For the history of Belgium, the standard work of H. Pirenne has not advanced beyond 1648; there are brief sketches by L. van der Essen (Chicago, 1916) and L. Vander Linden (Paris, 1918). General economic conditions are described by W. Bürklin, Handbuch des belgischen Wirtschaftslebens (Göttingen and Berlin, 1916); and by Gehrig and Wäntig, Belgiens Volkswirtschaft (Leipzig, 1918). An admirable special study of Belgian commerce will be found in A. Demangeon, “Le port d’Anvers,” in Annales de géographie, 1918, pp. 307-339, elaborated in the second volume of the Travaux du Comité d’Etudes. For Belgium’s coal and mineral resources, see P. Krusch, Die nutzbaren Lagerstätten Belgiens (Essen, 1916). The British Handbook on Belgium (1920) is particularly convenient, as are the related pamphlets in the same series.
German plans for permanent control of Belgium are illustrated in S. Grumbach, Das annexionistische Deutschland (Lausanne, 1917; abbreviated translation, New York, 1917); and in Notestein and Stoll, Conquest and Kultur (Washington, 1918). A specimen of this vast literature of annexation may be seen in the work of a Bonn professor: E. Zitelmann, Das Schicksal Belgiens beim Friedensschluss (third edition, Munich, 1917), where the systematic subjection of Belgium is planned. The exploitation of the Flemish question by the Germans is described by F. Passelecq, La question flamande et l’Allemagne (Paris and Nancy, 1917).
The problems of Belgium’s frontiers are not covered in any single book. The Belgian point of view will be found in P. Nothomb, La barrière belge (Paris, 1916); one chapter also as Histoire belge du grand duché de Luxembourg (Paris, 1918). See also E. Bourgeois, La frontière orientale du royaume de Belgique, in Travaux du Comité d’Etudes, ii. For Luxemburg in general, see Miss Ruth Putnam, Luxemburg and her Neighbors, with bibliography (second edition, New York, 1920). The question of the Scheldt is summarized by A. Rotsaert, L’Escaut depuis le traité de Munster (Brussels and Paris, 1918); numerous documents in Guillaume, L’Escaut depuis 1830 (Brussels, 1903). For a Dutch view, see Den Beer Poortugael, La neutralité sur l’Escaut (The Hague, 1911). For this question at Paris, cf. Cammaerts and Geyl in The New Europe, July 31 and August 14, 1919. On Belgian neutrality and the treaties of 1839, see F. L. Warrin, Jr., The Neutrality of Belgium (Washington, 1918).
The history of Belgium’s frontiers can be traced in the following historical atlases: L. van der Essen, Atlas de géographie historique de la Belgique (Brussels and Paris, 1919-), notably Map 10 (1786) by F. L. Ganshof; Geschiedkundige Atlas van Nederland (The Hague, 1912); Geschichtlicher Atlas der Rheinprovinz (Bonn, 1898-), especially the maps of 1789.
BELGIUM AND HER NEIGHBORS
FOOTNOTES:
[8] Articles 109-114, with official map.
[9] Articles 380-386.
[10] Article 115.