[16] See Colonel Noël’s account of his food-getting and his stores, Souvenirs militaires, pp. 128-9.

[17] See Lemonnier-Delafosse, Souvenirs, pp. 106-7.

[18] See vol. iii. pp. 470-1.

[19] See vol. iii. pp. 450-1.

[20] See vol. iii. p. 462.

[21] For details see D’Urban’s diary, January 1, 4, and 5, 1811. The French batteries on the first day shelled Carlos de España’s cantonments across the river, but with no effect.

[22] So Fririon in his Campagne de Portugal, p. 128.

[23] There is a description of the meeting in the diary of Ney’s aide-de-camp Sprünglin, who was in command of the party which actually met D’Erlon’s dragoons, p. 460.

[24] See vol. iii. p. 481.

[25] Napoleon to Berthier, November 3 and November 20, Correspondance, 17,079 and 17,141.