DateManual
Instruction
Number of
Schools		Schools of
Cookery
and Domestic
Science
YearNumber
of
Schools
Existing
in Year
Named		Number
of
Schools
Estab-
lished
During
Year
Named		Number
of
Schools
Existing
in
Year
Named		Number
of
Schools
Estab-
lished
During
Year
Named		Number
of
Pupils
1876.. ..2929..
1877....12596..
1878....17853..
1879....22345..
1880....27653..
1881....29923..
1882....34748..
1883....420731,251
1884....5411217,597
1885....71517417,754
1886....8129724,526
1887....92110930,431
1888....1,08616542,159
1889....1,35526957,539
189030301,55419966,820
18911451151,79624268,291
18922851402,11331790,794
18934301452,419306108,192
18946772472,634215122,325
1895949[136]2722,775141134,930

[136] The number of pupils taking Manual Training cannot be given; as an indication, however, it may be said that the London School Board reports that in 1895, 30,508 boys were instructed in wood work in London schools alone.

Governmental aid to drawing and Manual Training, when incorporated in the curriculum of day grammar-grade schools, evening “continuation schools,” and teachers’ training colleges, is bestowed through the executive department, styled “The Science and Art Department.” Special attention is paid to training teachers in the teachers’ colleges, so that they will be able to give instruction in Manual Training. This is specially true to grammar-grade teachers. In 1894 56 teachers’ colleges were giving Manual Training to 4,434 teacher-pupils, the government granting $13,290 in aid of such training. In 1895, the science and art department, upon examinations aided 910 elementary Manual-training schools, giving instruction to 67,470 pupils; the amount of aid granted was $81,537.

In 1890 a law was passed empowering county councils to use the surplus from duties on liquor to aid Manual-training and technical schools. Many districts use the “liquor money” to establish purely Manual-training schools, attaching them to municipal technical schools. Generally, however, the “liquor money” goes to technical and art schools. The report for 1895 shows $5,699,046 applied by local authorities to technical instruction under the “liquor money” law. Scotland secured in 1887 a law empowering local authorities to levy a tax of a penny in the pound for the support of technical schools. In 1889 a similar law was passed for England. The Welsh law of 1889 organizing intermediate schools, recognizes and defines Manual Training. These acts led up to the “liquor money” law referred to.

The City and Guilds of London Institute, organized in 1876, is the principal private promoter of technical education in England. This organization has founded three schools of its own, besides aiding liberally similar schools in all parts of the kingdom. With the exception of the well-known South-Kensington school, the Manchester school, and the Birmingham schools, the technical schools of England, as well as its Manual-training schools and kindergartens, are of recent origin. Huddersfield Technical School, founded as a mechanics’ institute in 1841, is another exceptionally old and especially good school of its class.

Manual Training in Switzerland.

As each canton regulates its own school system, the federal constitution requiring only that education must be obligatory and free, the same diversity of conditions exists in the cantons of Switzerland that is found in the states of our own Union:—

Thus in the canton of Geneva, kindergartens and Manual-training schools are a part of the public-school system, entirely supported by public funds, and Manual Training is compulsory for all male pupils, in all grades of the public schools. The gradual advance from kindergarten work to primary, grammar, and high-school, makes a complete course in Manual Training in the schools of Geneva—perhaps the most complete to be found in any single public-school system. In other cantons, however, kindergartens exist generally as private institutions, aided by public funds and contributions from societies and individuals. The growth of kindergartens in Switzerland by years cannot be shown from any data at hand; the following table, however, shows the status at the date of most recent available data:

PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN KINDERGARTENS OF SWITZERLAND

CantonNumber
of
Separate
Kinder-
gartens		Number
of
Pupils		Number
of
Teachers
Zurich613,53279
Berne622,55063
Lucerne32606
Uri1....
Schwytz4914
Unterwalden2852
Zug51886
Freyburg1091210
Soleure8....
Basel Town322,11746
Basel Land84528
Appenzell Outer Rhodes1684319
Appenzell Inner Rhodes1602
Grisons2804
Aargau13..13
Ticino231,35143
Vaud1604,000160
Valais32493
Neuchâtel3699736
Geneva653,87285
Total51521,639589