References.—The end of the war is described from both points of view in Battles and Leaders of the Civil War, Vol. IV., p. 708, and in a briefer manner in Dodge’s View, pp. 310-319. For Lincoln’s attitude in regard to all questions, see Tarbell’s Lincoln, Vol. II., and Nicolay and Hay, Vols. IX.–X. The works already named may all be consulted with profit in regard to this period. For the Confederate side, see, especially, Davis, Rise and Fall; Stephens, War between the States; Johnston, Narrative; and Longstreet, Memoirs of the Civil War in America. See also Thomas Nelson Page’s stories, and especially his short story, Burying of the Guns, for graphic and instructive pictures of war-time.
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[257]
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Vice President Stephens had not been in favor of the war, and had been
more or less opposed to the administrative methods of President Davis, who,
although he had a Cabinet and a Congress, became through force of circumstances
virtually a dictator.
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[258]
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The latest, fullest, and fairest discussion of the matter is given by J. F.
Rhodes in The American Historical Review for April, 1902. Much of the
lamentable suffering seems chargeable rather to drunken soldiers and camp
followers than to the orders of commanders.
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[259]
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Born in New York, 1831; died, 1888. Graduated at West Point, 1853;
received a cavalry command in 1862; distinguished himself at Perryville and
Stone River; fought with great gallantry at Chickamauga and Chattanooga;
was given command of a cavalry corps by Grant in 1864; defeated Early at
Winchester and Fisher’s Hill, and, October 19, 1864, performed one of the
notable feats of the war by riding from “Winchester twenty miles away” and
turning defeat into victory at Cedar Creek; took a leading part in the final
attack on Lee’s army in April, 1865; was made lieutenant general in 1869;
succeeded Sherman as general in chief, 1883; general in 1888.
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[260]
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In the course of the war, as many as 2,690,401 men entered the Union
army, and probably about one-half as many were enrolled by the Confederacy.
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[261]
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Congressional Globe, Appendix 1865–1866, pp. 10-11.
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CHAPTER XXXII.
the administration of johnson: reconstruction, 1865–1869.
DIFFERENT POLICIES OF RECONSTRUCTION.