The best general account of the Norman kingdom is that of Chalandon, who carries its history to 1194 and gives also a provisional description of its institutions and an unsatisfactory chapter on its civilization. E. Caspar, Roger II (Innsbruck, 1904), is the best book on the reign; Curtis, Roger of Sicily, is convenient. G. B. Siragusa, Il regno di Guglielmo I (Palermo, 1885–86), and I. La Lumia, Storia della Sicilia sotto Guglielmo il Buono (Florence, 1867), need revision. For Constance, T. Toeche, Kaiser Heinrich VI (Leipzig, 1867), is still useful.
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The treatment of Sicilian institutions by E. Mayer, Italienische Verfassungsgeschichte (Leipzig, 1909), is too juristic. There is an excellent book on the chancery by K. A. Kehr, Die Urkunden der normannisch-sicilischen Könige (Innsbruck, 1902); and on the duana there are important monographs by Amari, in the Memorie dei Lincei, third series, II, pp. 409–38 (1878); and by C. A. Garufi, in Archivio storico italiano, fifth series, XXVII, pp. 225–63 (1901). For local administration see the valuable study of Miss E. Jamison, The Norman Administration of Apulia and Capua, in Papers of the British School at Rome, VI, pp. 211–481 (1913). See also H. Niese, Die Gesetzgebung der normannischen Dynastie im Regnum Siciliae (Halle, 1910); Haskins, “England and Sicily in the Twelfth Century,” in English Historical Review, XXVI, pp. 433–47, 641–65 (1911); W. Cohn, Die Geschichte der normannisch-sicilischen Flotte (Breslau, 1910); R. Straus, Die Juden im Königreich Sizilien (Heidelberg, 1910); F. Zechbauer, Das mittelalterliche Strafrecht Siziliens (Berlin, 1908); and various studies in the Miscellanea Salinas (Palermo, 1907) and the Centenario Michele Amari (Palermo, 1910). The commerce of the Sicilian kingdom is described by A. Schaube, Handelsgeschichte der romanischen Völker (Munich, 1906).
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For Monte Cassino in this period see E. A. Loew, The Beneventan Script (Oxford, 1914), with the works there cited; R. Palmarocchi, L’abbazia di Montecassino e la conquista normanna (Rome, 1913). On the Greek monasteries, see Gay, L’Italie méridionale; P. Batiffol, L’abbaye de Rossano (Paris, 1891); K. Lake, “The Greek Monasteries in South Italy,” in Journal of Theological Studies, IV, V (1903–04); and F. LoParco, Scolario-Saba, in Atti of the Naples Academy, new series, I (1910). The best account of Saracen culture in Sicily is still that of Amari. On the south-Italian and Sicilian translators, see O. Hartwig, “Die Uebersetzungsliteratur Unteritaliens in der normannisch-staufischen Epoche,” in Centralblatt für Bibliothekswesen, III, pp. 161–90, 223–25, 505 (1886); Haskins and Lockwood, The Sicilian Translators of the Twelfth Century and the First Latin Version of Ptolemy’s Almagest, in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, XXI, pp. 75–102 (1910); Haskins, ibid., XXIII, pp. 155–166; XXV, pp. 87–105. On the Sicilian origin of the Greek MSS. of the papal library, see J. L. Heiberg, in Oversigt of the Danish Academy, 1891, pp. 305–18; F. Ehrle, in Festgabe Anton de Waal (Rome, 1913), pp. 348–51. The connection of the intellectual movement of the twelfth century with the renaissance under Frederick II is well brought out by Niese, “Zur Geschichte des geistigen Lebens am Hofe Kaiser Friedrichs II,” in Historische Zeitschrift, CVIII, pp. 473–540 (1912). In general see F. Novati, Le origini, in course of publication in the Storia letteraria d’Italia (Milan, since 1897).
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The development of art in the south in this period is treated by A. Venturi, Storia dell’ arte italiana (Rome, 1901 ff.), II, ch. 3; III, ch. 2. See also C. Diehl, L’art byzantin dans l’Italie méridionale (Paris, 1894). For the continental territories there is an excellent account in E. Bertaux, L’art dans l’Italie méridionale (Paris, 1904). There is nothing so good for Sicily, although there are monographs on particular edifices. Diehl, Palerme et Syracuse (Paris, 1907), is a good sketch with illustrations; Miss C. Waern, Mediæval Sicily (London, 1910), is more popular. Freeman has a readable essay on “The Normans at Palermo,” in his Historical Essays, third series, pp. 437–76. See also A. Springer, “Die mittelalterliche Kunst in Palermo,” in his Bilder aus der neueren Kunstgeschichte (Bonn, 1886), I, pp. 157–208; and A. Goldschmidt, “Die normannischen Königspaläste in Palermo,” in Zeitschrift für Bauwesen, XLVIII, coll. 541–90 (1898). Interesting aspects of twelfth-century Palermo are depicted in the Bern codex of Peter of Eboli, reproduced by Siragusa for the Istituto Storico Italiano (1905) and by Rota for the new edition of Muratori (1904–10). Surviving portions of the royal costume are reproduced by F. Bock, Die Kleinodien des heil.-römischen Reiches (Vienna, 1864).
THE END
FOOTNOTES
[1] La France, p. 161.