Manures and the principles of manuring

by Charles Morton Aikman

		Produce per Acre—Tubers.
Plot.	Manures per Acre per Annum	Good.		Small.		Diseased.		Total.
		Tons.	cwt.	Tons.	cwt.	Tons.	cwt.	Tons.	cwt.
1	Unmanured	1	18	0	6-1/4	0	2-1/4	2	7-1/2
2	Farmyard manure (14 tons)	3	19-3/8	0	7-5/8	0	6-5/8	4	13-5/8
3	Farmyard manure (14 tons), and 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate	4	9-1/2	0	8	0	8-3/4	5	6-1/4
4	Farmyard manure (14 tons), 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, and 550 lb. nitrate of soda	5	8	0	7	0	19-1/2	6	14-1/2
5	400 lb. ammonium salts	1	19-1/2	0	7-1/8	0	3-1/2	2	10-1/8
6	550 lb. nitrate of soda	2	11-7/8	0	6-7/8	0	5-1/4	3	4
7	400 lb. ammonium salts, 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 300 lb. sulphate potash, 100 lb. sulphate soda, 100 lb. sulphate magnesia	5	14-1/4	0	8-1/4	0	14-3/4	6	17-1/4
8	550 lb. nitrate of soda, 33-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 300 lb. sulphate potash, 100 lb. sulphate soda, 100 lb. sulphate magnesia	5	19-7/8	0	7-7/8	0	19-1/8	7	6-7/8
9	3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate	3	0-3/4	0	8	0	4-5/8	3	13-3/8
10	3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 300 lb. sulphate potash, 100 lb. sulphate soda, and 100 lb. sulphate magnesia	3	4-1/2	0	6-1/2	0	4-7/8	3	15-7/8
1. In each year the tops were spread on the respective plots.

TABLE XII.—Experiments on the Growth of Potatoes—Continued.

Average of Twelve Seasons, 1881-92.

		Produce per Acre—Tubers.
Plot.	Manures per Acre per Annum	Good.		Small.		Diseased.		Total.
		Tons.	cwt.	Tons.	cwt.	Tons.	cwt.	Tons.	cwt.
1	Unmanured in 1876, and each year since	1	3-3/4	0	3-3/4	0	0-1/4	1	7-3/4
2	Unmanured in 1882, and since; previously farmyard manure (14 tons)	2	14-1/4	0	4-3/4	0	2	3	1
3	Farmyard manure (14 tons) alone, 1883, and since; previously 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate also	4	3-1/4	0	4-1/4	0	4-1/2	4	12
4	Farmyard manure (14 tons) alone, 1883, and since. In 1882 and previously 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, and in 1881 and previously 550 lb. nitrate of soda also	4	6-1/4	0	4-1/2	0	4-3/4	4	15-1/2
5	400 lb. ammonium salts	1	2-3/4	0	4-3/4	0	0-1/2	1	8
6	550 lb. nitrate of soda	1	17-3/4	0	3-3/4	0	0-3/4	2	2-1/4
7	400 lb. ammonium salts, 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 300 lb. sulphate of potash, and 200 lb. mixed mineral manure	5	6-3/4	0	5	0	4-1/2	5	16-1/4
8	550 lb. nitrate of soda, 3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 300 lb. sulphate of potash, and 200 lb. mixed mineral manure	5	7-1/2	0	4-1/4	0	3-3/4	5	15-1/2
9	3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate	2	17-3/4	0	3-1/4	0	1	3	2
10	3-1/2 cwt. superphosphate, 300 lb. sulphate of potash, and 200 lb. mixed mineral manure	3	2-1/4	0	3-1/4	0	1-1/4	3	6-3/4

FOOTNOTES:

[256] See Sir John Bennet Lawes, Bart., and the Rothamsted Experiments. By C. M. Aikman. ('Scottish Farmer' Office, Glasgow.)

---

INDEX.

• Abraum salts, [421].
• Absorptive power of soils for water, [67], [98];
  • how to increase, [74].
• Acidity in soils neutralised by lime, [458].
• Acids fixed by soil, [58].
• Adametz on organisms in soil, [92].
• Adulteration of guano, [318]-320.
• Africa, guano from, [298], [328].
• Agricultural chemistry, historical introduction to, [3]-61;
  • Liebig's researches on, [23]-32;
  • Liebig's services to, [31].
• Agronomy, [56].
• Air, ammonia in, [48], [118];
  • nitrates in, [118];
  • nitrogen in, [116];
  • organic nitrogen in, [118].
• Aitken, Dr, experiments with basic slag, [413]
  • —with beans, [526], [530];
  • on germ-life in bones, [368];
  • on manuring of turnips, [515].
• Albert, Heinrich, on solubility of basic slag, [409].
• Albite, composition of, [103].
• Albuminates, [460].
• Albuminoids, in plants, [491];
  • of milk, nitrification in, [182];
  • phosphorus in, [205].
• Algerian phosphate, [379].
• Algoa Bay, guano deposits at, [328].
• Alkalies, in cow-dung, [226], [227]
  • —cow-urine, [230]
  • —horse-dung, [226], [227]
  • —horse-urine, [230]
  • —pig-dung, [226], [227]
  • —pig-urine, [230]
  • —sheep-dung, [226], [227]
  • —sheep-urine, [230].
• Alkalinity necessary for nitrification, [172].
• Alumina, in ash of plants, [55];
  • compounds, reversion caused by, [388], [400];
  • salts, in salinas, [335].
• America, virgin soils of, [133].
• American farming, [86].
• Amides, [501].
• Ammonia, absorbed by soil, [81];
  • amount dissolved in rain, [49];
  • amount in air, [48];
  • amount in soil, [127];
  • amount supplied to soil by rain, [155];
  • converted into nitrates in soil, [50];
  • converted into nitrous acid, [167];
  • fixed by soil, [58];
  • from decomposition of farmyard manure, [258];
  • from gas-works, [353];
  • lost in mixing manures, [533];
  • relation of, to plants, [48]-50;
  • salts, most easily nitrifiable, [191];
  • salts of, in farmyard manure, [257];
  • sulphate of, [352]-358;
  • value of, as a manure, [352].
• Ammonium chloride in Chincha guano, [305].
• Ammonium-magnesium phosphate in Chincha guano, [305].
• Ammonium oxalate in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Ammonium phosphate, in Chincha guano, [305];
  • in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Ammonium sulphate, [352]-358;
  • in Chincha guano, [305];
  • in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Ammonium sulphocyanate, [355].
• Ammonium urate in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Amphibole, potash in, [220].
• Analysis, of manures, [539]-554;
  • of soils, value of, [90].
• Anderson, Dr, analyses of minerals by, [103], [105]-107;
  • on nitrogen in soil, [121], [124].
• Angamos, guano from, [301], [329].
• Animals, phosphoric acid in, [205];
  • potash in, [205];
  • solid excreta of, [224];
  • urine of, [228].
• Apatite, Canadian, [201], [374];
  • composition of, [210];
  • most abundant form of phosphoric acid, [200];
  • varieties of, [200].
• Application of manures, [474]-492.
• Arabian coast, guano deposits on, [328].
• Arable soil, absorptive power of, [98].
• Arbrohlos Island guano, [309].
• Arendt, experiments on oats by, [503].
• Aristotelian doctrine of chemical elements, [4].
• Artificial soil, [54].
• Aruba phosphate, [308], [328], [379].
• Ash, constituents of plants, [53]-55;
  • of rye, phosphoric acid in, [204];
  • of wheat, phosphoric acid in, [204];
  • of farmyard manure, composition of, [287], [288].
• Ashes, an adulterant of guano, [319];
  • mixed with manures, [532].
• Asia, guano from, [298].
• Asparagin, nitrification in, [182].
• Atacama, nitrate of soda deposits at, [342].
• Atmosphere, ammonia in, [48], [81];
  • relation of, to plants, [39].
• Atwater on nitrogen in plants, [44].
• Augite, [105].
• Australia, guano from, [298];
  • virgin soils of, [133].
• Avenine in oats, [503].
• Aves guano, [309], [328];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• 
  
• Bacilli, [94].
• Bacon, Lord, on salt as a manure, [469].
  • different classes of, [93]-96.
• Bacteria, in soil, [92];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Baker Island guano, [309], [328];
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Ballestas, guano from, [302], [327];
• Barilla, potash in, [420].
  • fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [495], [498];
  • nitrogen removed in crop of, [145];
  • Norfolk experiments on, [497];
  • period of growth of, [495];
  • period of ripening of, [495];
  • Rothamsted experiments on growth of, [566];
  • soils suited for, [496];
  • uniform manuring of, [497].
• Barley, farmyard manure not suited for, [497];
• Barley soils, amount of nitrates and nitrogen in, [158].
  • manurial constituents in, [282].
• Barley-straw, composition of, [238];
• Basalt, phosphoric acid in, [202], [210].
• Bases fixed by soil, [58].
• Basic ammonium phosphate in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Basic process of steel-smelting, [400].
• Basic silicates, [103].
  • after-effects of, [412];
  • application of, method of, [416]
  • —rate of, [414];
  • compared with other manures, [410]-414;
  • composition of, [404], [417];
  • Darmstadt experiments with, [410];
  • discovery of value of, [403];
  • manufacture of, [401];
  • preparation of, processes for, [406];
  • relative activity of, [411];
  • soils best suited for, [414];
  • solubility of, [408];
  • Wagner's experiments with, [408]-413.
• Basic slag, [401]-417;
  • nitrogen in, [325];
  • phosphoric acid in, [325].
• Bat guano, [320], [325];
  • good effect of gypsum on, [526];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [525]-527;
  • phosphorus in, [205];
  • relative value of manurial ingredients to, [526];
  • source of nitrogen, [153].
• Beans, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
• Bean-straw, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Beatson, General, experiments of, with Peruvian guano, [301].
• Beddington meadows, irrigation at, [432].
• Bedfordshire, coprolites from, [374].
• Belgian phosphate, [377].
• Berthelot on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Biological properties of soil, [92]-96.
• Blood corpuscles, potash in, [217].
  • composition of, [424];
  • manure for sugar-cane, [425];
  • potash in, [217], [219];
  • rate of nitrification in, [192];
  • source of nitrogen, [152];
  • suited for horticulture, [425].
• Blood, dried, [424];
• Bohemia, phosphoric acid removed from, [206].
• Bolivia, guano deposits at, [327].
• Bollaert on nitrate deposits, [333].
  • composition of, [372].
• Bone-ash, [369];
  • composition of, [372].
• Bone-black, [369];
  • composition of, [372].
• Bone-char, [369];
• Bone-dust, [360].
  • composition of, [371];
  • condition of nitrogen in, [540].
• Bone-meal, [361], [364];
• Bone-phosphate, [385].
  • action of, [365];
  • boiled, [361];
  • bruised, [361];
  • capable of nitrification, [182];
  • collected in Britain, [353], [362];
  • composition of, [362], [371];
  • compound, [372];
  • crops suited for, [368];
  • dissolved, [368], [371];
  • early use of, [359];
  • fermentation of, [361];
  • floated, [365];
  • forms of, [360];
  • grinding of, [365];
  • imports of, [151];
  • inorganic matter in, [363];
  • nitrogen in, [151];
  • organic matter in, [363];
  • putrefaction of, [365], [366];
  • raw, [361];
  • source of nitrogen, [151];
  • treatment of, [364].
• Bones, [359]-372;
• Bonnet, Charles, discovery of source of plant's carbon by, [11].
• Boracic acid in salinas, [335].
• Bordeaux phosphate, [379].
  • early researches of,
  • in agricultural chemistry, [21];
  • experiments by, on nitrification, [185], [198];
  • on excrements of pig, [250];
  • on nitrates in guano, [304];
  • on nitrogen in plants, [41], [42];
  • on nitrogen in soil, [124];
  • on nitrogen in excreta, [234];
  • on nitrogen lost during fermentation, [245].
• Boussingault, on dry matter in horse-manure, [243];
  • as litter, [241].
• Bracken-fern, analyses of, [283];
• Bran, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Bretschneider on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Brewers' grain, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Bromine in ash of plants, [55].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Browse Island guano, [309], [328];
• Brüstlein and Peters on fixation of bases and acids by soil, [59].
• Buckland, Dr, discovery of coprolites by, [373].
• Buckwheat absorbs ammonia, [352].
• Bull River, phosphates from, [376].
  
  • manuring of, [528]-529;
  • soils suited for, [529].
• Cabbages, benefited by saline manures, [529];
• Caird, Sir James, experiments by, with Peruvian guano, [301].
  • stones, phosphoric acid in, [211].
• Calcareous earth, absorptive power of, [98];
• Calcium phosphate in Chincha guano, [305].
• Calcium sulphate in concretionary nodules, [328].
  • occurrence of, [341].
• Caliche, composition of, [342];
• California, guano deposits at, [328].
• Cambridgeshire, coprolites from, [373].
• Cameron, Sir Charles, on assimilation of urea by plants, [46].
• Canadian apatite, [201], [374].
• Cape Vert guano, phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Carbolic acid, action of, on nitrifying organisms, [177].
  • in plants, discovery of source of, [11].
• Carbon, fixation of, by plants, [37];
• Carbon bisulphide, effect of, on nitrification, [166], [176].
• Carbonate of ammonia formed in fermentation of dung, [247], [258].
  • —by soil, [81];
  • in ash of plants, [55];
  • oxidation of, by bacteria, [95];
  • produced in decomposition of farmyard manure, [258].
• Carbonic acid, absorbed by plants, [12]
• Carbonising-works, ammonia from, [353], [358].
• Carburetted hydrogen, produced in decomposition of farmyard manure, [258].
• Caribbean phosphates, [379].
• Carnallite, [420].
• Carolina phosphate, [376].
• Carrots, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Catacombs, bones from, [360].
• Catch-cropping, [138], [489].
• Cattle foods, average composition of, [557].
• Caustic lime, [453].
  • nitrogenous manures benefit, [494];
  • potash in, [217];
  • silicates absorbed by, [494];
  • value of nitrate of soda as manure for, [346].
• Cereals, manuring of, [493]-504;
  • lias, phosphoric acid in, [211].
• Chalk, an adulterant of guano, [319];
• Charcoal, a filter for sewage, [437].
• Charleston phosphate, [376].
  • value of, [539].
• Chemical analysis of manures, interpretation of, [539];
• Chemical composition of soil, [87]-92.
• Cheshire, bones used in, [360].
• Chesterfield Island guano, [309].
• Chili and Peru, chief source of nitrate of soda, [162].
  • composition of, [305];
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Chincha Island guano, [302], [303], [327];
• Chipana, guano deposits at, [327].
• Chlorapatite, composition of, [210].
• Chlorine in ash of plants, [55].
• Chloroform prevents nitrification, [166], [176].
  • produced by nitrate of soda, [347];
  • relation of, to fixation of carbon by plants, [37].
• Chlorophyll, organisms destitute of, [169];
• Chuca, [341].
• Citrate of ammonia, solubility of phosphates in, [408].
  • analysis of, [107];
  • grey, evaporation of water from, [99];
  • loamy, evaporation of water from, [99];
  • sandy, absorptive power of, [98]
  • —evaporation of water from, [99];
  • soils, benefited by basic slag, [414]
  • —puddling in, [455];
  • stiffish, evaporation of water from, [99];
  • strong absorptive power of, [98].
• Clay, absorptive power of, [68];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [522].
• Clover-hay, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [486];
• Clover-sickness, [522].
• Coal, nitrogen in, [353].
• Coke-works, ammonia from, [353], [358].
• Colloids, [491].
  • difference in temperature due to, [80].
• Colour of soil, [80];
• Columbia, guano deposits at, [327].
  • farmyard manure a typical, [446];
  • manufacture of, [445];
  • object of, [445];
  • purposes served by, [445];
  • substances used for, [447].
• Composts, [113], [445]-448;
• Compound bones, [372].
• Concretionary nodules, composition of, [328].
• Conglomerate, [341].
• Connecticut, experimental station at, [33].
  • field experiments. [547];
  • manuring of barley, [497]
  • —of mangels, [514]
  • —of meadow-land, [509]
  • —of swedes, [514]
  • —of wheat, [501].
• Cooke, F. J., on, farmyard manure, [272], [277];
• Copper, oxide of, in plants, [55].
• Copperas, as a fixer, [246], [247].
  • percentage of phosphates in, [201]:
  • occurrence of, [201], [373].
• Coprolites, [373];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Corcovado guano, nitrogen in, [329];
• Cordilleras, [340], [341].
• Costra, [341].
• Cotton-cake, decorticated, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Cotton-cake, undecorticated, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Cotton-seeds, imports of, [153].
• Cova, [341].
  • wheat grown with, [289].
• Covered manure, potatoes grown with, [289];
  • composition of, in dry state, [227];
  • cool, [225];
  • nitrogen in, [226];
  • phosphoric acid in, [226];
  • water in, [226].
• Cow-dung, alkalies in, [226];
  • amount voided per day, [248];
  • amount voided per year, [248];
  • analysis of, [286];
  • dry matter in, [248];
  • fermentation in, slow, [248];
  • mineral matter in, [248];
  • mucilaginous matter in, [248];
  • nitrogen in, [248];
  • resinous matter in, [248].
• Cow-manure, [247];
  • composition of, in dry state, [231];
  • fertilising ingredients in, for food consumed, [232];
  • nitrogen in, [230];
  • phosphoric acid in, [230];
  • water in, [230].
• Cow-urine, alkalies in, [230];
  • solid excrements of, [280];
  • urine voided by, [280].
• Cows, percentage of food voided in excrements of, [281];
• Cress, experiments with, [41].
• Crimea, bones from, [360].
  • —lost by drainage in, [141].
• Cropped soils, nitrates in, [157]
  • difference in root-systems of, [488];
  • manuring of common farm, [493]-530;
  • period of growth of, [489];
  • potash removed in, [218];
  • suited for sewage, [434];
  • variation in composition of, [490].
• Crops, capacity of, for assimilating manures, [486];
• Crusius on phosphoric acid removed from the farm, [207].
• Crust guanos, [308], [379].
• Crystalloids, [491].
• Curaçao phosphates, [308], [330], [379].
  
• Darmstadt experiments with basic slag, [410]-413.
• Darwin on origin of nitrate-fields, [335].
• Daubeny on mineral sources of phosphoric acid, [200].
  • on heat and water absorbing and retaining properties of soils, [57];
  • on hygroscopic power of soils, [99].
• Davy, Sir Humphry, lectures of, on agricultural chemistry, [17]-19;
  • on nitrification in sulphate of ammonia, [191];
  • on rate of nitrification, [186].
• Dehérain, on nitrification, [52];
  • conditions favourable for, [178];
  • effected by bacteria, [178].
• Denitrification, [177];
• Derby, Lord, introduction of Peruvian guano by, [301].
• Detmer on humus in soil, [47].
  • explanation of, [77];
  • most abundant in summer, [78].
• Dew, action of, on guano, [300];
  • formula of, [398];
  • molecular composition of, [398];
  • percentage composition of, [398].
• Dicalcic phosphate, [387];
  • theory of, on plant-food, [6]-8.
• Digby, Sir Kenelm, on value of nitrates to plants, [45];
• Diorite, phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
• Direct manures, [113].
• Dissolved-bone compound, [372].
• Dissolved bones, [368]; composition of, [371].
• Dissolved guano, [310].
• Dolerite, phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
• Dolomite, phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
• Downton experiments on sewage-sludge, [439].
  • nitrates in, [160];
  • nitrates lost by, [140];
  • phosphoric acid lost by, [206];
  • potash lost by, [217].
• Drainage, average of thirteen years, [160];
• Drainings of manure-heaps, analysis of, [290].
  • composition of, [424];
  • manure for sugar-cane, [425];
  • potash in, [219];
  • rate of nitrification in, [192];
  • source of nitrogen, [152];
  • suited for horticulture, [425].
• Dried blood, [424];
  • nitrogen in, [425].
• Dried flesh, [425];
  • composition of, [242];
  • nitrogen in, [242];
  • phosphoric acid in, [242];
  • potash in, [242].
• Dried leaves, as litter, [242];
• Ducks' dung, analysis of, [331].
• Duhamel and Hales, theory of, on plant-growth, [8].
• Dundonald, Earl, treatise by, on agricultural chemistry, [13].
• Dung and urine, composition of, [234].
• Dutrochet on absorption of plant-food, [55].
  • experiments on peat as litter, [240];
  • on nitrate of soda as manure for mangolds, [349].
• Dyer, Dr Bernard, analyses of stable manure by, [283];
  • composition of solid crust of, [102].
• 
  
• Earth, an adulterant of guano, [319];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Ecuador, guano deposits at, [327].
  • potash in, [217].
• Egyptian guano, nitrogen in, [329];
• Elbe, waters of, phosphoric acid in, [206];
  • phosphoric acid in, [328].
• Elm-tree, water transpired by, [71].
• Enderbury Island guano, [309], [328];
• Endosmosis, [55].
• English farming, [86].
• Equalised guano, [311].
• Essex, coprolites from, [374].
• Estremadura phosphate, [375].
• Ethylamine, nitrification in, [182].
  • composition of, [226], [292];
  • difference in amount of, for food consumed, [279];
  • liquid, in farmyard manure, [224];
  • solid, in farmyard manure, [224];
  • solid, undigested food in, [224];
  • solid, voided by cows, [280], [292];
  • solid, voided by horse, [292];
  • solid, voided by oxen, [280];
  • solid, voided by sheep, [280], [292].
• Evaporation from soil, [71], [72], [98].
  • into their different compounds, [553].
• Excreta, amount of nitrogen in, [149], [292];
  • nitrogen in, [330];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• 
  
• Factors for calculating manurial ingredients
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Falkland guano, [308];
  • action of, on soils, [273];
  • ammonia in, [258];
  • amount produced on farm per year, [252];
  • analyses of, [259], [286];
  • application of, [264];
  • ash of, [287], [288];
  • carbonic acid gas in, [258];
  • classes of constituents of, [224];
  • compared with artificials, [476];
  • composition of, [259];
  • denitrification in, [179];
  • depth to plough to, [267];
  • effect of, on potatoes, [520];
  • fertilising matter in, [270];
  • fire-fang in, [264];
  • fresh, composition of, [286], [288];
  • functions of, [268];
  • heat in fermentation of, [78], [253];
  • humates in, [259];
  • humic acid in, [258];
  • inadequate source of nitrogen to soil, [271];
  • indirect influence of, [273];
  • influence of, on soil, [475];
  • Lawes, Sir John, on composition of, [291];
  • Lord Kinnaird's experiments with, [289];
  • marsh-gas in, [258];
  • mineral matter in, [260];
  • moisture in, [260];
  • nitric acid in, [259];
  • nitrogen in, [260];
  • ratio of, to ash ingredients, [271];
  • organic matter in, [260];
  • phosphoretted hydrogen in, [258];
  • phosphoric acid in, [260];
  • potash in, [260];
  • products of decomposition of, [257];
  • rate of application of, [275];
  • retrogression of nitrogen in, [142];
  • rotten, composition of, [287], [288]
  • —value of, [261];
  • rotting, effects of, on, [262];
  • solid excreta in, [224];
  • sulphuretted hydrogen in, [258];
  • supplemented with nitrogen, [271];
  • supplemented with phosphoric acid, [272];
  • temperature, effect of, on soil, [79], [274];
  • typical compost, [446];
  • ulmates in, [259];
  • ulmic acid in, [258];
  • unfavourable to certain crops, [477];
  • urine in, [228];
  • value of, [268];
  • variation in composition of, [223];
  • water in, [258].
• Fallow-fields, nitrates formed in, [188].
• Fanning Island guano, [328];
  • albite, [103];
  • composition of, [103];
  • labradorite, [220];
  • oligoclase, [103], [214], [220];
  • orthoclase, [103], [214], [220];
  • phosphoric acid in, [211];
  • potash manures, [213];
  • potash in, percentage of, [213], [220].
• Farmyard manure, [223]-292;
  • anaerobic, [255].
• Fatty acids in guano, [305].
  • in bones, [365];
  • heat of, [79];
  • of farmyard manure, [253];
  • of guano, [299];
  • temperature of, [256].
• Felspars, [103];
• Ferment, aerobic, [173], [255];
• Fermentation, ammonium carbonate formed during, [245];
• Fern, bracken, as litter, [241].
  • amounts removed by different crops, [484], [485];
  • chemical condition of, in soil, [89];
  • lodge in seed, [491];
  • in soil, [87].
• Ferric chloride, test for sulphocyanates, [355].
  • potential, of soil, [214], [549];
  • properties necessary for, [66];
  • supply of oxygen necessary for, [81].
• Fertilisers and Feeding Stuffs Act, [543].
  • educational value of, [547];
  • on rate of nitrification, [187].
• Fertilising ingredients, amount of soluble, in soil, [90];
• Fertility, of the soil, [65]-97;
• Field experiments, [545], [548];
• Finger-and-toe prevented by lime, [461].
  • application of, [323];
  • consumption of, [152];
  • manufacture of, [321];
  • nitrogen in, [321];
  • phosphoric acid in, [321];
  • production of, [322];
  • source of nitrogen, [152];
  • value of, [322].
• Fire-fang in farmyard manure, [264].
  • chemical reactions with, [284].
• Fischer on absorption of plant-food, [55].
• Fish-guano, [320]-323;
• Fixers, [246];
• Fleece, potash in, [217].
• Fleischer, Professor, on solubility of phosphates, [408].
• Flesh-guano, [320].
• Flint Island guano, [309].
• Flitcham experiments on growth of wheat, [500].
• Floated bones, [362], [365].
  • dry matter of, voided in dung, [228];
  • percentage of, in excrements, [281].
• Florida phosphate, [378].
• Fluorapatite, composition of, [210].
• Food, consumed by pigs, [281];
• Food-constituents, plant, necessary for nitrification, [170].
  • analysis of, [331].
• Forbes, David, on nitrate-fields of Chili, [334].
• Forest-soils, absence of nitrification in, [193].
• Fowl-dung, [320], [326];
• Fownes on phosphoric acid in rocks, [202].
• Frankland, P. F., experiments on nitrification, [52], [167], [198].
• Franklin, Benjamin, experiment of, with gypsum, [462].
  • ammonia in, [128].
• Frey Bentos, meat-meal guano from, [324].
  
• Galapagos Islands, guano deposits at, [327].
• Garden earth, absorptive power of, [98];
  • present in soil, [100].
• Gas-liquor, ammonia in, [353].
• Gas-works, ammonia from, [353], [358].
• Gases, absorbed by soils, [81];
• Gazzeri on retention by soil of plant-food, [57].
  • from bones, [364].
• Geese-dung, analysis of, [331].
  • bones imported from, [360];
  • manufacture of meat-meal guano in, [324].
• Geic acid in humus, [47].
  • oxygen necessary for, [81].
• Gelatin, nitrification in, [182];
  • on Liebig's mineral theory, [28];
  • on manuring of potatoes, [520];
  • Presidential address of, [61];
  • and see Lawes and Gilbert.
• Germany, agricultural research in, [32];
• Germination, influence of temperature on, [76];
• Gilbert, Sir J. Henry, on barley-manuring, [496];
• Glauber on artificial production of nitre, [164].
• Glue, [364].
  • phosphoric acid in, [207].
• Glycin, assimilated by plants, [47].
  • on loss of phosphoric acid, [207].
• Glycocoll, experiments with, [46].
  • in guano, [303];
  • phosphoric acid in, [202], [211];
  • potash in, [214].
• Gneiss, [106];
  • effect of manure on, [505];
  • influence of farmyard manure on, [506];
  • manuring of, [504]-510.
• Grandeau, Professor, on forms of plant-food in soil, [107];
• Granite, [105];
• Grass, Bangor experiments on, [508];
• Gray, Asa, on transpiration by plants, [71].
• Great Cayman guano, [379].
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Green manures, [113].
  • experiments with, [46].
• Grouven on guano, [313].
  • action of, as a manure, [312];
  • adulteration of, [318];
  • application of, [315];
  • bat, [325];
  • composition of, [305], [329];
  • crust, [308];
  • deposits of the world, [327];
  • dissolved, [310];
  • equalised, [309];
  • fermentation of, [299];
  • fertilising constituents in, [314];
  • fish, [320]-323;
  • importance of, in agriculture, [293];
  • inequality in composition of, [309];
  • influence of, on farming, [294];
  • meat-meal, [324];
  • mode of application of, [315];
  • nitrification in, rate of, [192];
  • nitrogenous, [300]-308;
  • origin of, [297];
  • Peruvian, [300]-306;
  • phosphatic, [308];
  • quantity to apply, [317];
  • rectified, [311];
  • so-called, [320];
  • source of phosphoric acid, [202];
  • source of potash, [219];
  • value of, as a manure, [296];
  • variation in composition of, [299].
• Guanape Island guano, [302], [327];
• Guanine, [304];
• Guano, [293]-331;
• Gulf of Mexico, guano deposits at, [328].
  • nitrogen lost in, [149];
  • production, annual, of, [149];
  • saltpetre in, [149], [333].
• Gulls, guano from, [297].
  • absorptive power of, [98];
  • action of, mode of, [462]—on nitrification, [173];
  • an adulterant of guano, [319];
  • as a fixer, [246], [247], [285];
  • decomposes double silicates, [463];
  • favourable to clover, [464];
  • as an oxidising agent, [464].
• Gunning on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Gunpowder, exports of, [149];
• Gypsum, [462]-464;
• 
  
  • of fermentation, [78].
• Hales, Stephen, theory of, on plant-growth, [8].
  • on fixation of bases and acids by soil, [59];
  • on loss of ammonia from dung, [249];
  • on percentage of food voided by animals, [253];
  • on straw as litter, [244], [249].
• Hampe, Dr, on nitrogen in plants, [46].
  • on barley, [498];
  • on nitrogen in plants, [44].
• Harting on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Heat, of soils, [76]-78;
• Heiden, Dr, on application of farmyard manure, [265];
• Hellriegel, on amount of water in soils, [75];
• Helmont, Van, theory of, on source of plant-food, [4].
• Henslow, Professor, on coprolites, [374].
• Heraüs on organisms in soil, [95].
• Herbage, effect of manure on, [505].
  • in farmyard manure, [257].
• Herrings as manure, [321].
• Hervé-Mangon, experiments on action of light on plants by, [38].
• Hilgenstock on tetracalcic phosphate, [405].
• Hippuric acid, experiments with, [46];
• Hire, De la, on evolution of gases by plants, [11].
  • potash removed by, [217];
  • slow-acting manures benefit, [528].
• Hofmeister on horse excrements, [243].
  • as manure, [425];
  • nitrogen in, [426];
  • phosphoric acid in, [426].
• Hoof-guano, source of nitrogen, [152].
• Hoofs and horns, manure from, [425].
  • composition of, in dry state, [227];
  • hot, [225];
  • nitrogen in, [225], [226];
  • phosphoric acid in, [226];
  • water in, [225], [226].
• Hops, manuring of, [528];
  • amount produced per day, [243];
  • amount produced per year, [243];
  • analyses of, [283];
  • dry matter in, [243];
  • dry nature of, [245];
  • fermentation rapid in, [245];
  • mineral matter in, [243];
  • nitrogen in, [243], [244].
• Horn, capable of nitrification, [182];
  • composition of, in dry state, [231];
  • fertilising ingredients in, [232];
  • nitrogen in, [230];
  • phosphoric acid in, [230];
  • water in, [230].
• Hornblende, [105].
• Horse-dung, alkalies in, [226];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Horse-manure, [242];
  • nitrogen in, [330];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Horse-urine, alkalies in, [230];
• Hosäus on assimilation of ammonia, [50].
• Howland Island guano. [309], [328];
  • on composition of bracken, [283].
• Huanillos, guano from, [302], [327];
• Huano, [297].
• Hueppe on organisms in soil, [95].
  • in humus, [47].
• Hughes, John, on bracken-fern as litter, [241];
• Humates in farmyard manure, [259].
  • evaporation from, [99];
  • nature of, in soil, [47];
  • soils improved by addition of, [273].
• Humboldt, A., discovery of Peruvian guano by, [300].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Humic acid in farmyard manure, [258];
• Humin in humus, [47].
• Humus, absorptive power of, [68], [98];
• Huon Island guano, [309], [328];
  • source of, in plants, [40].
• Huxtable and Thompson on retention of plant-food by soil, [57].
• Hydrated silicates, [107], [459].
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Hydrochloric acid as a fixer, [245].
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Hydrogen, amount of, in plants, [40];
• Hygroscopic power of soils, [75].
  
• Ichaboe guano, [307];
  • on oxygen evolved by plants, [12].
• Independence Bay guano, [302], [327];
  • value of, [396].
• India, nitre soils of, [162].
  • in nitrate of soda, [340], [342].
• Indirect manures, [113], [114], [449]-473.
• Ingenhousz, John, experiments by, on nitrogen in plants, [41];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55];
  • reversion in superphosphates caused by, [390], [399].
• Insoluble phosphate, [386];
• Iodine, in ash of plants, [55];
  • intermittent, [434];
  • subsoil, [432].
• Iquique, nitrate of soda from, [333].
• Iron in ash of plants, [54];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Iron-works, ammonia from, [353], [355], [358].
• Irrigation, [431]-433;
  • on Earl Dundonald, [13];
  • on nitrogen in buffalo-horn shavings, [426];
  • on nitrogen in soils, [123];
  • on solubility of basic slag, [408];
  • value of organic nitrogen to plant, [46].
• 
  
• Jamieson, Professor, experiments with coprolites, [380].
  • potash in, percentage of, [214], [220], [421];
  • rate of application of, [423].
• Jarvis Island guano, [309], [328];
• Jersey, manuring of potatoes in, [521].
  • of concretionary nodules, [328].
• Johnson, Professor S. W., on application of superphosphate, [395];
• Jürgensen on nitrogen in excreta, [234].
  
• Kainit, as a fixer, [247];
• Kaolin clay, analysis of, [104].
• Karmrodt, analysis of Chincha Island guano, [305];
• Karnallite, potash in, [220].
• Kellner, experiments on nitrification by, [52].
• Kelp, potash in, [420].
• Kieserite, [420].
• Kinnaird, Lord, experiments by, with farmyard manure, [289].
• Kitchen-garden soil, nitrogenous matter in, [122].
• Knop on condition of nitrates in soil, [138].
  • potash in, [220].
• Koosaw River, phosphates from, [376].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Kreatin assimilated by plants, [47].
• Kuria Muria guano, [309], [328].
  
• Labrador, guano deposits at, [328].
  • experiments with farmyard manure, [271];
  • experiments with Peruvian guano, [301];
  • inauguration of Rothamsted experiments by, [33];
  • on composition of farmyard manure, [291];
  • on manuring of wheat, [483];
  • on motion of plant's sap, [56];
  • on percentage of food in excreta, [233];
  • on rate of nitrification, [186];
  • on sources of plant-nitrogen, [43];
  • on sulphate of ammonia, [356];
  • on unexhausted manures, [550], [557]-559.
• Labradorite, [214];
  • manufacture of superphosphate by, [382];
  • on application of superphosphate, [395];
  • on bones, [359];
  • on composition of farmyard manure, [291];
  • on farmyard manure, [477];
  • on loss of nitrates, [142];
  • on sources of nitrogen, [154].
• Lacepede Island guano, [309], [328];
  • nitrogen in, [428].
• Lahn phosphate, [379].
  • nitrogen in, [242];
  • phosphoric acid in, [242];
  • potash in, [242].
• Lava, phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
• Lawes, Sir J. B., and Gilbert, early researches of, at Rothamsted, [34];
  • —by potash, [523];
  • fixation of free nitrogen by, [42];
  • gain of nitrogen with, [135];
  • manuring of, [522]-527, [530];
  • nitrogenous manures hurtful to, [523].
• Lawes, Sir J. B., experiments with guano by, [301];
• Leather, as manure, [428];
• Leaves, dried, as litter, [242];
• Legrange, Charles, on extent of nitrate-fields, [343].
• Leguminous plants, benefited by basic slag, [414]
• Lehmann on ammonia as plant-food, [50], [352].
  • dissolved bones discovered by, [361];
  • first report to British Association, [24];
  • manufacture of superphosphate from bones by, [359];
  • mineral theory of, [26]-29;
  • on ammonia as a manure, [352];
  • on importation of bones by Britain, [360];
  • researches of, in agricultural chemistry, [23]-32;
  • services of, to agricultural chemistry, [31];
  • theory of manures by, [29];
  • theory of, on rotation of crops, [29].
• Leipzig, bones from, [361].
• Leones, guano deposits at, [327].
  • abundant occurrence of, [452];
  • action of, [461]
  • —contradictory, [450]
  • —not thoroughly understood, [449]
  • —on nitrogenous organic matter, [460]
  • —on soil's texture, [455];
  • antiquity of, as a manure, [449];
  • binding effect of, [457];
  • biological action of, [459];
  • caustic, [453];
  • chemical action of, [457];
  • decomposes minerals, [458];
  • different forms of, [453];
  • effect of, on soils, [112];
  • fixed by soils, [58];
  • in ash of plants, [54];
  • mechanical functions of, [455];
  • mild, [453];
  • necessary for nitrification, [171], [459]
  • —for plant-growth, [55], [450];
  • neutralises acidity in soils, [458];
  • phosphates of, [385]-388;
  • pig excrements contain, [281];
  • prevents clay puddling, [456];
  • returned to soil, [452];
  • soils contain, [450]-452.
• Leucite, potash in, [220].
  • evaporation of water from, [99];
  • occurrence of, [452].
• Lias chalk, phosphoric acid in, [211].
  • manurial constituents of, [282].
• Liebig, criticism of humus theory by, [25];
• Light, action of, on plant-growth, [38].
• Lime, [449]-461;
• Limestone, analyses of, [106];
  • peat as, [240];
  • straw as, [236];
  • uses of, [236].
• Linseed, imports of, [153];
• Linseed-cake, manurial constituents of, [282].
  • evaporation of water from, [99];
  • poor in fertilising matter, [239].
• Liquid manure, [442]-444.
• Lithia in ash of plants, [55].
• Litter, loam as, [239];
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Lloyd on fattening animals, [253].
• Loam, as litter, [239];
  • in ash of plants, [54];
  • in pig excrements, [281];
  • necessary for nitrification, [171];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55];
  • sulphate of, as a fixer, [246], [285].
• Lobos, guano deposits at, [327].
  • fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • source of nitrogen, [153].
• Lobos de Afuera guano, [302], [327].
  
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Macabi Island guano, [302], [327];
• Maercker, Professor, on destruction of nitrifying organisms, [177].
• Magnesia, fixed by soils, [58];
• Maize, absorbs ammonia, [352];
  • guano a manure for, [318];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [346], [511], [513], [514];
  • Rothamsted experiments on growth of, [568].
• Malden Island guano, [309], [328];
  • rate of nitrification in, [186].
• Malpighi on importance of atmospheric air for germination, [39].
  • farmyard, [223]-292;
  • horse, [243];
  • liquid, [442]-444;
  • meaning of word, [109];
  • pig, [250];
  • sewage, [430]-441;
  • sheep, [251];
  • stable, from peat-moss, [283]
  • —wheat-straw, [283].
• Malt-dust, manurial constituents in, [282].
  • analysis of, interpretation of, [539]-544;
  • application of, [474]-492;
  • method of, [531]-538; cash prices of, [555];
  • equal distribution of, [531];
  • functions of, [109], increase soil-fertility, [474];
  • intrinsic value of, [545];
  • lasting effects of, [483];
  • methods of valuing, [544];
  • minor artificial, [424]-429;
  • mixing of, [531]-538;
  • nitrogenous, [293]-359;
  • phosphatic, [359]-417;
  • potassic, [418]-423;
  • quantities of, applied to oats, [504];
  • unexhausted, [549]-552, [558];
  • units for determining commercial value of, [554];
  • valuation of, [539]-559;
  • value of, deduced from experiments, [548];
  • various classes of, [111]-114.
• Manganese, oxide of, in ash of plants, [54].
• Mangels, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
• Manitoba soils, nitrogen in, at various depths, [156];
  • beans, [525]-527, [530];
  • cabbages, [528];
  • cereals, [493]-504;
  • clover, [524];
  • common farm crops, [493]-530;
  • grass, [504]-510;
  • hops, [528];
  • leguminous crops, [522]-528;
  • mangels, [511], [513], [514];
  • oats, [493]-504;
  • peas, [527];
  • potatoes, [517]-522;
  • roots, [510]-517;
  • turnips, [510], [511], [513]-517;
  • wheat, [499]-501.
• Manure, cow, [247];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Manures, action of, [61];
• Manurial constituents of various foods, [282].
• Manurial ingredients, unit value of, [544].
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • Rothamsted experiments on manuring of, [570].
• Manuring of, barley, [495]-498;
  • manuring of, [508];
  • Norfolk experiments on, [509].
• Maracaïbo guano, nitrogen in, [330];
  • composition of, [152];
  • imports of, [324];
  • manufacture of, [324];
  • nitrogen in, [324];
  • phosphoric acid in, [324];
  • rate of nitrification in, [192];
  • source of nitrogen, [152];
  • value of, [324].
• Marl, phosphoric acid in, [211].
• Marsh-gas from farmyard manure, [258].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Meadow-hay, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
• Meadow-land, benefited by basic slag, [414], [508];
• Meat-meal guano, [320], [324];
• Mechi on liquid manure, [442].
  • potash in, [214], [220].
• Mejillones guano, [309], [327];
  • convert nitrous acid into nitric acid, [168];
  • effect fermentation, [80];
  • effect fixation of free nitrogen, [44];
  • effect nitrification, [161];
  • oxidising power of, [197].
• Mène, on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Menhaddo, guano manufactured from, [322].
  • nitrogen removed in, [147];
  • phosphoric acid removed in, [207];
  • potash removed in, [218].
• Mexico phosphate, [308], [328].
  • value of, as a manure, [380].
• Mica, analysis of, [105];
• Micro-organisms, convert ammonia into nitrous acid, [167];
• Mild lime, [453].
  • ammonia lost in, [533];
  • nitric acid lost in, [536];
  • phosphates reverted in, [536].
• Milk, nitrification in albuminoids of, [182];
  • in farmyard manure, [260];
  • in manures, [543];
  • necessary for nitrification, [52], [176].
• Mineral phosphates, [373]-381;
• Mineral salts necessary for nitrification, [52].
• Minor artificial manures, [424]-429.
• Mixing manures, [532]-538;
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Moisture, atmospheric, action on guano, [300];
  • formula of, [398];
  • molecular composition of, [398];
  • percentage composition of, [398];
  • reversion of, with iron and alumina compounds, [399]
  • —with tricalcic phosphate, [399].
• Molds, [94].
• Mona guano, [309].
• Mond, Ludwig, on nitrogen in coal, [354].
  • on sewage-sludge as manure, [439];
  • on urine voided, [292].
• Monks guano, [327];
  • on nitrifying organisms in soil, [180];
  • on oxidising power of micro-organisms, [197].
• Monocalcic phosphate, [386];
  • forms calcium chloride, [422];
  • harmful effects of, [421];
  • more concentrated than sulphate, [422].
• Mulder on humus in soil, [47], [126].
• Müller, A., on nitrogen in soil, [121], [124].
• Munro, Dr J. M. H., on nitrification, [52];
• Müntz, on ammonia in air, [118];
• Muriate of potash, application of, [423];
• Mustard, [139].
  
• Navassa phosphate, [308], [328], [379].
• Nesbit on composition of guano, [301].
  • origin of, [334].
• New Granada, guano deposits at, [327].
  • amount exported from Chili, [151], [332], [351];
  • amount imported into Britain, [151], [351];
  • appearance of fields of, [340];
  • application of, [347];
  • Chili and Peru chief source of, [161];
  • composition of, [343];
  • crops suited by, [346];
  • discovery of deposits of, [333];
  • extent of deposits of, [342];
  • encourages deep roots, [344];
  • formation of fields of, [334]-340;
  • method of applying, [347];
  • method of mining, [341];
  • nitric acid in, source of, [337];
  • nitrogen in, percentage of, [343];
  • not an exhausting manure, [345];
  • origin of fields of, [334];
  • properties of, [343];
  • quantity to apply, [348];
  • shipments of, [351];
  • soils benefited by, [348];
  • source of nitrogen, [150];
  • top-dressing with, [344].
• New Zealand, meat-meal guano from, [324].
  • amount produced at different times, [189];
  • amount in soil, [129];
  • conditions diminishing loss of, [139];
  • constantly formed in soil, [138];
  • in barley-soils, [158];
  • in cropped soils, [130], [157];
  • in drainage-waters, [160], [188];
  • in fallow-soils, [129];
  • in manured wheat-soils, [131], [157];
  • in soil, [129], [162];
  • lost by drainage, [137];
  • most formed in summer, [139];
  • nitrogen as, in Rothamsted soils, [198];
  • position of, in soil, [188];
  • quantity formed in fallow-fields, [188].
• Nile, nitrates in waters of, [159].
  • occurrence of, [162];
  • soils of India, [162].
• "Nitraries," [163].
  • derived from sea weed, [337];
  • formed from ammonia, [118];
  • formed from nitrous acid, [168];
  • in farmyard manure, [259];
  • in soil, [128];
  • lost in mixing manures, [536];
  • most important nitrogen compound for plants, [161];
  • relation of, to plants, [50];
  • source of, in nitrate of soda, [337].
• Nitrate-fields, appearance of, [340];
  • action of gypsum on, [173];
  • alkalinity necessary for, [172];
  • in asparagin, [182];
  • bearing of, on agriculture, [193];
  • in bones, [182];
  • cause of, [165];
  • conditions favourable for, [170];
  • denitrification, [177]-179;
  • effected by micro-organisms, [51], [167];
  • in ethylamine, [182];
  • in fallow-fields, [184];
  • food-constituents necessary for, [170];
  • field experiments on rate of, [187];
  • in gelatin, [182];
  • in horn, [182];
  • laboratory experiments on rate of, [185];
  • in manures, [190], [192];
  • in milk albuminoids, [182];
  • mineral salts necessary for, [52];
  • moisture necessary for, [52], [176];
  • old theories on, [196];
  • organic matter not necessary for, [169], [196];
  • oxygen necessary for, [52], [173];
  • plant-roots promote, [181];
  • in rape-cake, [182];
  • rate of, [183];
  • rotation of crops, bearing of, on, [195];
  • soil best suited for, [192];
  • in subsoils, conditions favourable for, [181];
  • substances capable of, [181];
  • in summer, [183];
  • sunlight, effect of, on, [176];
  • temperature necessary for, [52], [175];
  • in thiocyanates, [182];
  • in urea, [182];
  • in wool, [182].
• Nitrate of soda, [332]-351;
  • distribution of, in soil, [179];
  • effect of poisons on, [176];
  • organic matter not required by, [169].
• Nitrates, amount lost by drainage, [140];
• Nitre, beds, [163];
  • absorbed by soil, [81], [131];
  • accumulates in pastures, [134];
  • in air, [116];
  • as ammonia in soils, [127];
  • amount of, in plants, [40];
  • amount of, in soil, [123];
  • artificial supply of, [150];
  • in bat guano, [325];
  • in bones, [363], [364];
  • combined, in air, [118];
  • combined, in rain, [119], [155];
  • condition of, in manures, [540];
  • converted into nitrates in soil, [51];
  • in cow-dung, [226]-228;
  • in cow excrements, [278];
  • in cow-urine, [230];
  • difference between surface and subsoil, [126];
  • different forms of, [45], [116];
  • dissolved in rain, [131];
  • in dried blood, [424];
  • in farmyard manure, [260];
  • in fish-guano, [321];
  • fixation of free, [136];
  • forms of, in plants, [491];
  • free, relation of, to plant, [117];
  • gain of, with leguminous crops, [135];
  • in guanos, [329];
  • in hoofs and horns, [426];
  • in horse-dung, [226]-228;
  • in horse-manure, [243];
  • in horse-urine, [230];
  • importance of, in soil, [88];
  • in lean flesh, [424];
  • in leather, [428];
  • least abundant of manurial ingredients in soil, [271];
  • loss of, artificial sources of, [144];
  • loss of, by crops, [144];
  • loss of, on farm, [146];
  • loss of, sources of, [137]-150;
  • loss of, total amount of, [142];
  • lost in the arts, [148];
  • lost in free condition, [141];
  • lost in treating farmyard manure, [146];
  • lost in milk, [147];
  • lost by retrogression, [142];
  • in Manitoba soils, [156];
  • in meat-guano, [324];
  • nature of, in soil, [124];
  • as nitrates in soil, [128];
  • as nitrates in cropped soils, [130], [157];
  • as nitrates in Rothamsted soils, [198];
  • as nitrates in wheat-soils, [157];
  • in nitrate of soda, [343];
  • nitric, in soil, [128];
  • organic, absorbed by plants, [47];
  • organic, in soil, [125];
  • original source of, in soil, [133];
  • in oxen excrements, [280];
  • in pasture-lands, [158];
  • peat-soils richest in, [123];
  • in Peruvian guano, [302], [306], [307], [329];
  • in pig-dung, [226]-227;
  • position of, in agriculture, [115]-160;
  • relative manurial value of, [556];
  • Rothamsted experiments on, [115];
  • in scutch, [427];
  • in sewage, [431];
  • in sewage-sludge, [439];
  • in sheep-dung, [226]-228;
  • in sheep excrements, [280];
  • in sheep-urine, [230];
  • in soil, [120];
  • in soil, portion of, easily nitrifiable, [187];
  • in soils at various depths, [156];
  • in soot, [428];
  • source of, in plants, [15], [16], [40]-52;
  • sources of soil, [131]-137;
  • in straw, [237], [243];
  • in subsoil, [121];
  • in surface-soil, [121];
  • in swine-urine, [230];
  • in woollen rags, [427].
• Nitric acid, amount of, supplied to soil by rain, [155];
• Nitrification, [51], [52], [161]-198;
  • benefit cereals, [494];
  • hurtful to leguminous crops, [523].
• Nitrifying organisms, depth found at in soil, [180];
  • in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Nitrobaeter, [167].
• Nitrogen, [115]-160;
  • formed from ammonia, [167].
• Nitrogenous guano, [300]-308, [329].
  • on potash in soil, [108].
• Nitrogenous manures, application of, [478];
• Nitrogenous organic substances, in Chincha guano, [305];
  • experiments on barley, [497]
  • —on meadow-land, [509]
  • —on turnips, [513].
• Nitrosomonas, [167].
• Nitrous acid, converted into nitric acid, [168];
• Nobbe, on fixation of free nitrogen, [136];
• Nöllner on origin of nitrate-fields, [339].
  • manurial constituents in, [282].
• Norfolk, coprolites from, [374];
  • avenine in, [503];
  • fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
  • hardy crop, [502];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [501]-504;
  • nitrogen removed in crop of, [148];
  • require mixed nitrogenous manures, [502];
  • source of nitrogen, [153];
  • Rothamsted experiments on growth of, [567].
• North America, guano from, [298], [328].
• Norwegian apatite, [375].
  
• Oak-tree, water transpired by, [71].
  • source of nitrogen, [153].
• Oat-straw, composition of, [238];
• Oats, Arendt's experiments with, [503];
  • composition of, [103];
  • potash in, [220].
• Oficinas, [342].
  • in dung, [228], [260];
  • in manures, [543];
  • not necessary for nitrifying organism, [169].
• Ohlendorff, introduction of dissolved guano by, [311].
  • composition of, [103];
  • potash in, [220].
• Oilcakes, imports of, [153];
• Oil-seeds, source of nitrogen, [153].
• Oligoclase felspars, [103], [214];
• Organic matter, in bones, [363];
  • food aided by, [280];
  • solid excreta voided by, [280];
  • urine voided by, [280].
• Orthoclase felspars, [103], [214];
  • products of, [79], [80].
• Ox-dung, fertilising ingredients in, for food consumed, [228].
  • absorbed by soil, [81];
  • evolved by plants, [11];
  • necessary for fertility, [81];
  • necessary for nitrification, [52], [173];
  • percentage of, in plants, [39];
  • source of, in plants, [39].
• Ox-urine, fertilising ingredients in, [232].
  • nitrogen in, [330];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Oxalic acid in guano, action of, [330].
• Oxen, excrements of, [280];
• Oxidation, [79];
• Oxygen, absorbed by plant-roots, [81];
• 
  
  • on nitrification, [166].
• Pabellon de Pica, guano from, [298], [302], [327];
  • benefited by basic slag, [414];
  • deficient in lime, [451];
  • effect of manure on herbage of, [505];
  • nitrogen in, [158];
  • permanent, [138], [194]
  • —manuring of, [509];
  • season influences, [507];
  • soil influences, [507].
• Pacific Islands, guano from, [298].
  • nitrogen in, [330];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Pacific Ocean, sea-weed in, [339].
• Palagonite as potash manure, [213].
• Palm-kernel meal, manurial constituents in, [282].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Pasteur, on fermentation in urine, [255];
• Pastures, accumulation of nitrogen in, [134];
• Patagonian guano, [308], [327];
  • manuring of, [527];
  • phosphorus in, [205];
  • source of nitrogen, [153].
• Patent phosphate meal, [405].
  • adulterant of guano, [317];
  • analysis of stable-manure from, [281];
  • litter, [239];
  • nitrogen in, [240];
  • retaining properties of, [240];
  • soils, [123].
• Patillos, guano deposits at, [327].
• Patos Island, guano deposits at, [328];
  • nitrogen in, [330];
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Patterson on superphosphate, [399].
• Payen and Boussingault on composition of dried flesh, [425].
• Peas, manurial constituents in, [282];
• Peat, absorbing properties of, [239];
• Pelicans, guano from, [297].
• Penguin Island guano, [330];
• Penguins, guano from, [297].
• Percival on carbonic acid in plants, [12].
• Peru, guano deposits in, [327];
• guano first used in, [297];
• nitrate of soda from, [161], [162].
• Peruvian guano, [300]-306;
• appearance of, [303];
• composition of, [304]-306;
• deposits of, [301];
• imports of, [151], [297];
• source of nitrogen, [151].
  • in apatite, [374];
  • in Belgian phosphate, [377];
  • in bones, [364];
  • in Cambridge coprolites, [374];
  • in Carolina phosphates, [376];
  • in crust guanos, [379];
  • in Estremadura phosphate, [375];
  • in Florida phosphate, [378];
  • in French phosphates, [379];
  • in Lahn phosphates, [379];
  • in Somme phosphate, [378];
  • reverted in mixing manures, [537].
• Peters and Eichhorn on solvent power of salt, [471].
  • importance of mechanical condition of, [542].
• Petzholdt on sources of plant's nitrogen, [42].
  • imports of, [381];
  • value as a manure, [380].
• Pfeffer on action of light on plant-growth, [38].
• Phœnix Island guano, [309].
• Phosphate of iron in Chincha guano, [305].
• Phosphate of lime, in Algerian phosphate, [379];
  • in ash of plants, [54];
  • in basic slag, [404];
  • in bat guano, [325];
  • in bones, [363];
  • condition of, in soil, [203];
  • in cow-dung, [226]-228;
  • in cow excrements, [280];
  • in cow-urine, [230];
  • in farmyard manure, [260];
  • in fish-guano, [321];
  • fixed by soils, [58];
  • gain of, [208];
  • in guano, percentage of, [329], [330];
  • guano a source of, [202];
  • in hoofs and horns, [426];
  • in horse-dung, [226]-228;
  • in horse-urine, [230];
  • importance of, [88];
  • loss of, artificial sources of, [206]
  • —by drainage, [206]
  • —in farmyard manure, [208]
  • —in milk, [207]
  • —in sewage, [208]
  • —sources of, in agriculture, [205];
  • in meat-guano, [324];
  • mineral sources of, [200];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55];
  • occurrence of, in animals, [205]
  • —in nature, [199]
  • —in plants, [204]
  • —in soil, [203];
  • in oxen excrements, [280];
  • in pig-dung, [226], [227];
  • in pig excrements, [281];
  • in pig-urine, [230];
  • position of, in agriculture, [199]-211;
  • relative trade values of, in manures, [400];
  • in rocks, [202], [211];
  • in sewage-sludge, [441];
  • in sheep-dung, [226]-228;
  • in sheep excrements, [280];
  • in sheep-urine, [230];
  • statement of, in analyses of manures, [541].
• Phosphates of lime, [385]-388, [398];
• Phosphates, mineral, [373]-381;
  • in animals, [205];
  • in beans, [205];
  • in peas, [205];
  • in plants, [204];
  • in pig-iron, [401].
• Phosphatic guano, [308], [330].
• Phosphatic manures, application of, [480].
• Phosphoretted hydrogen in farmyard manure, [258].
  • in dry state, [227].
• Phosphoric acid, [199]-211;
  • composition of, [281].
• Phosphorite, [201], [374].
  • amount produced per day, [251];
  • mineral matter in, [251];
  • nitrogen in, [251];
  • poor in nitrogen, [251].
• Phosphorus, in albuminoids, [205];
  • —in dry state, [231].
• Physical properties of soils, [66]-87.
  • analysis of, [331].
• Pichard on action of gypsum on nitrification, [173].
  • food consumed by, [281].
• Pig-dung, composition of, [226];
• Pig excrements, [281];
  • amount of hydrogen in, [40]
  • —nitrogen in, [40]
  • —oxygen in, [40];
  • ash constituents of, [53]-55;
  • carbon fixed by, [37], [38];
  • food, absorption of, by, [55];
  • phosphoric acid in, [204];
  • potash in, [216];
  • proximate composition of, [36];
  • relation of ammonia to, [48]-50;
  • source of hydrogen in, [40]
  • —nitrogen in, [40]-52
  • —oxygen in, [39], [40].
• Pig-manure, [250];
  • amount of soluble, in soil, [100];
  • early theories on source of, [4];
  • retained by soil, [57].
• Pig-urine, composition of, [230]
  • nitrification promoted by, [181];
  • openness required by, [83];
  • room required by, [85];
  • soil in relation to, [84].
• Pigeon-dung, [320], [325];
  • on salt as a manure, [465].
• Pigs, excrements of, [281];
• Pisagua, nitrate-fields at, [340].
• Plant, action of light on, [38];
• Plant-food, absorption of, [490];
• Plant-roots, grow downwards, [84];
  • phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
• Pliny, on lime as a manure, [449];
  • in ash of plants, [54];
  • in barilla, [420];
  • chloride of, [218];
  • condition of, in soil, [216];
  • in cows' excrements, [280];
  • in drainage-waters, [217];
  • in farmyard manure, [260];
  • in felspars, [220];
  • in fleece, [217];
  • fixed by soils, [58];
  • importance of, in soil, [88];
  • in kelp, [420];
  • less important than phosphoric acid, [212];
  • manures, [218], [418]-423;
  • muriate of, [218], [421];
  • necessary for nitrification, [171];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55];
  • occurrence of, [213];
  • in ocean, [213];
  • in oxen excrements, [280];
  • in pig excrements, [280];
  • in plants, [216];
  • position of, in agriculture, [212]-220;
  • relative manurial value of, [556];
  • Scottish soils supplied with, [419];
  • in sheep excrements, [280];
  • soda replaces, [466];
  • sources of loss of, [217];
  • in Stassfurt salts, [214];
  • statement of, in analyses of manures, [542];
  • in sugar-beet refuse, [219];
  • sulphate of, [218], [421];
  • in wood-ashes, [218], [220], [419].
• Pockets a source of phosphoric acid, [202].
  • application of, [422], [480]
  • —rate of, [423];
  • barilla as, [420];
  • crops suited for, [423];
  • relative importance of, [418];
  • soils suited for, [423];
  • sources of, [419];
  • Stassfurt salts as, [420];
  • wood-ashes a source of, [419].
• Poisons, effect of, on nitrifying organisms, [176].
• Polstorff on ash constituents of plants, [53].
  • in concretionary nodules, [328].
• Polyhallite, potash in, [220], [420].
  • fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
  • grown with covered manure, [289];
  • Highland Society's experiments on, [518];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [517]-522
  • —in Jersey, [529]
  • —influences composition of, [521];
  • potash removed in, [217];
  • Rothamsted experiments on, [519], [571].
• Porphyry, in guano, [303];
• Potash, [212]-220, [418]-423;
• Potash manures, [218], [418]-423;
• Potassium phosphate in concretionary nodules, [328].
  • on nitrogen in plants, [40].
• Potassium sulphate, in Chincha guano, [305];
• Potatoes, effect of farmyard manure on, [520];
• Precipitated ammonium phosphate in concretionary nodules, [328].
  • nitrogen in, [303];
  • phosphoric acid in, [303].
• Precipitated phosphate, [330], [387].
• Precipitation, treatment of sewage by, [436].
• Priestley, discovery of evolution of oxygen by plants, [11];
• Prussiate of potash, manufacture of, [353].
• Pugh on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Punta de Lobos guano, [302];
  • manurial constituents in, [282].
• Punta de Patillos, guano deposits at, [327].
• Pyroxene, potash in, [220].
  
  • phosphoric acid, [330].
• Quartz, evaporation of water from, [99].
• Queensland, meat-meal guano from, [324].
• Quercitan, experiments of, with roses, [8].
  
• Rape-cake, capable of nitrification, [182];
• Rape-seeds, imports of, [153].
• Raza Island guano, [328];
  • determination of amount of, [391];
  • formation of, [387];
  • value of, [391].
• Rectified guano, [311].
• Relative trade values of phosphoric acid, [400].
  • manurial constituents of, [282].
• Resin in guano, [305].
• Retentive power of soils for water, [70]-73.
  • manuring of, [510]-522;
  • Norfolk experiments on, [513];
  • potash removed in, [217].
• Retrogression, nitrogen lost by, [142].
• Reverted phosphates, [389]-391;
  • potash removed in, [290].
• Rhine, nitrates in waters of, [158].
  • ammonia in rain at, [49];
  • barley experiments at, [566];
  • Broadbalk Field, alteration in composition of, [159]
  • —manuring of, [159]
  • —produce of wheat on, [159];
  • early experiments at, [33]-36;
  • experiments, [560]-572;
  • experiments with nitrate of soda at, [347];
  • experiments on nitrogen question at, [115]
  • —mangel-wurzel, [568]
  • —oats, [567]
  • —potatoes at, [519]
  • —value of nitrogen in farmyard manure, [271];
  • increase of nitrogen with manures at, [137], [513];
  • nitrates in barley-soils of, [158];
  • nitrates in cropped soils of, [130], [157];
  • nitrates in drainage of, [189];
  • nitrates in wheat-soils of, [131], [157];
  • nitrogen as nitrates in soils of, [129], [198];
  • nitrogen, decrease of, in soils, [159];
  • nitrogen in pasture at, [126];
  • pasture, increase of nitrogen in, [158];
  • retrogression of nitrogen at, [142];
  • soil, nature of, [561]
  • —nitrogen in, at various depths, [156];
  • total amount of nitrogen lost at, [142];
  • turnip experiments at, [568];
  • unmanured fallow-land loses nitrogen by drainage at, [141];
  • wheat experiments at, [500], [562]-565.
• Rice-meal, an adulterant of guano, [319];
• Rocks, phosphoric acid in, [202].
• Roots, influence of manures on composition of, [512];
• Rotation of crops, bearing of, on nitrification, [195].
• Rotations, phosphoric acid in, [290];
• Rothamsted, alternate wheat and bean rotation at, [524];
  • winter, composition-of, [238].
• Roy on sources of plant-nitrogen, [42].
• Rubidia in ash of plants, [55].
  • nitrogen in, [329];
  • phosphoric acid in, [329].
• Ruffle, John, on superphosphate, [388].
• Rye, manurial constituents in, [282].
• Rye-grass suited for sewage, [435].
  • action of, on crops, [472];
  • adulterant of guano, [319];
  • amount applied, [473];
  • antiquity of use of, [465];
  • an antiseptic, [468];
  • application of, [472];
  • clarifies water, [470];
  • coagulates clay, [470];
  • decomposes minerals, [470];
  • a germicide, [468];
  • indirect action of, [468];
  • mechanical action of, [470];
  • nature of action of, [465];
  • not a necessary plant-food, [466];
  • occurrence of, [467];
  • prevents rapid fermentation, [471];
  • quantity to apply, [473];
  • solvent action of, [470];
  • sources of, [468].
• Rye-straw, summer, composition of, [238];
  • occurrence of, [215];
  • plantations, [163].
• 
  
  • an adulterant of guano, [319];
  • calcareous, absorptive power of, [98];
  • siliceous, absorptive power of, [98].
• St Helena, experiments at, with Peruvian guano, [301].
• Saldanha Bay guano, [328];
• Salinas, [335].
• Salm-Horstmar, Prince, on water-culture, [54].
  • on nitrogen in plants, [41];
  • researches on plant-food by, [15].
• Salt, [465]-473;
• Saltpetre, formation of, [164];
• Sand, absorptive power of, [68];
  • experiments on rate of nitrification by, [185];
  • on denitrification, [179];
  • on ferments effecting nitrification, [167];
  • on fixation of free nitrogen, [42];
  • on ammonia in air, [119], [132];
  • on nitrogen absorbed by soil from air, [132];
  • on temperature favourable for nitrification, [175].
• Sandy soils deficient in lime, [451].
• Sandwich Islands, guano deposits at, [328].
  • on retentive power of soils, [98].
• Saragossa Sea, sea-weed in, [339].
• Saussure, De, on absorption of gases by soil, [81];
  • manufacture of, [427];
  • nitrogen in, [427].
• Sawdust an adulterant of guano, [319].
• Scheibler, Professor, on basic slag, [404].
• Schloesing and Müntz, on nitrification, [51], [166];
• Schoenite, potash in, [220].
• Schübler, on absorptive power of soils, [98];
  • on nitrogen in plants, [41].
• Schulze on fixers, [246].
  • charcoal a filter for, [437];
  • crops suited for, [434];
  • denitrification in, [179];
  • dry matter in, [431];
  • effects of continued applications of, [433];
  • filters for, [437];
  • irrigation with, [431]-433;
  • nitrification in, [166];
  • nitrogen lost in, [149];
  • phosphoric acid lost in, [149];
  • purified by soils, [435];
  • treatment of, by precipitation, [436];
  • value of, as a manure, [430].
• Scutch, [427];
• Sea-weed, nitric acid in, [339].
  • as a manure, experiments with, [438];
  • nitrogen in, [439];
  • phosphoric acid in, [439];
  • profitable treatment of, [441];
  • value of, [439];
  • water in, [438].
• Seals, guano from, [297].
• Seed, fertilising ingredients lodge in, [491].
• Seine, nitrates in waters of, [158].
  • solid excreta voided by, [280];
  • urine voided by, [280].
• Sénébier, Jean, on carbon in plants, [12];
  • composition of, in dry state, [227];
  • most valuable excrement, [227];
  • nitrogen in, [226];
  • phosphoric acid in, [226];
  • water in, [226].
• Sewage, [430]-441;
  • amount produced per day, [251]
  • —per year, [252];
  • dry matter in, [252];
  • mineral matter in, [252];
  • nitrogen in, [252].
• Sewage-sick land, [433].
  • composition of, in dry state, [231];
  • most valuable urine, [231];
  • nitrogen in, [230];
  • phosphoric acid in, [230];
  • water in, [230].
• Sewage-sludge, [438]-441;
  • production of, [152], [425];
  • nitrogen in, [152], [427].
• Shale-works, sulphate of ammonia, from, [358].
• Shark's Bay guano, [309], [328].
• Sheep, excrements of, [280], [281];
• Sheep-dung, alkalies in, [226];
  • in Chincha guano, [305];
  • jelly, [169];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55].
• Sheep-manure, [251];
  • absorbed by cereals, [494].
• Sheep-urine, alkalies in, [230];
• Shoddy, [427];
• Sicily, bones from, [360].
• Sidney Island guano, phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Siemens, Dr, experiments by, with light on plants, [38].
• Silica, in ash of plants, [55];
  • fixed by soils, [58];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55];
  • nitrate of, [332]-351;
  • in salinas, [335];
  • replaces potash, [466].
• Silicates, [102];
• Silicic acid fixed by soils, [58].
• Simon on humus in soil, [47].
• Slaked lime, [454].
  • absorptive power of, for water, [67], [98];
  • acids fixed by, [58]-60;
  • action of lime on, [453];
  • ammonia absorbed by, [81];
  • amount of soluble plant-food in, [100];
  • artificial, [54];
  • barley, nitrates in, [158];
  • bases fixed by, [58]-60;
  • best suited for nitrification, [192];
  • biological properties of, [92]-96;
  • capacity for heat, [76]-78;
  • carbonic acid absorbed by, [81];
  • chemical composition of, [87]-92, [101]-107;
  • colour of, [80];
  • cropped, nitrates in, [157];
  • denitrification in, [177];
  • evaporation from, [71], [72];
  • farmyard manure, action of, on, [272];
  • fertilising ingredients in, [87];
  • fertility of, [65]-108;
  • fineness of, [69]-70;
  • gases in, [100];
  • hygroscopic power of, [75]-76, [99];
  • improved by humus, [272];
  • influence of farmyard manure on, [475];
  • on nitrification, [180];
  • manures increase fertility of, [474];
  • nitrates in, amount of, [128]-131;
  • nitrifying organisms in, [179];
  • distribution of, [179];
  • nitrogen absorbed by, [81], [82], [131];
  • nitrogen accumulates, [133];
  • nitrogen in, amount of, [120]-128;
  • nitrogen least abundant of manurial ingredients in, [270];
  • nitrogen at various depths in, [156];
  • oxygen absorbed by, [81];
  • phosphoric acid in, [203]
  • —condition of, in, [203]
  • —occurrence of, in, [203];
  • peat, [123];
  • possesses power of fixing ammonia, [57];
  • potash in, [215]
  • —condition of, in, [216];
  • potential fertility of, [549];
  • power of, for absorbing gases, [81];
  • relation of, to plant-roots, [84];
  • retention of plant-food by, [57];
  • retentive power of, for water, [70]-73;
  • sewage purified by, [435];
  • shrinkage of, [74];
  • variation in absorbing powers of, [82];
  • varieties of, [67];
  • virgin, [133];
  • water in, most favourable amount of, [75];
  • water-logged, [179];
  • wheat, nitrates in, [157].
• Slugs killed by lime, [461].
• Smut prevented by lime, [461].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Soda, in ash of plants, [54];
• Sodium chloride in Chincha Island guano, [305].
  • application of, rate of, [429];
  • crops suited by, [429];
  • nitrogen in, [428].
• Sodium phosphate in concretionary nodules, [328].
  • meat-meal guano from, [324].
• Sodium sulphate in concretionary nodules, [328].
  • phosphoric acid in, [330].
• Soil, [65]-108;
  • potash in, [215], [420].
• Soluble phosphate, [386].
• Sombrero phosphate, [308], [328], [330], [379];
  • on composition of urine, [229].
• Somme phosphate, [378].
  • on composition of leaves, [242];
  • on fish-guano, [323];
  • on nitrogen removed in milk, [147].
• Soot, [428];
  • imports of, [153];
  • as litter, [236], [248];
  • mineral matter in, [238], [243];
  • nitrogen in, [237], [243];
  • variation in composition of, [237].
• South America, guano deposits in, [327];
• Starbuck Island guano, [309], [328];
• Stassfurt salts, [214];
• Stead and Ribsdale on formation of basic slag, [407].
• Stoeckhardt, on composition of solid excreta, [226];
  • ammonia in, [355];
  • application of, [356];
  • composition of, [355];
  • a concentrated nitrogenous manure, [356];
  • converted into nitrates, [356];
  • from gas-works, [353];
  • from iron-works, [355];
  • from shale-works, [354];
  • manure for cereals, [356];
  • most easily nitrifiable manure, [191];
  • production of, [151], [358];
  • properties of, [355];
  • source of nitrogen, [149];
  • sources of, [353], [354], [358];
  • sulphocyanate of ammonia in, [355].
• Storer, Professor, on composition of birds' dung, [331];
• Straw, composition of, [238];
  • as a fixer, [246].
• Subsoil, conditions favourable for nitrification in, [181].
  • —rate of, [423];
  • compared with muriate, [421];
  • sources of, [218], [420].
• Suffolk coprolites, [374].
• Sugar-beet refuse, potash in, [219].
  • —on guano, [311]
  • —on tricalcic phosphate, [398];
  • in ash of plants, [54];
  • as a fixer, [245], [285];
  • necessary for plant-growth, [55];
  • superphosphate manufactured with, [384], [388].
• Sulphate of alumina, a precipitant of sewage, [437].
  • action of, [392]-395
  • —sometimes unfavourable, [395];
  • application of, [395]
  • —rate of, [397];
  • composition of, [391];
  • discovery of, [382];
  • hastens early growth, [394];
  • high-class, [392];
  • low-class, [392];
  • manufacture of, [383]-385
  • —phosphates suitable for, [384];
  • medium-class, [391];
  • production of, [382];
  • reversion in, [389], [399], [400]
  • —causes of, [389], [390];
  • reverted in soil, [392].
• Sulphate of ammonia, [352]-358;
• Sulphate of lime a fixer, [246].
• Sulphate of magnesia, an adulterant of guano, [319];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [514].
• Sulphate of potash, application of, [422]
  • composition of, [227];
  • nitrogen in, [226];
  • phosphoric acid in, [226];
  • water in, [226].
• Sulphuretted hydrogen from farmyard manure, [258].
  • composition of, [231];
  • nitrogen in, [230];
  • phosphoric acid in, [230];
  • water in, [230].
• Sulphuric acid, action of, on bones, [382]
• Superphosphate, [382]-400;
  • phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
• Surprise Island guano, [328].
• Swan Island guano, [328].
• Swedes, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
• Swine-dung, alkalies in, [226];
• Swine-urine, alkalies in, [230];
• Sydney Island guano, [309].
  • occurrence of, [387], [405];
  • solubility of, [387].
• Syenite, [106];
• Sylvin, potash in, [220].
• Symbiosis, [44].
  
• Tamarugal, Pampa de, nitrate deposit in, [340].
• Tarapaca, nitrate deposits in, [340].
• Temperature necessary for nitrification, [52], [175].
• Tetracalcic phosphate, [387];
• Thaer on application of farmyard manure, [275].
• Thiocyanates, nitrification in, [182].
• Thomas-Gilchrist process of steel-smelting, [402].
• Thomas-slag. See Basic slag.
• Tillage increases number of plants, [86].
  • by oak-tree, [71].
• Timor Island guano, [309].
  • water transpired by, [71].
• Tobacco, potash in, [217].
• Torrefied horn, [426].
• Torrefied leather, [428].
• Tortola guano, [309].
• Trachyte, phosphoric acid in, [202], [211].
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [510], [511], [513]-517;
  • Rothamsted experiments on growth of, [568].
• Transpiration, by elm-tree, [71];
• Trees, as pumping-engines, [76];
• Tricalcic phosphate, [386], [398].
• Tubercles on roots of plants, [44].
  • in humus, [47].
• Tull, Jethro, theory of, on plant-growth, [9]-11, [69], [109].
• Turkey, dung produced by, [331].
• Turnips, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
• Twigs, potash in, [217].
• Tyrosin, assimilated by plants, [47].
  
• Ulmates in farmyard manure, [259].
• Ulmic acid, in farmyard manure, [258];
  • in farmyard manure, [257];
  • nitrification in, [182].
• Ulmin in humus, [47].
  • in Chincha Island guano, [305].
• Uncovered farmyard manure, [263], [289].
  • amount voided, [291];
  • composition of, varies, [228];
  • contains digested manurial ingredients, [228], [232];
  • devoid of phosphoric acid, [205];
  • and dung, composition of, [234];
  • influence of food on, [229];
  • nitrification in, [197];
  • nitrogen in, [292];
  • potash in, [292];
  • voided by cows, [280];
  • voided by oxen, [280];
  • voided by pigs, [281];
  • voided by sheep, [280].
• Unexhausted manures, valuation of, [549]-552, [558].
• Unit value of manurial ingredients, [544].
• Units for determining commercial value of manures, [554].
• Urate of ammonium in Chincha Island guano, [305].
• Urea, assimilated by plants, [46];
  • theory of, on source of plant-nitrogen, [41].
• Uric acid, experiments with, [46];
• Urine, [228];
• Uruguay, meat-meal guano from, [324].
  
  • —of farmyard manure, [259];
  • on action of superphosphate, [395];
  • on fresh and rotted dung, [261], [286];
  • on guano, [316];
  • on salt as a manure, [473].
• Valuation of manures, [539]-559.
• Vegetation, desirable to have soil covered with, [194].
  • assimilation of organic nitrogen, [46];
  • experiments with basic slag, [408]-413;
  • fineness of basic slag, [409];
  • manures, [412];
  • relative manurial value of nitrogen compounds, [556];
  • solubility of basic slag, [408].
• Venezuela, guano deposits at, [327].
• Ville, Georges, on assimilation of ammonia, [50];
• Vine, potash removed by, [216].
  • on appearance of nitrous organisms, [168];
  • on conditions favourable for nitrification, [181];
  • experiments on rate of nitrification, [186];
  • on composition of farmyard manure, [260];
  • on manufacture of superphosphate, [383];
  • on manurial constituents of foods, [282];
  • on nitrification in alkaline solutions, [197];
  • on nitrogen in excrements, [233];
  • on nitrogen in soil, [122];
  • on potash in wool, [227];
  • researches of, on nitrification, [35], [52], 166-168, [180], [186].
• Virgin soils, [133].
  • amount of, transpired by plant-leaves, [56];
  • an adulterant of guano, [319];
  • a carrier of plant-food, [55];
  • in cow-dung, [226]
  • —cow-urine, [230];
  • from decomposition of farmyard manure, [257];
  • in horse-dung, [226]
  • —horse-urine, [230];
  • necessary for plant, [67];
  • in pig-dung, [226]
  • —pig-urine, [230]
  • —sheep-dung, [226]
  • —sheep-urine, [230];
  • transpired by elm-tree, [71]
  • —oak-tree, [71].
• Voelcker, Dr, analysis of apatite, [210]
• Voss, Hermann, on manures used, [152].
  
• Wagner, Professor, on, application of basic slag, [416];
• Wallace, Dr, on sewage purification, [436].
  • on sewage, [437].
• Walruses, guano from, [297].
• Warington, R,., on ammonia in rain, [49];
• Water, absorbed by plants, [73];
  • Flitcham experiments on, [500];
  • manurial constituents in, [282];
  • manuring of, [499]-501
  • nitrogen removed in crop of, [145];
  • requires nitrogenous manures, [499];
  • Rothamsted experiments on, [500], [562]-565;
  • a source of nitrogen, [153].
• Water-culture, [54].
• Water-logged soils, [179].
  • composition of, [238];
  • manurial constituents in, [282].
• Waterloo, bones from, [360].
• Way, Thomas, on retention of plant-food by soil, [57], [59];
• West Indies, guano from, [298].
• Whales, guano from, [322].
• Wheat, fertilising ingredients removed from soil by, [485];
  • on organisms in soil, [94].
• Wheat soils, nitrates in, [157].
  • composition of fresh and rotten dung, [288];
  • assimilation of organic nitrogen by plants, [47];
  • relative manurial value of manurial compounds, [556];
  • urine, [232].
• Wheat-straw, analysis of stable manure made from, [283];
• White clover, growth of, promoted by lime, [451].
• Wiegmann on ash constituents of plants, [53].
  • potash in, [217].
• Wilfarth on nitrogen in plants, [44].
  • nitrogen in, [427].
• Wilting, [73].
  • on water in soils, [75].
• Winogradsky, on nitrification, [52], [167], [169], [197];
• Wolff on, analysis of manure-heap drainings, [290];
• Wood-ashes as potash manure, [218], [419].
• Woodhouse, researches of, on nitrogen in plants, [41].
• Wool, capable of nitrification, [182];
• Wool-waste, [427];
• Woolney, on organisms in soils, [93], [95];
• Wrightson, Professor, on application of basic slag, [414].
  
• Yeast, [94].
• Yorkshire, bones first used in, [359].
  
• Zeolites, potash in, [220]