“The gypsy girls of Transylvania believe that spells to ‘know your future husband’ can be best carried out on the eves of certain days, such as New Year, Easter, and Saint George. ‘On New Year’s Eve they throw shoes or boots on a willow tree, but are only allowed to throw them nine times.’ Compare this with the throwing of the old shoe after the bride in many countries. ‘If the shoe catches in the branches the girl who threw it will be married within a year.’
“On the same eve they go to a tree and shake it by turns, singing:—
“ ‘Per de, per de prájtina,
Varekaj hin, hász kāmav?
Basá, párro dzsiuklo,
Pirano dzsāl mai szigo.’
“ ‘Scattered leaves around I see,
Where can my true lover be?
Ah, the white dog barks at last!
And my love comes running fast!’
“If during the singing the bark of a dog should be heard, the damsel will be ‘wedded and bedded ere New Year comes again. This is virtually the same with a charm practised in Tuscany, which from other ancient witness I believe to be of Etruscan origin. Allied to this is the following: On the night of Saint George’s Day (query, Saint George’s Eve?) gypsy girls blindfold a white dog, then, letting it loose, place themselves quietly in several places. She to whom the dog runs first will be the first married. Blindman’s buff was anciently an amorous, semi-magical, or witches’ game, only that in place of the dog a man was blindfolded.
“ ‘Or the girl pulls a hair from her head, fastens a ring to it, and dangles it in a jug. The ring vibrates or swings, and so often as it touches the side of the jug so many years will it be before she marries.’ This is an ancient spell of Eastern origin. As performed according to old works the thread must be wound around the ring-finger and touch the pulse. On the edge of a bowl the letters of the alphabet, or numerals, are marked, and the ring swinging against these spells words or denotes numbers. The touching of the latter indicates the number of lovers a girl is to have.
“Early on Whitsunday morning the girls go out, and if they see clouds in the East they throw twigs in that direction, saying:—
“ ‘Predzsia, csirik leja,
Te ná tráda m’re píranes.’
“ ‘Fly my bird—fly, I say,
Do not chase my love away.’
“For they think that if on Whitsun-morn there are many clouds in the East few girls will be married during the coming year. This peculiar, seemingly incomprehensible, custom of the gypsies originated in an old belief, the germ of which we find in the Hindoo myth, according to which the spring morning which spreads brightness and blessings descends from the blue bird of heaven, who, on the other hand, also represents night or winter. Special preparations are made so that the predictions shall be fulfilled. On the days mentioned the girls are neither allowed to wash themselves, nor to kiss any one, nor go to church. At Easter, or on the Eve of Saint George, the girl must eat fish, in order to see the future in her dreams.
“On Easter morning the girls boil water, in the bubbles of which they try to make out the names of their future husbands.
“To find out whether the future husband is young or old the girl must take nine seeds of the thorn-apple, ploughed-up earth of nine different places, and water from as many more. With these she kneads a cake, which is laid on a cross-road on Easter or Saint George’s morning. If a woman steps first on the cake her husband will be a widower or an old man, but if a man the husband will be single or young.
“To see the form of a future husband a girl must go on the night of Saint George to a cross-road. Her hair is combed backwards, and, pricking the little finger of the left hand, she must let three drops of blood fall on the ground while saying:—
“ ‘Mro rat dav piraneszke,
Kász dikhav, avava adaleske.’
“ ‘I give my blood to my loved one,
Whom I shall see shall be mine own!’
“Then the form of her future husband will rise slowly out of the blood and fade as slowly away. She must then gather up the dust, or mud-blood, and throw it into a river, otherwise the Nivashi, or Water-spirits, will lick up the blood, and the girl be drowned within the year. It is said that about twenty years ago the beautiful Roszi (Rosa), the daughter of Peter Danku, the waywode, or chief of the Kukuja tribe, was drowned during the time of her betrothal because when she performed this ceremony she had neglected to gather up the sprinkled blood.
“If a girl wishes to see the form of her future husband, and also to know what luck awaits her love, she goes on any of the fore-named nights to a cross-road, and sits down on the ground, putting before her a fried fish and a glass of brandy. Then the form of her future husband will appear and stand before her for a time, silent and immovable. Should he then take the fish the marriage will be happy, but if he begin with the brandy it will be truly wretched. But if he takes neither, one of the two will die during the year.
“That the laying of cards, the interpretation of dreams, the reading of the future in the hand, and similar divinations are constantly practised is quite natural, but it would lead us too far to enlarge on all these practices. But there are charms to win or cause love which are more interesting. Among these are the love-potions or philtres, for preparing which gypsies have always been famed.
“The simplest and least hurtful beverage which they give unknown to persons to secure love is made as follows:—On any of the nights mentioned they collect in the meadows gander-goose (Romání, vast bengeszkero—devil’s hand; in Latin, Orchis maculata; German, Knabenkraut), the yellow roots of which they dry and crush and mix with their menses, and this they introduce to the food of the person whose love they wish to secure.”
Of the same character is a potion which they prepare as follows: On the day of Saint John they catch a green frog and put it in a closed earthen receptacle full of small holes, and this they place in an ant-hill. The ants eat the frog and leave the skeleton. This is ground to powder, mixed with the blood of a bat and dried bath-flies and shaped into small buns, which are, as the chance occurs, put secretly into the food of the person to be charmed.
There is yet another charm connected with this which I leave in the original Latin in which it is modestly given by Dr. Wlislocki: “Qualibet supradictarum noctium occiduntur duo canes nigri, mas et femina, quorum genitalia exstirpata ad condensationem coquntur. Hujus materiæ particula consumpta quemvis invincibili amore facit exardescare in eam eamve, qui hoc medio prodigioso usus est.”
It may be remarked that these abominable charms are also not only known to the Tuscan witches of the present day, but are found in Voodoo sorcery, and are indeed all over the world. To use revolting means in black sorcery may be, or perhaps certainly is, spontaneous-sporadic, but when we find the peculiar details of the processes identical, we are so much nearer to transmission or history that the burden of disproving must fall on the doubter.
“To the less revolting philtres belongs one in which the girl puts the ashes of a burnt piece of her dress which had been wet with perspiration and has, perhaps, hair adhering to it, into a man’s food or drink (also Tuscan).
“To bury the foot of a badger (also Voodoo), or the eye of a crow, under one’s sleeping-place is believed to excite or awaken love.
“According to gypsy belief one can spread love by transplanting blood, perspiration, or hair into the body of a person.
“By burning the hair, blood, or saliva of any one, his or her love can be extinguished.
“The following is a charm used to punish a faithless lover. The deceived maid lights a candle at midnight and pricks it several times with a needle, saying:—
“ ‘Pchāgerāv momely
Pchāgera tre vodyi!’
“ ‘Thrice the candle’s broke by me
Thrice thy heart shall broken be!’
“If the faithless lover marries another, the girl mixes the broken shell of a crab in his food or drink, or hides one of her hairs in a bird’s nest. This will make the marriage unhappy, and the husband will continually pine for his neglected sweetheart.”
This last charm is allied to another current among the Slavonians, and elsewhere mentioned, by which it is believed that if a bird gets any of a man’s hair and works it into a nest he will suffer terribly till it is completely decayed.
