On Some Ancient Battle-Fields in Lancashire / And Their Historical, Legendary, and Aesthetic Associations.

by Charles Hardwick

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"This was the source of primitive, confused, and inorganic fetishism among all peoples; namely, that they ascribed intentional and conscious life to a host of natural objects and phenomena. Hence came the fears, the adoration, the guardianship of, or abhorrence for, some given species of stones, plants, animals, some strange forms or unusual natural object. The subsequent adoration of idols and images, all sorts of talismans, the virtue of relics, dreams, incantations and exorcisms, had the same origin, and were all due to this primitive genesis of the fetish. the internal duplication of the external animation and personification of objects."

ANGLO-SAXON HELMET.

The remains of a very fine example of the Anglo-Saxon helmet referred to in chapter ii., was found by the late Mr. Bateman, in 1848, at Benty Grange, in Derbyshire. He says—"It was our good fortune to open a barrow which afforded a more instructive collection of relics than has ever been discovered in the country, and which are not surpassed in interest by any remains hitherto recovered from any Anglo-Saxon burial place in the kingdom." Amongst these remains was the head-piece referred to. After describing the details of its structure, he adds—"On the crown of the helmet is an elliptical bronze plate supporting the figure of an animal carved in iron, with bronze eyes, now much corroded, but perfectly distinct as the representation of a hog."

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[INDEX.]

• A.
• Abram, [138], [143]
• Achilleus, [39], [46], [53]
• Acquitania, [41]
• Adam's Peak, [117]
• Adils, [175], et seq.
• Agamemnon, [40]
• Agricola, Julius, [4]
• Agrimensores, [87]
• Aix-la-Chapelle, [40]
• Albinus, St., [20]
• Alexander, [43], [44]
• Alfgeirr, [175] et seq. [194]
• Allectus, [192]
• Alfred the Great, [44], [63], [77], [81], [168], [173], [175], [194]
• Ancient Monuments, [44]
• Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, [7], [27], [32], [35], [61], [130], [131], [134], [143], [165], [167], [170], [179], [204]
• Aneurin, [19], [114]
• Anlaf, [170], et seq.
• Annales Cambria, [195]
• Anselm, [45]
• Anthony, St., [116]
• Arbury, [85]
• Arminius or Herman, [75]
• Armorica (Brittany), [18], [20], [38]
• Artemis, [113]
• Arthur, [6], et seq., [34], [35], [37], [42], [44], [46], [50], [56], [77], [103], [114], [116]
• Arthur's Sepulchre at Glastonbury, [8]
• Aruthur (Welsh word), [21]
• Aryan Myths, [100]
• Æsthetic Truth, [51], [52], [53], [54], [55], [58], [59]
• Ashton, Col.-Gen., [161], et seq.
• Athelstan, King, [41], [164], et seq.
• Augustine, St., [32], [94], [184]
• B.
• Baines, Edward, [62], [66], [73], [74], [77], [90], [92], [99], [136], [148], [153], [157]
• Baines, Thomas, [62], [207]
• Bale, John, [185]
• Bamborough, [62]
• Bamber Bridge, [198]
• Bangor-Iscoed, [32], [33], [34]
• Barbarism and Civilization, [129]
• Bardney, Lincolnshire, [61], [68]
• Barham-Down, [34]
• Baring-Gould, Rev., [107]
• Barrett, [107]
• Battle Abbey, [42]
• Beamont, W., [64], [66], [77], [78], [81]
• Bede, the Venerable, [15], [18], [19], [56], [61], [68], [71], [87], [92], [95], [105]
• Beowulf, [88], [101], [105], [113], [187]
• Bickerton, [207]
• Billangahoh, [130], et seq.
• Blackrod, [22], [30]
• "Blackburnshire, De Statu,", [144]
• Blackwell, J. A., [168]
• Boar, or Hog, Wild, [61], [99], [100], [108], et seq.
• Boscowen, W. St. Chad, 45
• Bewcastle and Ruthwell monuments, [9]
• Boece, [25]
• Bojorix, [112]
• Bolton Hall, Bolland, [150]
• Bosworth, Rev. J., [65]
• Bovium, [34]
• Bramha, [120]
• Bravalla, Fight at, [42]
• Brigantes, [3], [5], [30]
• Brindle, [196], [205], [208]
• Brinhildr or Brunhild, [197]
• Brit-Welsh, [34], [45], [67], [75]
• British Urns, [4]
• Brockhall, [137] et seq.
• Brocmail, [35]
• Bruce, Robert, [210], [211]
• Brunanburh, [164], et seq.
• Brut, [7], [11], [25], [27], [67], [73], [94]
• Brut-y-Tywysogion, [195]
• Bryn, Brun, and Burne, [73], [74], [97]
• Brynhild, [39]
• Budda, [117]
• Bullasey-ford, [138], [139], [146]
• Buried Treasure, [192], [193]
• Bungerley hyppyngstones [146], [149], [158]
• Burial Mound, Ancient British [208]
• Bury, Adam de, [157]
• Bury Castle, Traditionary Siege of, [154], et seq.
• Byron, Lord, [53]
• C.
• Cadwalla, or Cadwallon, [26], [27], [63], [67], [72], [93], [94]
• Caldean Heliopolis, [45]
• Camden, [93], [189]
• Cærwent, [14]
• Cædmon, [125], [187]
• Caerleon on Usk, [14]
• Camelot, [14]
• Cannon-balls, [152]
• Canute, [181], [188]
• Cardoile, Carlisle, [14]
• Carausius, [192]
• Cartismandua, [4]
• Castle Field, Manchester, [35]
• Caster-cliff, near Colne, [4]
• Castle Hill, [70], [77], [78], [84], [206]
• Castle Stead, near Bury, [157]
• Carlyle, Thomas, [51], [161], [213], [219]
• Catraeth, Fight at, [123]
• Centwine, [9]
• Chambers, Robert, [222]
• Charlemagne, [39], [40], [42], [103]
• Charles I., King, [150], et seq.
• Charles Edward Stuart, Prince, [221]
• Chester, [32], [33], [34]
• Chevy-Chase, [31]
• Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, [54]
• Chivalry, [6]
• Christianity and Paganism, [165], [166], [172]
• Christopher, St., Legend of, [135]
• Chronicles of the Princes of Wales, [195]
• Civilization, Origin of, [116]
• Clitheroe Castle, [148], et seq.
• Clitheroe Castle, Traditional Siege of, [151], [153]
• Clifford, Lord, [124]
• Cocboy, [74]
• Codoy, [65]
• Coffins, Oak Tree, [10]
• Coffin, Stone, at Brindle, [208]
• Coins, Roman, [200], [204]
• Colgrin, [24], [27], [148]
• Conybeare, [101]
• Constantine, King of the Scots, [171], [176]
• Coote, H. C., [87]
• Cox, Rev. Sir G. W., [46], [100], [118]
• Cremation, [80], [82], [84], [87], [88]
• Crests, or Totems, [109], seq.
• Crusades, [40]
• Cromwell, [43], [99], [151] et seq., [213] et seq.
• Cromwell Legends, [217]
• Croyland, 43
• Cuerdale Find, The Great [188], et seq.
• Cuerden, [200]
• D.
• Danes' "Pad", [202]
• Danish Invasions, [133], [165], et seq.
• Dasent, Dr. Sir G. W., [15], [108], [127]
• Darwen, Over, [5], [208]
• Dawkins, Prof. Boyd, [31], [32], [73]
• Deira, [35]
• Denisburn, [93]
• Derby, Earl of, [150], [155], [212], [220]
• Dialects, Provincial, [144]
• Dickens, Charles, [35]
• Dietrich, [45]
• Documents, Destruction of, [182], [184], [185], [186]
• Domesday Book, [89], [196]
• Douglas, [7], [11], [12], [14], [21], [24], [26], [27], [34], [37], [133], [148]
• Dragons, [101], [105], [107], [110], [123], [132]
• Dublin, [203]
• Durham, Simeon of, [201]
• E.
• Eardulph, King, [130], et seq., [147]
• Earwaker, Mr., [64]
• Easter, [106]
• Edda, [28], [39], [115]
• Editha, Athelstan's Sister, [170]
• Edisford, [146], [148], [161]
• Edmund the Atheling, [176]
• Edwall Voel, King of Gwynnedd, [169]
• Edward the Confessor, [182]
• Edward the Elder, King, [169]
• Edwin, King of Northumbria, [26], [27], [61], [95], [185]
• Ecgfrith, [34]
• Egbert, King, [180]
• Egil, [173], et seq.
• Ella, King, [166], [168]
• Ellis, Mr. G., [37]
• Elmet, [33]
• Elphin, St., [87]
• Elston, William, [205]
• Elton, C., [122]
• England, Making of, [15], [19], [21]
• Erich, King, [47]
• Ethelbald, King, [43]
• Ethelfrith, King, [32], [33]
• Ethelred, King, [130], [133]
• Ethrunanwerch, [201]
• Etymological, [62], et seq.
• Exoniensis Codex, [187]
• Extwistle-moor, Remains on, [4]
• F.
• Fafnir, [100]
• Fairfax, Gen., [211]
• Fairy Mythology, [116]
• Falstaff, Sir John, [13]
• Farrar, J. A., [129]
• Fenton, J., [106]
• Fergusson, Dr. J., [11], [82], [83]
• Finns, The, [117]
• Finnesburg, Fight of, [113], [187]
• Fiske, Mr., [6], [18], [38], [108], [119]
• Florence of Worcester, [32]
• Folk-lore, [129]
• Forster, Gen., [221]
• Freeman, E. A., [39], [40], [172]
• Freya, or Friga, [113], [114]
• Frey's Howe, Upsala, [83]
• G.
• Galahad, Sir, [50]
• Gargrave, Skirmish near, [215]
• Gawain, Sir, [37]
• Gawsworth, [135]
• Geoffrey of Monmouth, [5], [6], [7], [13], [18], [19], [24], [26], [32], [37], [41], [42]
• Geological Phenomena, 141
• Geraint, [17]
• Gerards of Bryn, [74]
• Gervinus, Dr., [55], [58], [59], [128]
• Giant Stories, [11]
• Gilbert de Lacy, [196]
• Gildas, [5], [18], [19], [20], [33], [34], [184]
• Giles, Dr., [26], [190]
• Giraldus Cambrensis, [20]
• Gladstone, W. E., [18]
• Glendwr, Owen, [123]
• Gododin, The, [114]
• Godrun, [168]
• Golborne, [66], [77], [78]
• Gothrun, the Dane, [180]
• Green, J. R., [15], [19], [26], [33], [65], [73], [97], [104], [125], [136], [145], [166]
• Gregory, St., [184]
• Grendel, [101]
• Grimm, J., [22], [118], [122]
• Gudrekir, [194], [195]
• Guest, Dr., [15]
• Guilds, Preston, [210]
• Ginevra, Queen, [11]
• Guy of Warwick, Sir, [41], [106]
• Gwynedd, [33]
• H.
• Hacking Hall, [138]
• Haigh, Mr. D. H., [7], [11], [15], [20], [24], [27], [60], [88], [101], [134], [136], [148], [184]
• Hamilton, Duke of, [99], [153], et seq., [213], [214]
• Hamlet, [38]
• Hammerton, P. G., [52]
• Harald Blatand, etc., [28], [41]
• Harald Hildetand, [41]
• Harrington, Sir J., [149], [150]
• Harold, King, [48]
• Hartlepool, [101]
• Hartshorne, Mr., [72]
• Harvest-Blasters, [109], [126]
• Hasty Knoll, [21]
• Hawkins, Mr., [188]
• Hazlit, [105]
• Heavenfield, [67], [68], [93]
• Heathfield, [26], [95]
• "Heathen-men" (Danes), [132]
• Helmets, [111], [227]
• Helmet, Anglo-Saxon, [227]
• Hengist and Horsa, [6], [110]
• Henry VI., King, [149], [158]
• Henry of Huntingdon, [183]
• Heraclids, [6]
• Heraldry, [109], et seq.
• Herodotus, [110], [118]
• Hildebrand, Herr, [82], [83]
• Historia Britonum, [18]
• Historical Documents, Destruction of, [158]
• Historical Novels, [47], [48], [50], [52], [54], [57], [59]
• Historical Pictures, [55]
• Hodgson, Col., [161], et seq., [214]
• Hoel, [17]
• Hollingworth, [15], [30], [66]
• Homer, [35], [38], [52]
• Honorius, [15]
• Horatii and Curiatii, Tombs of, [51]
• Horse Shoes, Ancient, [23], [24]
• Howorth, Mr. H. H., [27], [41]
• Howson, Dean, [62], [68]
• Hrothgar, [101]
• Hubbertsty, T., [137], [138], [139], [140]
• Huntington, Henry of, [12], [25], [195]
• Hwiccas, or Gewissas, [65]
• Hygelac, [102]
• Hyngr, [175], et seq.
• I.
• Iceland, [28], [42]
• Iceni, [3]
• Ida, [16]
• Idylls of the King, [57]
• Igerna, [17]
• Illiad, [35], [38]
• Inaccuracy of Ancient MSS., [187]
• Indra, [39], [46], [100]
• Ingulph, [195]
• Isdubar, Giant, 45
• J.
• Jack the Giant-Killer, [47]
• Johannes, Prior of Hagulstald, [148]
• Johnson, Rev. H., [66]
• Joseph of Arimathea, [37]
• Jylgja, Guardian Spirit, [127]
• K.
• Kabyls, [112]
• Kains-Jackson, C. P., [44]
• Kalydonian Hunt, [113]
• Kay, Sir, [37]
• Keightley, [116]
• Kelly, W. K., [108]
• Kemble, J. M., [65], [135], [187], [198]
• Kendrick, Dr., [62], [86], [87]
• King of England, First, [180]
• Kuerden, Dr., [200], [210]
• Kyklops, [39]
• L.
• Lake District, [34]
• Lambert, Major-General, [153], [162]
• Lancashire Civil War Troops, [153], [163]
• Lancashire Dialect, [75]
• Lancashire Militia, [216]
• Landisfarne, [69]
• Lancelot, Sir, [35], [37], [50]
• Langdale, Marquis of, [153], et seq., [213], et seq.
• Language, Life and Growth of, [75]
• Langho, [134], et seq.
• Lanscado, Scather of the Land, [122]
• Lappenberg, [27]
• Latchford, [74], [75], [86], [193]
• Leofric, Earl, [145]
• Lichfield, Bishopric of, [146]
• Lilburne, Col., [220]
• Lindeley, John, Abbot of Whalley, [144]
• Linguistics, [75]
• Linuis, [11], [21], [23], [35]
• Littler, T., [62]
• Lloyd, Howel W., [64]
• Lombards, [28]
• Loyalty and Rebellion, [219], [221]
• Lubbock, Sir John, [116]
• Luther's Picture of the Devil, [51]
• Llywarch Hen, [17], [26]
• Lytton, Lord, [35], [47], [48]
• M.
• Macaulay, T. B., [53]
• Magic Cudgel, [47]
• Mallet, M., [57], [117]
• Malory, Sir Thomas, [14], [50]
• Malmesbury, William of, [9], [12], [175], [195]
• Mameceastre, [144]
• Manchester, [12], [30], [33]
• Map, Walter, [18], [50]
• Marcelde, [66], [67]
• Martin Mere, [23]
• Maserfeld, Macerfeld, Marcelde, Mackerfield, [61], [62], et seq.
• Meldrum, Sir John, [213]
• Merchant, Guild, [210]
• Merlin, [17], [37], [114]
• Mesbury, [64], [72]
• Metcalfe, Fred, [44], [101], [114], [175], [186]
• Metempsychosis, [119]
• Metrical Romances, [57]
• Milman, Dean, [49], [51]
• Milton, John, [214]
• Missionaries, the first, [145]
• Modred, [34]
• Moll, Herman, [197]
• Monsters, Mythical, [113], [115]
• Morgan, The Rev. R. W., [10], [19], [24]
• Morley, Prof. H., [6]
• Morris, [37]
• Morte, Adam, [212]
• Morte, D'Arthur, [14], [34]
• Mote-hill, Warrington, [86]
• Müller, Max, 41
• Myths, [5], [6], [7], [37], [38], [39], [43], [46], [57]
• Myths, Genesis of, [224]
• N.
• Nennius, [5], [7], [11], [12], [18], [19], [20], [21], [23], [50], [51], [65], [67], [68], [72], [74], [88], [92], [107], [110], [148], [184]
• Newbury, William of, [13]
• Nicholas, St., [117]
• Nichols, J. G., [149]
• Nimrod, [45]
• Northumbria, Southern Boundary of, [143], [145]
• Nursery Tales, [38]
• O.
• Odin, [38], [44], [47], [101]
• Odins' Howe, Upsala, [82]
• Odyssey, [35], [39], [118]
• Offa, [102]
• Origins of English History, [122]
• Ostorious Scapula, [4]
• Oswald, St., [26], [33], [61], et seq., [133], [224]
• Oswald's Well, St., [66], [69], [91]
• Oswestry, [62], [65], [72], [90]
• Oswy, [68], [73], [96]
• P.
• Palgrave, Sir Francis, [48], [176]
• Panis, [39]
• Panizzi, Sig., [6]
• Paulinus, [89], [94], [144], [185]
• Pagan Symbols destroyed, [185]
• Parker, Archbishop, [185]
• Parkinson, Mr., [140], et seq.
• Patten, The Rev. Mr., [218]
• Penda, [26], [61], [62], [67], [72], [73], [74], [92], [95], [115], [133]
• Percy, Bishop, [31]
• Petilius Cerealis, [4], [30]
• Phene, Dr., [103]
• Phonetic Laws, [75]
• Pictish Customs, [103]
• Pilkington, Sir T., [153]
• Pitris, or Fathers, [120], [125]
• Poem, Anglo-Saxon, on the Battle of Brunanburh, [178]
• Potter's Ford, [143]
• Prehistoric Battlefields, [3], [30]
• Preston, Great Battle of, [213], et seq.
• Pretender, the Elder, [221]
• Primitive Culture, [36]
• Puritan prophetic superstition, [219]
• R.
• Raines, Canon, [137], [138]
• Ragnar Lodbrock, [166], [168]
• Rebellion and Loyalty, [147]
• Red Bank, near Winwick, [99]
• Ribchester, [12], [151], [210], [211]
• Ribble-bridge, Battle at, [221]
• Ribbleton Moor, Fight on, [162]
• Richard III., [125]
• Richard Cœur de Lion, [44], [102], [103]
• Richard of Cirencester, [143]
• Richmond, Earl of, [126]
• Roach-Smith, C., [204]
• Roberts, Askew, [64], [91]
• Robin Hood, [44], [77], [78]
• Robson, Dr., [83], [85]
• Roman Remains at Walton, [218]
• Roman Wall, [204]
• Round Table, The, [14], [77]
• Rosworm, Col., [212]
• Runes, [184]
• Russians, [117]
• S.
• Saga, [102], [127], [183]
• St. George, [100]
• Salt Hill, Clitheroe, [152]
• Samson, [45]
• Sangraal, [37]
• Saracens, [41], 103
• Saxo-Grammaticus, [28], [41], [42], [51]
• Saxton, C., [197]
• Scandinavia, [57], [103]
• Science, Genesis of, [128]
• Scop, or Gleeman's Tale, [41], [187]
• Scotch Warriors, Grave of, [217], [218]
• Scott, Sir Walter, [35], [47], [49], [52]
• Seaton, Sir John, [212]
• Serpents, [104], [106]
• Setantii, Sistuntii, or Segantii, [3], [23]
• Shakspere, [13], [38], [47], [58], [123], [128]
• Sharon-Turner, [34], [67], [73], [175], [176], [177], [180]
• Sherburne, Bishop of, [174]
• Shuttleworth, Col., [212]
• Siege of Preston in 1715, [221]
• Siege of Preston in 1643, [211]
• Sigurd, [39], [46], [100]
• Sihtric or Sigtryg, [170]
• Simeon of Durham, [130], [179], [194], [195]
• Sibson, Rev. E., [21], [62], [77], [78], [81], [87]
• Skene, Mr., [15], [19], [68], [189]
• Solar Myths, [39], [40], [45], [46]
• Songs resultant from the Stuart Troubles, [222], [223]
• Spear Heads, Ancient, [85]
• Spencer, Herbert, [120]
• Spurs, Ancient, [23], [29]
• Stephen, Leslie, [48], [50]
• Stevenson, Mr., [18]
• Stone Hammers, [85]
• Stonyhurst, [152], [157], [160]
• Strachey, Sir Edward, [14], [16], [17]
• Stubbs and Haddon (Councils of Britain), [19]
• Superstitious explanations of Natural Phenomena, [147]
• Surnames, [121]
• Sweyn, King, [181]
• Swords, Magic, [47]
• T.
• Tacitus, [114]
• Talbot, T. and J., [149], [150]
• Taliesin, [17], [35], [44]
• Talleyrand, [44]
• Tarquin, Sir, [35]
• Taylor, Rev. I., [112]
• Tempest, Sir John, [149], [150], [162]
• Tennyson, [37], [60]
• Thackeray, [35]
• Theodoric, [45]
• Theophilus, Story of, [45]
• Thor, [47]
• Thorolf, [175], et seq.
• Thorpe, B., [101], [102]
• Tildesley, Sir Thos., [220]
• Totems, or Crests, [109], et seq.
• Traveller's Tale, Poem, [134], [136]
• Tre, Welsh prefix, [96]
• Treasure, Buried, [192], [193]
• Tristan, Sir, [37]
• Troy, [53]
• Tumuli, Ancient, [83], [85], [86], [87], [137], et seq., [205], [208]
• Turketal, the English Chancellor, [176], [177]
• Turkomans, [118]
• Turner, J. M. W., [52]
• Tylor, E. B., [5], [36], [56], [111], [128]
• U.
• Ulster, Annals of, [35]
• Urien of Rheged, [16], [17], [27]
• Urns, Ancient, [81], [83], [84]
• Upsala, [29]
• Uther Pendragon, [110], [123]
• V.
• Vámbéry, Arminius, [43], [49], [119]
• Vergil, Polydore, [186]
• Venutius, [4]
• Vicinal ways, Roman, [205], 208
• Volsung Tale, [120]
• Vritra, [100]
• W.
• Wada, [130], et seq.
• Wada, Weland and Egil, [134]
• Wade's Boat, [135]
• Walhalla, [115]
• Wallace, Mackenzie, [117]
• Wars of the Roses, [158], [210]
• Warwick, Earl of, [124]
• Watkin, W. T., [87]
• Watling street, [136], [194]
• Wearden, [199]
• Weddle, C. A., [190], [199], [209]
• Well, St. Oswald's, [91], [92]
• Welsh Tribute, Heavy, [170]
• Werewolves, [119], [122]
• West Kent, kingdom of, [145]
• Weyland's Smithy, [136]
• Whitney, Professor D., [63], [75]
• Whitaker, the Rev. Jno., [7], [11], [15], [21], [26], [34], [35], [86], [198]
• Whitaker, Dr., [136], et seq., [193]
• White, Dr. A. D., [57]
• Whittle Springs, [197]
• Wigan, [12], [22], [30]
• Wigan Lane, battle of, [220]
• Wild Huntsman, [45]
• William, the Norman Conqueror, [182], [189]
• Wilkinson, T. T., [4], [100]
• Winwick, [61], et seq.
• Winwidfield, [97]
• Wornum, R., [56]
• Worsaae, Dr., [188]
• Worde, Wynkyn de, [10]
• Worms, Huge, [104], [106]
• Wright, T., [29], [88]
• X.
• Ximines, Cardinal, [186]
• Y.
• York, [33]
• Yornzi, [117]
• Ywain, Sir, [17], [37]
• Z.
• Zumarraga, Archbishop, [186]

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