Subject.
I. The Subject is in the nominative case if it is total, that is to say, if something is predicated of the whole of the subject. Thus, ihmiset kuolevat, men die, because the verb applies to the whole race of men; lapset tulevat, the children come, that is to say, all the children in question. Personal pronouns and a substantive in the singular always are in the nominative, when subject to a sentence. In other words, the subject is put in the nominative, (1) when the proposition is universal. Ihmiset kuolevat, men die; linnut lentävät, birds fly. (2) When it is preceded by the definite article or other determinative adjective in English. Sotamiehet läksivät, the soldiers set out; nämät pojat olevat ahkerat, these boys are industrious. (3) When the subject is a single definite substantive or pronoun, which is really the same as the case of an universal proposition.
II. But the subject is put in the partitive case, if something is predicated, not of its whole extent, but of part of it. Thus, one says viini on hyvää, wine is good; viini on pöydällä, the wine is on the table; but viiniä on pöydällä, there is some wine on the table. Similarly, miehet tulevat, the men are coming; but miehiä tulee, some men are coming.