Mare11monthsGoat5months
Ass12monthsSow31⁄2months
Cow9monthsBitch9weeks
Sheep5monthsCat8weeks

Note—A mare having been served by a stallion may occasionally in the course of four or five weeks, manifest a desire for a second visit from the male; is again served and conceives both times. This is known as superfoetation. Such a case has been recorded by a veterinarian; the animal in question, a mare, giving birth to a horse colt and a mule colt, both dead. The mare had been covered by a jack and subsequently by a horse.

Signs of Pregnancy.—The veterinarian is occasionally called upon to give an opinion as to the pregnancy or non-pregnancy, of an animal and consequently should familiarize himself with the various indications which tend to prove the absence, or presence, of this condition. As a rule, when the mare conceives, heat, or the desire for the male, is no longer observable, and, on being led to the horse, she not only refuses to receive his caresses, but assumes the offensive, viciously striking and biting at him until led away. Soon the hair becomes more glossy, and the mare becomes quieter in disposition. This change is usually well marked in mares that are of a vicious disposition. The abdomen gradually enlarges as pregnancy advances, the right side being a little larger than the left. This enlargement is especially well marked in the cow. In some cases the beating of the foetal heart may be heard with the assistance of the stethoscope. Such an examination is, however, very likely to give rise to mistakes. After the eighth month well-marked symptoms of pregnancy are manifested, the belly at this time being considerably distended, the back sinking, etc. Before this time it is, however, impossible to make a positive statement as to the condition of the animal except by making a very close and thorough examination per rectum. The rectum should be cleared out by means of an enema (injection) of tepid water; the hand and arm should be well oiled and passed into the rectum. The region of the uterus being reached, an examination may be made of its condition. As the time for parturition approaches, the ligaments relax to a greater or less degree, and a well-marked depression or sinking in the lumbosacral region may be observed, the udder or bag enlarges, and milk is secreted. The secretion of milk sometimes appears long before the time of parturition, and has frequently been noticed to take place in animals that have never been bred. As a rule the animal shows slight uneasiness for a day or two before parturition, slight abdominal pain, etc., being manifested. About this time the vulva becomes larger, and presents more or less tumefaction. There may also be observed a flow of mucous taking place from the vulva for a day or two before parturition.

INDEX

HORSE
Descriptive Anatomy, [5]
Dissection, [6]
BONES
Osteology
Back Bones, [11]
Breast Bone, [12]
Cannon Bone, [13]
Carpus, [13]
Cervical Vertebrae, [11]
Classes of Bones, [9]
Coccygeal Vertebrae, [12]
Coffin Bone, [14]
Contents of Bones, [9]
Distal Phalanx, [14]
Dorsal Vertebrae, [11]
Femur, [15]
Fibula, [16]
Fore-arm Bone (large), [13]
Fore-arm Bone (small), [13]
Hip Bones, [12]
Hock Bones, [16]
Humerus, [12]
Knee, [13]
Loin Bones, [11]
Lumbar Vertebrae, [11]
Median Phalanx, [14]
Metacarpal, [13]
Metatarsus, [17]
Neck Bones, [11]
Os Coronae, [14]
Os Metacarpi Magnus, [13]
Os Metatarsi Magnum, [17]
Os Naviculare, [15]
Os Pedis, [14]
Os Suffraginis, [14]
Ossa Metatarsi Parva, [17]
Ossa Metacarpi Parva, [14]
Pastern Bone (large), [14]
Pastern Bone (small), [14]
Patella, [15]
Pelvic Bones, [12]
Proximal Phalanx, [14]
Radius, [13]
Ribs, [12]
Rump Bones, [12]
Sacral Vertebrae, [12]
Scapula, [13]
Sesamoid Bones, [14]
Shoulder Blade, [13]
Shoulder Bone, [12]
Shuttle Bone, [15]
Skeleton, [7]
Skull, [10]
Splint Bones (fore limb), [14]
Splint Bones (hind limb), [17]
Sternum, [12]
Stifle Bone, [15]
Structure of Bones, [8]
Tail Bones 12
Tarsus, [16]
Thigh Bone, [15]
Tibia, [16]
Ulna, [13]
JOINTS
ARTHROLOGY
Adipose Tissue, [22]
Cartilage, [21]
Connective Tissue, [21]
Elastic Tissue (Yellow), [22]
Fat, [22]
Ligaments, [22]
Synovial Membranes, [23]
Synovia, [23]
Joints
Carpus, [25]
Classes of Joints, [24]
Coffin Joint, [26]
Elbow Joint, [24]
Fetlock Joint, [25]
Hip Joint, [26]
Hock Joint, [26]
Joints of the Front Leg, [24]
Joints of the Hind Leg, [26]
Knee Joint, [25]
Motion in Joints, [24]
Pastern Joint, [25]
Shoulder Joint, [24]
Stifle Joint, [26]
Tarsus, [26]
MYOLOGY
Abdominal Muscles, [32]
Back Muscles, [30]
Coccygeal Muscles, [30]
Deep Layer of Muscles, [31]
Gluteal Muscles, [30]
Gullet Muscles, [30]
Head Muscles, [30]
Hip Muscles, [30]
Involuntary Muscles, [35]
Leg Muscles (front), [33]
Leg Muscles (hind), [34]
Muscles, [28]
Neck Muscles, [30]
Pharynx Muscles, [30]
Shoulder Muscles, [32]
Superficial Layer of Muscles, [29]
Tail Muscles, [30]
Voluntary Muscles, [30]
SPLANCHNOLOGY
Air Cells, [53]
Bladder, [56]
Bowels, [41]
Breathing, Normal, [55]
Bronchial Tubes, [53]
Canine Teeth, [49]
Cementum (or crusta petrosa), [48]
Dentine (or ivory), [48]
Digestive Apparatus, [37]
Enamel, [48]
Fallopian Tubes, [62]
Female Genital Organs, [62]
Generative, [58]
Incisor Teeth, [49]
Kidneys, [56]
Larynx, [53]
Liver, [43]
Lungs, [54]
Male, [58]
Mammary Glands, [65]
Molar Teeth, [49]
Nasal Chambers, [52]
Nostrils, [52]
Organs of Respiration, [52]
Ovaries, [62]
Pancreas, [43]
Penis, [61]
Permanent Teeth, [49]
Rectum, [42]
Respiration, [54–55]
Respiratory System of the Horse, [52]
Salivary Glands, [39]
Scrotum, [58]
Semen, [61]
Sheath, [61]
Spleen, [43]
Sperm, [61]
Spermatic Cords, [60]
Stomach, [40]
Teeth, [48]
Teeth Tables (comparative), [51]
Temporary Teeth, [49]
Testicles, [59]
Ureters, [56]
Urethra, [57]
Urinary System, [56]
Uterus, [62]
Vagina, [64]
Vas Deferens, [60]
Vesiculae Seminales, [60]
Vulva, [64]
Windpipe or Trachea, [53]
Wolf Teeth, [49]
Womb, [62]
ANGIOLOGY
Arteries, [70]
Blood, [67]
Blood-vascular System, [67]
Capillaries, [71]
Circulation, [69]
Corpuscles, [67]
Course of Blood, [71]
Heart, [68]
Liquor Sanguinis, [68]
Lymphatic System, [72]
Veins, [71]
NEUROLOGY
Brain, [73]
Spinal Cord, [73]
AESTHESIOLOGY
Anatomy of the Foot, [78]
Dermis, [77]
Ear, [75]
Epidermis, [77]
Eye, [75]
Foot Sole, [80]
Foot Frog, [80]
Foot Wall, [79]
Frog of Foot, [80]
Hair, [77]
Skin, [76]
Sole of Foot, [80]
Wall of Foot, [79]
EMBRYOLOGY
Development of Young, [81]
Gestation of Domestic Animals, [82]
Pregnancy, [82]
COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
Abomasum, [46]
Air Cells, [53]
Aves, [20]
Back Bones, [18]
Bowels, [46]
Bronchial Tubes, [53]
Carnivora, [19]
Cervical, [18]
Chewing Cud, [46]
Coccygeal, [18]
Comparative Osteology, [17]
Cud Chewing, [46]
Digestive System, [44]
Dorsal, [18]
Fourth Stomach, [46]
Genital Organs of the Bull, [65]
Genital Organs of the Cow, [66]
Gullet, [44]
Hip Bones, [19]
Honey Comb, [45]
Larynx, [53]
Liver, [46]
Loin Bones, [18]
Lumbar, [18]
Lungs, [54]
Mammary Glands, [66]
Many-plies, [45]
Neck Bones, [18]
Normal Breathing, [55]
Nostrils, [55]
Oesophagus, [44]
Omasum, [45]
Omnivora, [19]
Paunch, [45]
Pelvis Bones, [19]
Penis, [65]
Process of Digestion, [47]
Respirations per Minute of Different Animals, [54]
Respiratory System of the Ox, [55]
Reticulum, [45]
Rumen, [45]
Ruminantia, [44]
Ruminantia (cud chewing animals), [18]
Rumination, [47]
Rump Bones, [18]
Sacrum, [18]
Salivary, [44]
Sheath, [65]
Skull, [18]
Spermatic Cord, [65]
Stomach, [45]
Tail Bones, [18]
Teeth, [44]
Teeth, Front, [44]
Teeth, Molars, [44]
Testicles, [65]
Thoracic Cavity (lung cavity), [55]
Tongue, [44]
Trachea, [53]
Urethra, [66]
Uterus, [66]
Urinary System of the Ox, [58]
Vertebrae, [18]
Windpipe, [53]
Womb, [66]

Press of
Sweeney, Varney & Straub
Portland, Oregon

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