References.—General Works which should be consulted in connection with each of the five chapters of Part I. are: J. Winsor, Narrative and Critical History of America (contains special monographs of great value); G. Bancroft, History of the United States (revised edition); R. Hildreth, History of the United States; J. A. Doyle, The English in America; R. G. Thwaites, The Colonies, chaps. i.–iii. (“Epochs of American History”); G. P. Fisher, The Colonial Era (“American History Series”).
Special Works: J. Fiske, Discovery of America; E. J. Payne, History of the New World called America; W. H. Prescott, Conquest of Mexico and Conquest of Peru; E. Eggleston, The Beginners of a Nation; J. Winsor, Christopher Columbus; also biographies of Columbus by Washington Irving, C. K. Adams, and C. R. Markham; W. Irving, Companions of Columbus; A. Helps, Spanish Conquest of America; F. Parkman, Pioneers of France; J. Winsor, From Cartier to Frontenac; E. J. Payne, Voyages of the Elizabethan Seamen (also various biographies of Drake, Raleigh, etc.); H. H. Bancroft, The Pacific States, Vol. XVIII.
On the Indians, see Fiske and Payne, as above, and the writings of L. H. Morgan and A. F. Bandelier. For full bibliographies, consult Channing and Hart’s Guide to American History. For illustrative material, consult Old South Leaflets and Hart’s American History told by Contemporaries. The first voyage of Columbus is described in Cooper’s Mercedes of Castile; Elizabethan maritime enterprise, in C. Kingsley’s Westward Ho!
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[1]
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For a brief but scientific account of the chief characteristics of the aborigines,
see article, “Indians,” by D. G. Brinton and J. W. Powell, in Johnson’s
Universal Cyclopædia.
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[2]
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They became the “Six Nations” after they were joined by the Tuscaroras
of North Carolina.
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[3]
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“Seminoles” means “wanderers”; the tribe was made up of refugees
from other tribes, notably from the Creeks.
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[4]
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The remains of the old mill at Newport, Rhode Island, and certain inscriptions
have at one time and another been held to date from the visits of the
Northmen; but archæologists have not assented to these views.
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[5]
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Born at Genoa, Italy, about 1436; died, 1506. Early became a maker of
maps and charts; about 1470 went to Lisbon, whence he sailed to Guinea, and
probably to Iceland; studied the matter of circumnavigating the globe, and
planned the project of reaching the East Indies by sailing in a westerly direction;
failing to procure aid in Portugal, went to Spain, where he finally received
help from the Spanish court, immediately after the fall of Granada in
1492; set out with three vessels, August 3, 1492; landed, October 12; discovered
Cuba and Hayti, and reached home in March, 1493; sailed again in the
autumn of 1493, and remained till 1496; made a third voyage, 1498; was imprisoned
on charges of cruelty, and taken to Spain in chains; was soon released,
and made his fourth and last voyage in 1502.
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[6]
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No portrait of Columbus has any claim to authenticity. There is no
evidence that his likeness was drawn or painted by anyone who ever saw him.
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