CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
I.[The Anatomy of the Atmosphere]9
II.[The Resources of the Atmosphere]24
III.[The Atmosphere as a Highway]39
IV.[Dust and Smoke in the Atmosphere]52
V.[Weather and Weather Instruments]66
VI.[Cloudland]90
VII.[Precipitation]106
VIII.[Winds and Storms]123
IX.[Atmospheric Electricity]141
X.[Atmospheric Optics]164
XI.[Atmospheric Acoustics]186
XII.[Climate and Climates]197
XIII.[Organized Meteorology]212
XIV.[Weather Maps and Forecasts]224
XV.[Agricultural Meteorology]245
XVI.[Commercial Meteorology]261
XVII.[Marine Meteorology]271
XVIII.[Aeronautical Meteorology]284
XIX.[Military Meteorology]306
XX.[Medical and Physiological Meteorology]316
XXI.[Weather-Making]332
XXII.[Atmospheric Byways]346
[Glossary]365

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

[Funnel-Shaped Cloud of a Tornado]Frontispiece
Painted from an unusual Photograph
FACING PAGE
[Exploring the Upper Air—Beginning of a Pilot Balloon Flight]32
[Exploring the Upper Air—Sending Up a Sounding Balloon]32
[Meteorograph for Use with a Sounding Balloon]33
[Kite Meteorograph to be Sent Aloft Attached to a Kite]33
[Alto-cumulus—Fleecy Masses Showing Blue Sky Between]96
[Cumulus, or Wool-pack Cloud]96
[Mammato-cumulus, or “Rain Balls”]97
[Cumulo-nimbus—the Thundercloud]97
[Cloud Banner Over Mount Assiniboine, Canadian Rockies]100
[Cirrus, with Lower Clouds in the Foreground]100
[Lenticular Cloud Over Mount Rainier]101
[Ice Storm at Philadelphia—Trees Covered with Glaze]116
[Nieve Penitente in the Argentine Andes]117
[Clouds or Fog Cascading Through Last Fork Cañon Into Santa Anita Cañon]136
[Cloudburst in Southern Utah]137
[Photographic Analysis of Lightning—Single and Double Discharges]160
[Photograph of Lightning, Showing “Black” Flashes]161
[Atmospheric Electricity Instruments]161
[Glass Weather Map in the United States Weather Bureau]224
[The Sun Drawing Water]225
[Orchard Heaters in Operation as Protection Against Expected Frost]256
[Snow Surveyor at Work, Using a Cylindrical Snow Sampler]257
[Snow Rollers, or Wind-blown Snowballs]257
[Bed of the Potomac River Photographed from the Air]288
[Drilling with Compressed Air in a Copper Mine]289
[Launching a Weather Bureau Kite to Explore the Air Over the Ocean]289
[Weather Bureau Kiosk, Union Square, San Francisco]320
[United States Weather Bureau Station at Peoria, Illinois]320
[Central Office of the United States Weather Bureau at Washington]321

CHAPTER I
THE ANATOMY OF THE ATMOSPHERE

Two quite different conceptions of the substance called “air” are current in the world. One has prevailed from time immemorial. The other is wholly modern. One is the popular view, the other the scientific.