In medieval manuscripts we meet with many illustrations of petardiers hurling vessels containing Greek fire upon the various engines attacking a castle or town, and perhaps this terrifying missile deserves more notice than has hitherto been paid to it. Introduced from the East during the time of the Crusades it was used with other incendiary bodies, but as no great objects were specially achieved by its use in our islands, or rather, as chroniclers do not make special mention of such results, we are probably justified in thinking that the effects were more of a terrifying character than of actual effectiveness in besieging or defending a castle.
[INDEX]
Adulterine Castles, [90], [91]
Ages—Stone, Bronze, Iron, dates of, [7]
l'Aigle, Matilda de, [94]
Albini, Nigel de, Cainhoe Castle, [56]
Alnwick Castle, description of, [68]
Alselin, Geoffrey, Laxton Castle, [56]
Alur, [117], [168]
Ambresbury Banks, Essex, [29]
Anderida, [45]
Angus, Earl of, [187]
Arbalesteria, [78], [117]
Arblast, [196]
Archer, the English, [150]
Aros Castle, [179]
Arundel Castle, [54], [65], [151], [158]
description of, [71]
Shell Keep, [72]
siege of, [72]
Arundel Cathedral, [73]
Aspiks, [152]
Avalon, Isle of, [11]
Badbury, Berks, [31]
Badbury Rings, Wimborne, [22], [23], [32]
Badlesmere, Bartholomew, [148]
Bailey, buildings in, [53]
Bailey or Base Court, [53]
Bakewell, [42]
Baliol, Robert [184]
Balista [192], [194], [196]
stones, [192]
Bamborough Castle, [41]
description of, [93]
Keep of, [94], [96]
siege of, [93]
wards of, [96]
Banks, Sir John, and Lady, [139]
Barbican, or ravelin, [67]
Barnard Castle, the Keep, [106]
Bartizans, [178], [180]
Base Court or Bailey, [53]
Basilisks, [152]
Battlemented parapets, [41]
Bayeux tapestry, [55]
Beauchamp Tower, Tower of London, [135]
Beaufort, Duke of, [142], [164]
Beaumaris Castle, [122]
Bebban burh or Bamborough, [41]
Bedford Castle, Shell Keep of, [200]
siege of, [195]
Beffroi, [81], [94], [198], [199]
Bek, Anthony, Bishop of Durham, [69]
Belesme, Robert de, [71], [87]
Belfry, [198]
Belvoir Castle, position of, [59]
Todenei, Robert, [57]
Berkeley Castle, [65]
Berkhampstead Castle, [196]
Mortaign, Robert, Count of, [56]
Berm, Cadbury Castle, [24]
Verulamium, [37]
Berwick Castle, [183]
Bigot family, [142]
Bodiam Castle, [165], [179]
description of, [157]
Boleyn, Anne, [161]
Sir Geoffrey, [160]
Sir Thomas, [161]
Bolingbroke, [121]
Bombards, [148], [152]
Bothwell Castle, description of, [181]
Bowyer Tower, Tower of London, [135]
Bradbury, [14]
Bretasche, [167], [194]
description of, [103]
Motte and Bailey Castle, [50]
Breauté, Faukes de, [199]
Brick Castles, [155]
Brick-making, art of, [165]
British Isles, earthworks of, [2], [173]
Broch, [174]
at Cockburn Law, [175]
of Mousa, [174]
Bronllys Castle, [133]
Bronze Age, [7], [189]
Broughton Castle, [172]
Bruce, Robert, [183]
Buckingham, Duke of, [162]
Builth Castle, [133]
Bures Mount, Essex, [50]
Burgh, Hubert de, [81]
Burh, bury, borough, and burgh, [39], [40]
Burhs, Nottingham, [42]
Saxon, [38], [39]
Stafford, Tarn worth and Warwick, [42]
Witham and Maldon, [42]
Busli, Roger de, Tickhill Castle, [57]
Cadbury, Tiverton, [22]
Castle, [23]
Berm of, [24]
Caerlaverock Castle, [186]
Caerphilly Castle, [131]
description of, [126]
Caesar, artillery of, [190]
Cainhoe Castle, Albini, Nigel de, [56]
Campbell Castle, [179]
Canmore, Malcolm, [183]
Cannon, early, [147]
gargoyles, [181]
shot, weight of, [154]
Canterbury Castle, Keep of, [89]
Carew Castle, [132]
Carisbrooke Castle, [65]
description of, [73]
Carnarvon Castle, [118]
description of, [123]
town walls of, [124]
Castellated Mansion, [147], [155]
Castellation, the first, [2]
transition period, [156]
Castle-building Stephen's reign, [92]
Castles, centre of boroughs, [57]
centre of feudal baronies, [56]
definition of, [1]
in Gascony, [156]
Herefordshire, [55]
Hertfordshire, [56]
Leicestershire, [56]
Nottinghamshire, [56]
of Scotland, [173]
sites of, [57]
Cat, [197], [200]
Catapult, [192], [194], [196]
Chapel-en-le-Frith, [11]
Chaworth, Payn de, [130]
Chepstow Castle, [131]
description of, [141]
Château Gaillard, description of, [110]
the Keep, [111]
Chaucer, Geoffrey, [62]
Cilgerran Castle, [132]
Cissbury, [14], [24]
Civil War, efficiency of Castles, [153]
Clare, Earl of, [46]
Gilbert de, [127]
family, [142]
Classification of earthworks, [5]
Clavering Castle, Essex, [49]
Clawll y Milwyr, [8]
Cleves, Anne of, [161]
Clickamin Broch, [175]
Cliff Castles, [7]-9
Clifford's Castle, Northants, [50], [52]
Clifton Camps, [9]
Clinton, William de, [162]
Clun Castle, Keep of, [88], [92]
Cobham, Lord, [160]
Colchester Castle, [134]
Chapel of, [85]
Colepeper family, [144]
Comb Moss, [11]
Compton, Sir William, [162]
Concentric Castle, [110]
essential principles of, [113]
Conisborough Castle, description of, [106]
Constantinople, fortifications of, [112]
Contour forts, [14]
Conway, town wall of, [120]
Castle, [118]
description of, [120]
Corbelling, mania for, [180]
Corfe Castle, [131]
Buttavant Tower, [140]
description of, [137]
Keep of, [139]
"slighting" of, [140]
Coucy Castle, [102], [104], [105], [181]
Counterpoise engines, [193]
Counterpoises of trebuchets, [194]
Coup-de-main attack, [189]
Craigmillar Castle, [179]
Crenellated walls, [41]
Crévecœur family, [143]
Criccieth Castle, description of, [118]
Cromlechs, [8]
Cromwell, Ralph, Lord, [168]
Crowstep gables, [181]
Curtain walls, [67]
Cutts, Lord, [75]
Cylindrical Keep, [101]
Dalyngrugge, Sir Edward, [157]
Danish burhs, [43]
Dauphin, [98]
Definition of a castle, [1]
"Devil of Belesme,"[87]
Differentiation of earthworks, [3]
Dilke family, [162]
Dinas, [9]
Dirleton Castle, [176]
Dog-tooth ornament, [92]
Dolebury, [14]
Donjon, [102], [181]
Dorchester, Oxon, [10]
Douglas family, [181]
Doune Castle, [186]
Dover Castle, [49]
description of, [80], [92]
the Keep, [82]
Dragons, [152]
Drum Castle, [178], [182]
Dryslwyn Castle, [198]
Dudley Castle, Fitz-Ansculf, William, [56]
Dumbarton Castle, [176]
Dunnottar Castle, description of, [185]
Keep of, [185]
Dunster Castle, Mohun, William de, [56]
Durability of earthworks, [4]
Durham Castle, [65]
Dyke Hills, [10]
Eagle Tower, Carnarvon Castle, [126]
Earls Barton Castle, Northants, [52]
Earthworks, auxiliary aids to, [18]
British Isles, [2]
classification of, [5]
destruction of, [14]
differentiation of, [3]
durability of, [4]
English, [3]
with stockades, [18]
Edinburgh Castle, [176], [183]
Argyle Tower, [183]
Edinburgh Castle, St. Margaret's Chapel, [184]
Wellhouse Tower, [184]
Edin's Hold, [175]
"Edwardian" Castle, [118]
Edward the Martyr, [138]
Eleanor, wife of Humphrey of Gloucester, [144]
Elfreton, Henry de, [121]
Ely, [43]
Engines, ancient, [191]
English earthworks, [3]
Escalade, [189]
Espringale, [194], [196]
Ethelfleda of the Mercians, [41], [42]
Exburgh Manor-House, [168]
Eye Castle, Malet, Robert de, [56]
Fairfax, Sir Thomas, [164]
Falarica, [86], [192]
Fane, Ralph, [169]
Fergeant, Alan, [99]
Ferrers, Henry de, Tutbury Castle, [57]
Feudal baronies, castles centre of, [56]
Fiennes, Sir Roger, [165]
Thomas, execution of, [166]
First castellation, [2]
Fishguard, [9]
Fitz-Ansculf, William, Dudley Castle, [56]
Fitz-John, Eustace, [68], [94]
Fitz-Osborne, William, Earl of Hereford, [73]
William, [142]
Fitz-Scrob, Richard, [48]
Flanking Towers, [67]
Flint Castle, [122]
Flying bridge, Motte and Bailey Castle, [50]
Fonmon Castle, Glamorganshire, [93]
Forebuildings, [78]
Rochester Castle, [98]
Fortified Hill-Tops, classification of, [13]
strengthened, [5], [13]
Gam, Sir David, [163]
Gannock's Castle, near Tempsford, [44], [45]
Gaveston, Piers, [74]
Glendower, Owen, [119]
Gloucester Castle, Keep of, [89]
Humphrey, Duke of, [169]
Golden Valley, Castle at, [48]
Gravitation engines, [193]
Greek fire, [200]
Grey, Sir Ralph, [95], [152]
Guildford Castle, Chapel of, [85]
Keep of, [88]
Gundulf, Bishop of Rochester, [134]
Gunpowder, introduction of, [147]
"Gyns,"[190], [193]
Ham Hill, Somerset, [15]
Hampton Court, Herefordshire, [172]
Harlech Castle, [118], [152]
Harquebuses, openings for, [158]
Hastings Castle, [55]
Hatton, Sir Christopher, [139]
Haut, Ivo de, [170]
Haverfordwest Castle, [133]
Hedingham Keep, Essex, [83]
Hembury Fort, Honiton, [14]
Herefordshire, Castles in, [55]
Hereford, Motte and Bailey Castle, [48], [49]
Herstmonceaux Castle, [167], [168]
description of, [164]
Hertfordshire, Castles in, [56]
Hever Castle, [160]
Sir William de, [160]
Hill forts, [173]
Hilton Castle, [172]
Home Castle, [176]
Earls of, [181]
Homestead moats, [6]
developed, [6]
Humfreys, Sir William, [161]
Hunsbury, Northants, [30]
Ifan, Davydd ap, [152]
Ightham Mote, [170]
Iron Age, [7], [189]
Isabella, Queen of Edward II., [144]
Isle of Avalon, [11]
Juliets, [102]
Keep, Scottish, plan of, [176]
Kemyss, Sir Nicholas, [143]
Kenilworth Castle, [151]
siege of, [195]
Kidwelly Castle, Carmarthenshire, [118], [129]
Kildrummie Castle, [176]
Lacy, Ilbert de, Pontefract Castle, [57]
Lambert, General, [186]
Lamphey Castle, [133]
"Land of Castles,"[131]
Launceston Castle, the Keep, [105]
Laxton Castle, Alselin, Geoffrey, [56]
Leconfield, Lord, [160]
Leeds Castle, Kent, [105], [148]
Baileys of, [145]
Barbicans of, [146]
description of, [143]
Keep of, [145]
Leicestershire, Castles in, [56]
Lewes Castle, [65]
Lewkenor, Sir Thomas, [158]
Licences to crenellate, [90]
Lincoln Castle, [65]
Lisle, Warine de, [159]
Llandilo, Castle near, [130]
Llawhaddon Castle, [133]
Loch Doon Castle, [176]
Loch Leven Castle, [179]
Logan Stone, [8]
Ludlow, family of, [172]
Machicolation, [104], [116], [158], [165], [167], [181]
earliest example of, [111]
Maiden Castle, [14], [16], [22], [32]
entrances of, [17]
Malet, Robert de, Eye Castle, [56]
Malvoisin, [94]
Mam Tor, Derbyshire, [27]
the shivering mountain, [27]
Mangonel, [104], [196]
Manorbier Castle, [9], [133]
"March of the Men of Harlech,"[120]
Marmion, Robert le, Tamworth Castle, [56]
Maxstoke Castle, [162]
Medieval walls, construction of, [78]
Melandra, near Glossop, [34]
Menhirs, [8]
Merlons, [117], [124], [165], [168]
Meurtriers, [78], [116], [142]
Mining, method of, [198]
Missile engines of the ancients, [190]
Mohun, William de, Dunster Castle, [56]
Monk, General, [187]
Montfort, Simon de, [46], [98]
Montgomery, family of, [71]
Morgan, Colonel, [142]
Mortaign, Robert, Count of, Berkhampstead Castle, [56]
Earl of, [46]
Motte and Bailey Castle, [48]
advantages of, [60]
bretasche of, [50]
construction of, [49]
flying bridge of, [50]
positions of, [58], [59]
positions of mound of, [54]
rapid erection of, [60]
Scottish, [175]
Mount and Fosse, [5]
Mount (or Motte) and Bailey, [5]
Mount, The, Caerleon, [50]
Movable Tower, [198]
Mowbray, de, [94]
Narberth Castle, [133]
Natural fortresses strengthened, [5]-6
Neidpath Castle, [178]
description of, [182]
Newcastle-upon-Tyne Castle,
Chapel of, [85]
Forebuilding of, [79]
Keep of, [89]
Newquay, [7]
Newton Castle, Montgomeryshire, [53]
Nineveh marbles, [41]
Norham Castle, [105]
Norwich Castle, [134]
Nottingham Castle, [87]
Keep of, [88]
Nottinghamshire, Castles in, [56]
Odin's Hold, Berwickshire, [175]
Odo, Bishop of Bayeux, [46], [97], [143]
Oillets, [78], [124], [166], [200]
Old Castle Head, [9]
Onager, [86], [196]
Ongar Castle, Essex, [52], [53]
Oppidum of Cassivelaunus, [33]
Orford Castle, Suffolk, [109]
Oubliettes, [78]
Oxford Castle, Keep of, [89]
Parapet, location of, [4]
Peel Towers, [180]
Pelham, Lady Jane, [46]
Sir John, [46]
Pembroke Castle, [132], [153]
Keep of, [106]
Penhow Castle, Monmouthshire, [93]
Penshurst Place, description of, [169]
Percy, Earl, [70]
Sir Henry de, [69]
Sir Thomas, [159]
Perrier, [196]
Petardier, [200]
Petrary, [81], [86], [196]
Pevensey Castle, [45], [131]
inner Castle of, [47]
Pharos at Dover, [80]
Pickering Castle, Keep of, [88]
"Pit," or Prison, [178]
Pitt Rivers, General, [25], [29]
Plantagenet, Hamelin, [109]
Plateau forts, [6], [11], [13]
Pleshey Castle, Essex, [52]
Pontefract Castle, [109], [154]
Lacy, Ilbert de, [57]
Porchester Castle, [37]
Portland, [9]
Primitive weapons, [1]
Projectiles, men as, [195]
millstones as, [195]
Promontory forts, [6]
Protected village sites, [6]
Pulteneye, Sir John de, [169]
Quatford Castle, [87]
Quia Emptores, Statute of, [149]
Raglan Castle, [141]
description of, [163]
Keep of, [164]
Ram, [81], [197]
Ravelin, or barbican, [67]
Ravensburgh Castle, Hexton, [25]
Rectangular Keep, [76]
Chapel of, [85]
Forebuilding of, [78]
construction of, [77]
Crypt of, [85]
impregnability of, [87]
internal arrangements of, [83]
introduction of, [76]
Ramparts of, [84]
Reculvers, Isle of Thanet, [36]
Redvers, Baldwin de, [139]
Richard de, [74]
Regalia Scottish, [186]
Richard's Castle, Herefordshire, [48], [59]
Richborough Castle, Sandwich, [36]
Richmond Castle, Barbican of, [100]
Chapel of, [99]
Crypt of, [99]
description of, [99]
Keep of, [99]
Ring Hill, Essex, [31]
Roche Castle, [133]
Rochester Castle, [134]
description of, [96]
Keep of, [89], [97], [98]
siege of, [87], [97]
Roman fortification, [37]
Romano-British Period, [33]
Roman wall, Tower of London, [134]
Roxburgh Castle, [183]
Royal Castles in Kent, [96]
St. Burian, [8]
St. David's Head, [8]
St. John's Chapel, Tower of London, [136]
St. Leger, Sir Anthony, [144]
Sakers, [152]
Saxon burh, [38], [39]
MSS., [41]
Period, [38]
Say, de, family of, [172]
Segontium (Carnarvon), [36]
Serpentines, [152]
Seymour, Charles, Duke of Somerset, [70]
family of, [159]
Scales, Lord, [74]
Scarborough Castle, siege of, [154]
Scorpion, [196]
Scottish Castles, Periods of, [176]-181
Second Period, [177]
Third Period, [179]
Fourth Period, [180]
Shell Keep, [64]
configuration of, [66]
position of, [65]
Shirburn Castle, description of, [158]
Shoulsbury, Exmoor, [22]
Siege and defence of a medieval castle, [188]
Sigismund, Emperor, [144]
Silchester, [34], [37]
Simple artificial enclosures, [5], [33]
Smith, Sir Richard, [144]
"Snail,"[197]
Solar, [180]
Somerset, family of, [164]
Sir Charles, [142]
South Cadbury, Sherborne, [15]
Sow, [81], [197]
Spurgardon, [196]
Spurious castles, [90]
Stafford, Edward, [162]
family of, [169]
Humphrey, Earl of, [162]
Lord, [198]
Stockades, [18], [19]
construction of, [19], [20], [21]
Gallic, [19]
on earthworks, [18]
Stone Age, [7], [189]
circles, [8]
Stokesay Castle, description of, [171]
Stirling Castle, [176], [183]
description of, [184]
Palace of, [185]
Parliament Hall, [184]
siege of, [195]
Strongbow, Richard, [142]
Sudley Castle, [172]
Swegen the Sheriff, [49]
Sydney, Sir Philip, [169]
William, [169]
Syracuse, attack on, [190]
Syrens, [152]
Tamworth Castle, Marmion, Robert le, [57]
Tantallon Castle, [179]
description of, [186]
Keep of, [186]
sieges of, [187]
Tattershall Castle, crypt of, [167]
description of, [167]
Taunton burh, [41]
Terebra, [197]
Thetford Castle, Norfolk, [52]
Thomas, Sir William ap, [163]
Thurnham Castle, Kent, [53]
Tickhill Castle, [148]
Busli, Roger de, [57]
Todenei, Robert, Belvoir Castle, [57]
Tormentum, [192]
Torsion and tension engines, [193]
Torwoodlee Broch, [175]
Totnes Castle, [65]
Towcester, [42]
Tower of London, St. John's Chapel, [85], [136]
description of, [133]
Keep of, [136]
Traitors' Gate, [135]
Trebuchets, [81], [86], [97], [152], [192], [193], [194], [195], [196], [200]
projectiles of, [194], [195], [196]
Treryn Castle, [8]
Tretower Castle, [133]
Trevalgue Head, [7]
Tutbury Castle, [148]
Ferrers, Henry de, [57]
Tyler, Wat, [98]
Uzziah, [190]
Valence, Aymer de, [181]
Vaulting Ribs, [92]
Verdun, family of, [172]
Vere, de, family of, [84]
Verulamium, St. Albans, [34]
Vescy, Ivo de, [68]
Vitrified forts, [173], [174]
Waldegrave, Sir Edward, [161]
Waldo, Sir T., [161]
Wales, Rhys of, [131]
Wallace, Sir William, [186]
Waller, Sir William, [71], [158]
Wallingford, [39]
Castle, [109]
Walls, medieval, construction of, [78]
Warkworth Castle, [109]
Warwick Castle, [66], [148], [151]
"War-Wolf,"[196]
Watling Street, [35]
West Malling, [134]
West Saxons, Harold, Earl of, [49]
"Whelk,"[197]
Whelpley Hill, Bucks, [32]
Whitton Castle, Durham, [172]
Winchester, Statute of, [149]
Windsor Castle, [53], [65]
Barbican of, [61]
description of, [60]
Motte of, [61]
St. George's Chapel, [62]
Shell Keep of, [62]
Wingfield Manor-House, [168], [172]
Wollaston Castle, Northants, [52]
Wren, Sir Christopher, [136]
Wressle Castle, [159]
Wyatt, the architect, [166]
Wyndham, Sir William, [70]
Yarnbury, Wilts, [32]
Yester, Hays of, [182]
York Castle, [65], [109]
Keep of, [88]
Zigzag moulding, [83], [84]
THE END
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