Social organization

by Charles Horton Cooley

The guiding force back of public will, now as ever, is of course human nature itself in its more enduring characteristics, those which find expression in primary groups and are little affected by institutional changes. This nature, familiar yet inscrutable, is apparently in a position to work itself out more adequately than at any time in the past.

FOOTNOTES:

[177] This line of thought is developed by Professor E. A. Ross in his book, Sin and Society.

[178] The New Basis of Civilization, 61.

INDEX

• Abbott, Lyman, [187].
• Achilles, [110].
• Addams, Jane, [25], [137], [190], [191], [244], [350], [385].
• Agreement, not essential to public opinion, [122].
• Alphabet, [417].
• Amenomori, [331].
• Anarchism, [196];
• in the church, [374].
• Anarchy and spoliation, fear of, [276].
• Anderson, W. L., [83].
• Ann Arbor, school carnival in, [408].
• Architecture, as communication, [79], [172];
• disorganization in, [390] ff.
• Aristocracy, hereditary, [210], [257], [282] f.
• Army, German, [324];
• American, [325].
• Art, visible society a work of, [21];
• collective judgments on, [125];
• in relation to democracy, [157] ff.;
• spirit of, [244] f., [321];
• disorganization in, [390] ff.
• Arts, non-verbal, as communication, [77] ff.
• Assemblage, public, [109].
• Athletic sports, [163], [199].
• Attenuation of sentiment, [178].
• Augustine, [374].
• Austen, Jane, [102].
• Autocratic control of industry, [262] ff.
• Average-theory of group action, [123] ff.
• Bacon, Francis, [76], [318].
• Bagehot, W., [178].
• Baring-Gould, [325].
• Biological type, the, [315] f.
• Birth-rate, decline of, [358] ff.
• Blame, [15] ff., [201] ff.
• Bourget, Paul, [160], [171].
• Brooks, John G., [45].
• Brotherhood, sentiment of, [189] ff.
• Browne, Sir T., [70], [153].
• Brownell, W. C., [161], [166], [321], [332] ff.
• Bryce, James, [85], [136], [182], [276], [280], [369], [381].
• Buck, Winifred, [43].
• Burckhardt, [354].
• Burke, [330].
• Burne-Jones, [168].
• Burroughs, John, [93].
• Camp-fire, Assembly around, [109] f.
• Carlyle, [167], [323].
• Carnegie, A., views of on wealth, [281].
• Capitalist class, ascendency of, [256] ff.
• Caste, [209] ff.
• Change, social, in relation to caste, [217], [225], [231].
• Check-book, in social reform, [415] f.
• Chicago, [212];
• recreation centres in, [408].
• Child, the, his relation to the world, [315] ff.
• Children, development of social consciousness in, [7] ff., [72];
• reforms in the interest of, [318] f.;
• “spoiled,” [358] ff.
• China, lack of communication in, [86].
• Chinese, [186], [198].
• Chivalry, [224].
• Choice, excessive, [172];
• versus mechanism, [323];
• spirit of, [359] ff., [365] ff.
• Christianity, [52], [73], [136], [166], [203] ff., [253], [304], [373] ff.
• Church, the, [204], [322], [342], [347], [370];
• disorganization in, [372] ff.
• City life, [94], [178] f., [409].
• Class animosity, [301] ff.
• Class atmosphere, [272].
• Class-consciousness, [240] ff., [275], [284] ff., [305].
• Class struggle, the, [241], [277], [286].
• Classes, social, [179] f., [209-309];
• open, [239] ff.;
• open, in relation to wealth, [248] ff.;
• capitalist, [256] ff.;
• organization of the ill-paid, [284] ff.;
• hostile feeling between, [301].
• Classical culture, [388] f.
• Clergymen, facial expression of, [67].
• Commercialism, [167];
• in relation to art, [173] f., [261], [346], [383] ff.
• Commons, J. R., [286].
• Communication, [54];
• significance of, [61] ff.;
• growth of, [66] ff.;
• modern, a cause of enlargement and animation, [80] ff.;
• modern, in relation to individuality, [91] ff.;
• in relation to superficiality and strain, [98] ff.;
• in relation to crowds, [151], [180], [191];
• in relation to caste, [226] f., [338] f.
• Community ideal, the, [33] ff., [52], [305].
• See also We-feeling and Moral unity.
• Compensation, principle of, in social organization, [55] ff., [115], [118].
• Competition, [35], [56], [158], [199] ff., [210], [226] f., [235], [239] f., [244], [323].
• See also Survival of the fittest.
• Comte, [237].
• Conflict. See Competition.
• Confusion, in relation to art and literature, [162] ff.;
• to sentiment, [193].
• See also Disorganization.
• Conquest, a cause of caste, [221].
• Conscience, public, [387].
• Consciousness, growth of in history, [107] ff.
• Consciousness, public, [10] ff., [82], [411] ff.
• Consciousness, social, [4] ff.;
• development of in children, [7] ff., [71], [350].
• Conservatism, [327] ff.
• Constitution of the United States, [314], [398].
• Convention and tradition, [335] ff.
• Conventionalism, [339] ff.
• Cornish, F. W., [224].
• Cost of change, [418] f.
• Country life, effects of, [93] f., [178] f.
• Courage, [187].
• Creeds, [375] ff., [418].
• Crime, [202] f.
• Crises, commercial, [418].
• Crowd excitement, in relation to democracy, [149] ff.
• Crowds, psychology of, [149] ff.
• Cuba, [322].
• Culture groups and types, [163] ff., [243], [388] f.
• Dante, [36], [70], [165], [173], [190], [388].
• Darwin, [29], [67], [189], [295], [321].
• Dead-level theory, [93], [159] ff.
• Declaration of Independence, [48], [134].
• Dellenbaugh, F. S., [108].
• Demand, economic, often degrading, [141].
• Democracy, among children, [45];
• source of its ideals, [51];
• dependent upon printing, [75];
• relation to modern communication, [85] ff.;
• an inadequate name, [86];
• as mental organization, [105-205];
• a discipline in self-control, [152];
• and distinction, [157] ff.;
• in relation to wealth, [278] ff.;
• to childhood, [318], [329], [334], [398].
• Descartes, [5] ff.
• Determinism, moral value of, [19] f.
• De Tocqueville, Alexis, [27], [92], [99], [101], [116], [159], [172], [175], [235], [329], [398].
• Devine, E. T., [297].
• Dialects, revival of, [96].
• Diffusion, a result of modern communication, [81];
• possibilities of, [87];
• not opposed to selection, [88];
• zeal for, [174];
• the age of, [175].
• Dill, Samuel, [114].
• Discussion. See Opinion.
• Disorganization, spiritual, [162] ff., [347] ff.;
• in the family, [356] ff.;
• in the church, [372] ff.;
• in industry, [383] ff.;
• in education and culture, [386] ff.;
• in fine art, [389] ff.
• Distinction, apt to cause isolation, [138] f.;
• in relation to democracy 157 ff.
• Divorce, [365] ff.
• Domestic service, [367].
• Donovan, J., [109].
• Dorsey, J. O., [111].
• Dress, [305].
• Drink, [293] f.
• Economic Interpretation of History, [255].
• Economic system, confusion in, [383].
• Education, [48], [87], [117], [227], [234];
• formalism in, [345] f., [349];
• of women, [363] ff.;
• disorganization in, [386] ff.;
• public, [406].
• Efficiency, social, depends upon freedom, [234] f.
• Ellis, H., [364].
• Emerson, [125], [167], [176], [246], [342], [385].
• Emulation, [307].
• Energy, persistence of, [328].
• England, [274], [281], [301], [302], [340], [358], [397] f.
• Ennui, [99].
• Environment, [214] f., [230], [291] ff., [316] f.
• Equality, [180], [257], [301] f.
• Ethics. See Morality.
• Eugenics, [296].
• Facial Expression, [66] f.
• Family, [10] f.;
• as a primary group, [24];
• as a source of primary ideals, [24], [48], [52];
• traditional careers in, [236] f.;
• disorganization in, [356] ff.
• Fashion, [336] ff.
• Fellowship, [174] f., [242] ff.
• Ferguson, on architecture, [391].
• Feudal system, [223] ff.
• Formalism, [56], [198], [342] ff., [376] ff., [418].
• Fort Sumter, attack on, [154].
• France, [155], [166], [275], [330], [331] ff., [398], [408].
• Frederick the Great, [86].
• Freedom, as a primary ideal, [46];
• two aspects of in relation to classes, [245] f., [275], [325].
• Free-will, [20].
• Galton, Francis, [214], [317].
• “Gangs” of boys, as primary groups, [49].
• Garibaldi, [325].
• Genius, [348].
• Germany, [27], [248], [306], [324].
• Gesture, [66], [69].
• Gibbon, Edward, [73], [77].
• God, [188], [196], [203], [205], [352], [353], [354], [372], [373], [380].
• Goethe, [78], [165], [367], [401].
• Gossip, organized, [84] f.
• Government, as public will, [402] ff.;
• sphere of, [403] ff.;
• transformation of, [411].
• Greece, refinement in, [180].
• Greed of gain, [36], [254].
• Green, J. R., [108].
• Groups, primary, [23] ff.
• See also Types, Classes and Institutions.
• Gummere, F. B., [107], [222].
• Hamerton, P. G., [140], [356], [390].
• Hartt, R. L., [94].
• Haste, [170] ff.
• Heine, [95].
• Herbert, Geo., [287].
• Heredity and environment, [294] f., [316].
• Higginson, T. W., [127], [136], [282].
• History, organic view of, [255].
• Holbein, [67].
• Honesty and policy, [184].
• Hopefulness, [187].
• Horace (Q. Horatius Flaccus), [110].
• Hostile feeling, [199] ff., [301] ff.
• House of Commons, [341].
• Howard, Geo. E., [24].
• Howells, W. D., [271].
• Human nature, relation to primary groups, [28] ff.;
• dependent upon communication, [62] f., [419].
• Humanism of sentiment, [178], [180] ff.
• Huxley, [190].
• Idealism, Organic, [412] f.
• Ideals, primary, [32] ff., [51] ff., [113];
• of groups, [126] f., [165] f.
• Imitation, two kinds of, [336].
• Immigrants, [294], [295].
• Immigration, [169], [220] f., [369].
• India, caste in, [224].
• Indians, American, kindness among, [41];
• individuality among, [110] f.
• Individual, in relation to institutions, [313] ff.
• Individualism, in art, [166], [243], [347] ff.;
• domestic, [357] ff.
• See also Disorganization.
• Individuality, how affected by modern communication, [91] ff.;
• in tribal life, [110];
• development of in history, [112], [116] ff.;
• in relation to democracy, [160] ff.;
• moral, [201] f.;
• enjoyment of, [307];
• in harness, [324], [332] ff.
• Inheritance principle, [209] ff.
• Institutions, in relation to privileged classes, [140] f., [186], [313-392];
• and the individual, [313] ff.
• Intolerance, [344].
• Introspection, sympathetic, [7].
• Italy, [167], [185], [186], [347], [348].
• James, Henry, [84], [171], [174].
• James, William, [20], [138], [253].
• Japan, [328], [330].
• Jesus, [16], [203] ff., [377].
• Jevons, W. S., [407].
• Johnson, Doctor, [93].
• Johnson, Samuel (the orientalist), [225].
• Justice, sentiment of, [181].
• Keller, Helen, [62] f.
• Kempis, Thomas à, [137], [138].
• Kindness, [40] ff., [189] ff.
• Kropotkin, P. A., [41], [189].
• Labor Movement, [196], [242], [243], [258], [275], [284] ff.
• Labor troubles, [308].
• Lamb, Charles, [88].
• Latin language, [74].
• Law students, [141].
• Lawfulness as a primary ideal, [42] ff.
• Lawyers, [269].
• Leadership, [135] f., [402].
• LeBon, G., [149], [153].
• Lecky, W. H. H., [96], [144].
• Lee, H. C., [75].
• Lee, Joseph, [34], [43].
• Lincoln, [76].
• Lindsey, Judge, [39].
• Literature, in relation to democracy, [157] ff.;
• growth of refinement in, [179];
• disorganization in, [390];
• of social knowledge, [411] f.
• Lloyd, A. H., [319].
• Lloyd, H. D., [140], [263], [264].
• Longinus, [115].
• Lowell, J. R., [101], [378].
• Loyalty, [38] f., [182].
• Luther, [75].
• Luxury, [306], [359].
• Macaulay, on democracy, [143] f.
• Macchiavelli, [184].
• Mackenzie, J. S., [92].
• Maladjustment, as a cause of poverty, [293] f.
• Malthus, [295].
• Manners, tendency of, [197] ff.
• Mantegna, [320].
• Manual training, [304].
• Marriage, [282], [356] ff.
• See also Family.
• Masses, in relation to public opinion, [135] ff.
• Middle ages, caste in, [222] ff., [267].
• Might and right, [320].
• Milton, [76].
• Mind, organic view of, [3] ff.;
• democratic, [107-207].
• Mind-cure doctrines, [297].
• Mir, Russian, [26].
• Mob. See Crowd.
• Money-value, nature of, [265] f.
• Montesquieu, [86], [116], [142], [261], [302].
• Moral aspect, of the organic view of mind, [13] ff.;
• of institutions, [322];
• of public will, [397].
• Moral principles, need of settled, [200] f., [307].
• Moral unity, [33], [133], [182], [385].
• Morality, of group action, [124];
• specialization in, [130];
• mode of progress in, [131];
• of capitalists, [259] f.;
• international, [322];
• the larger, [413] ff.
• Music as communication, [77], [79].
• Napoleon, [184].
• Nationality, persistence of, [96].
• Natural Right, doctrine of, relation to primary ideals, [47] f.
• Natural selection, [189], [294] ff.
• Nature and nurture, [214].
• Negro question, [218] ff.
• Negroes, [295].
• Neighborhood, the, [24] ff., [49].
• Newspaper, in modern communication, [83] ff., [151], [192] f., [270] f., [346].
• North Carolina, mountain people of, [94].
• O’Brien, R. L., [346].
• Omahas, war party among, [110] f.
• Opinion, public, [10] f., [85], [108], [121] ff., [144] f., [307] f., [406].
• See also Democracy.
• Opportunity, freedom of, [233] ff., [245] f., [257] f.
• Opposition, morality of, [37].
• See also Competition.
• Organic conception of society, [3] ff., [13] ff., [255].
• See also table of contents.
• Organic idealism, [412] f.
• Organization, social, [3], [21], [22].
• See also table of contents.
• Organizing capacity, [266].
• Originality of masses, [135].
• Ostrogorski, [99].
• Painting, [77] ff., [179], [389] f.
• Paralysis, general, [103].
• Pater, Walter, [14], [79].
• Patten, Simon N., [299], [409], [415].
• Paul, St., on truth, [182].
• Personality, relation of to social organization, [53];
• to specialization, [130] f.;
• interest in at elections, [143]; 161, [214] f.
• See also Individuality.
• Persons, judgment of by the masses, [142] ff.
• Philanthropy, [48], [195], [299], [355], [416].
• Plato, [86], [125], [159].
• Play-group, the, [24] ff., [34] ff.
• Politics, rule of public opinion in, [132] ff.
• Portraits, old and new, [101] f.
• Poverty, [290] ff., [418].
• Power, the deepest of instincts, [251];
• social nature of, [264] ff.
• Prestige of wealth, [271] f.
• Prigs, lack of in France, [333].
• Primary groups, [23] ff.
• Primary ideals, [32] ff.
• See also Ideals.
• Principles, supplanting formulas, [417].
• Printing, the basis of democracy, [71] ff.
• Privilege, apt to cause isolation, [138].
• Professional classes, [269] f.
• Progress, irregularity of, [114];
• a modern idea, [399];
• cost of, [418].
• Public opinion. See Opinion, public.
• Punishment, [15] ff., [202] f.
• Race Question, [218] ff.
• Race-capacity, [28] f., [44] f.
• Realism, [183] ff.
• Refinement, tendency toward, [179] f.
• Religion, [372] ff.
• See also Christianity.
• Renaissance, [179], [348].
• Resentment, [202] f.
• Responsibility, [18] ff.
• Roberts, Lord, [348].
• Rodin, [321].
• Roman Empire, [114] f., [349].
• Roscommon, Earl of, [153].
• Ross, E. A., on the mob-mind, [149];
• on the larger morality, [413].
• Rules of the game, [43] ff., [200], [307].
• Ruskin, [167].
• Russia, [183].
• Sargent, [101].
• Schiller, [266].
• Sculpture, [77], [339].
• Sedgwick, H. D., [101] f.
• Self-consciousness, inseparable from social consciousness, [5] ff.
• Self-expression, the fundamental need, [304], [409].
• Self-words, a study of the early use of, [8].
• Sentiment, how affected by communication, [88];
• individuality of, [97];
• leadership in by the masses, [135] ff., [142] ff.;
• meaning and trend of, [177] ff.;
• religious, [372], [379].
• Service, as a primary ideal, [39];
• spirit of, [196], [260] f.;
• ideal of, [302] f.;
• indirect, [415] f.
• Sexes, differentiation of, [364] f.
• Sighele, [149].
• Sill, E. W., [97].
• Smiles, Samuel, [246].
• Smith, A. H., [198].
• Social consciousness. See Consciousness.
• Social salvation, [380].
• Social structure, increasing simplicity and flexibility of, [416] f.
• Socialism, [51], [196], [276] ff., [285], [308];
• municipal, [407] ff.;
• state, [409] ff., [412].
• Sociology, [197], [389], [411].
• Solidarity, of classes, [276] f.;
• of nations, [330] ff.
• Spahr, Charles, [309].
• Spain, class feeling in, [301].
• Specialization, of opinion, [126] ff.;
• not opposed to democracy, [147] f.;
• in philanthropy, [416].
• Speech, origin and growth of, [68];
• mental and social functions of, [69] ff., [109], [417].
• Spencer, Herbert, [92].
• Spencer and Gillen, [29], [41].
• Spinoza, [19], [20].
• Strain, [98] ff., [170] ff.
• Strike, general, [277].
• Struggle for existence, among ideas, [417].
• See also Competition, Class struggle, Survival of the fittest.
• Students, university, [274].
• Sturgis, Russell, [174].
• Suffrage, popular, [146].
• Suggestion, [150] ff., [328].
• Suicide, [103].
• Sullivan, Miss, Helen Keller’s teacher, [62] f.
• Superficiality, [98] ff., [117], [170] ff.
• Survival of the fittest, [189], [258], [294] ff.
• See also Competition.
• Sweating system, [400] f.
• Symbols, religious, [373] ff.
• Symonds, J. A., [375].
• Sympathy, as the basis of reform, [14] f.
• Tarde, Gabriel, [327], [329], [336].
• Tariff, [406].
• Telegraph, effect of on language, [346].
• Tennyson, [167].
• Thackeray, [361].
• Thoreau, [34], [164] f., [176], [195], [249], [253].
• Tolstoi, [167], [401].
• Tout, T. F., [223].
• Tradition and convention, [335] ff.
• Traditionalism, [339] ff.
• Tranquillity, lack of in art, [390].
• Transition, distinguished from democracy, [158] f.
• Truth, as a primary ideal, [39];
• sentiment of, [182] ff.
• Types, social, [22], [163], [340].
• Unconscious Social Relations, [4], [112].
• Unfit, are the poor the?, [295] f.
• Uniformity of American life, [166] f.
• Unions. See Labor movement.
• University of Michigan, supported by popular suffrage, [145].
• Van Brunt, Henry, [172], [391].
• Variation of ideas, [343].
• Veblen, T. V., [119].
• Vulgarity of wealth and privilege, [139] f.
• Watts’ Mammon, [346].
• Wealth, [136];
• inheritance of, [229], [236];
• as the basis of open classes, [248] ff.;
• comparative ascendency of, [278] f.;
• prestige of, [303] f.;
• use of, [304] f.
• We-feeling, [23], [31], [33] ff., [189] ff., [298], [333], [351], [415].
• Westermarck, Edward, [24], [40] f.
• Wharton, Edith, [102].
• Whately, [150].
• Whitman, [176], [195] f., [303].
• Will, public, [395-419];
• government as, [402] ff.;
• some phases of, [411] ff.
• See also Opinion, public.
• Winckelmann, [78].
• Women, opening of new careers to, [362] ff.
• Woods, Robert, [43], [49].
• Woolman, John, [413].
• Wordsworth, [165], [317].
• Worry, a cause of poverty, [297].
• Writing, social function of, [72] ff.
• Wrongs, social, not willed, [400] f.
• Young Men, in relation to classes, [223], [273] f., [327].