[232] Grant’s achievement is thus described by Rhodes: “In nineteen days Grant had crossed the great river into the enemy’s territory; had marched one hundred and eighty miles through a most difficult country, skirmishing constantly; had fought and won five distinct battles, . . . had taken the capital of the state and destroyed its arsenals and military manufactories, and was now in the rear of Vicksburg.”—Rhodes, History, Vol. IV., p. 310.
[233] Grant’s forces at the beginning of the siege numbered about 43,000, but they were so constantly reënforced that at the end he had not less than about 75,000. Official reports of the Confederate forces have not been preserved. Johnston, June 4, estimated his force at 24,000 effective men. The lowest estimate of Pemberton’s force is 28,000; the highest, 60,000. Grant’s aggregate losses in the campaign were 9362. Confederate reports show a loss before the surrender of 9059. The parole lists on file at Washington give the names of 29,491 who surrendered. See Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. II., pp. 549-550.
[234] The army of Rosecrans, according to official returns, numbered 56,965; that of Bragg, 71,551. The losses of Rosecrans were 16,179; those of Bragg, 17,804. See Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. III., pp. 673-676.
[235] Born in Virginia, 1816; died, 1870. Graduated at West Point, 1840; distinguished himself against the Seminoles and in the Mexican War; commanded a Federal brigade in Virginia early in 1861, and then a division in Kentucky, where he gained an important Union victory at Mill Spring, January 19, 1862; led the right wing at Perryville, and the center at Stone River; commanded the center at Chickamauga; commanded the Army of the Cumberland at Missionary Ridge; coöperated with Sherman in the advance on Atlanta; given command against Hood, whom he overwhelmed at Nashville, December 15 and 16, 1864.
[236] Born in Ohio, 1820; died, 1891. Graduated at West Point, 1840; was in the Seminole and the Mexican Wars; resigned, and engaged in business in New York, California, and Kansas; superintended Military College in Louisville, 1860–1861; was appointed colonel, 1861; commanded a brigade at Bull Run; went to the West and rendered important aid at Shiloh; was advanced to major general and commanded a corps at Vicksburg; commanded the left at Chattanooga; was given entire charge in the West when Grant went to Washington; with great energy and skill forced General Johnston to retire to Atlanta; took Atlanta, and, in November, started on his famous “march to the sea”; reached Savannah at Christmas; received Johnston’s surrender, April 26, 1865; was made lieutenant general in 1866, and succeeded Grant as general in 1869; retired in 1883; published important memoirs.
[237] No official figures indicating the relative strength of Grant and Bragg at Chattanooga are given. Grant’s force is estimated at 60,000, that of Bragg at considerably less. The Union loss was 5817; the Confederate, 6687. See Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. III., pp. 729-730.
[238] Born in Massachusetts, 1814; died, 1879. Graduated at West Point, 1837; distinguished himself in Mexican War; was appointed brigadier general in 1861; had important commands at Yorktown, Williamsburg, Malvern Hill, Antietam, and Fredericksburg; succeeded Burnside in 1863; was disastrously defeated at Chancellorsville; was sent to reënforce Grant at Chattanooga, where he commanded the right wing; accompanied Sherman to Atlanta; was brevetted major general in 1865; retired in 1868.
[239] Born at Cadiz, Spain, 1815; died, 1872. Graduated at West Point, 1835; fought in Seminole and Mexican Wars; commanded a brigade under McClellan in the Peninsula, where he was wounded; commanded a division at Antietam and Fredericksburg, and a corps at Chancellorsville; superseded Hooker in June, 1863; won the great victory of Gettysburg, July 1, 2, and 3; commanded the Army of the Potomac, under Grant, till the close of the war.
[240] The figures here given are those reached after a careful computation of the entire strength of both armies, with the additions and reductions between the crossing of the Potomac and the beginning of the battle. The exact figures are 93,500, and 75,268, but it is estimated that Lee’s losses by sickness, straggling, and furnishing guards to prisoners before the battle were about five thousand. See Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. III., p. 440.
[241] Born in South Carolina, 1821. Graduated at West Point, 1842; served in Mexican War; entered Confederate service; commanded, as lieutenant general, the First Corps of the Army of Northern Virginia, 1862–1865; served for a short time in Tennessee; wounded at the Wilderness, 1864; held various Federal offices after the war, among them the mission to Turkey.