[8] When the Romans entirely abandoned the offensive an increased army became necessary, as a frontier held against raids requires to be protected on every point. Hence the conscriptions and large composition money of Constantine’s epoch. He is said to have had nearly half a million of men in his forces.
[9] See ὈΥΡΒΙΚΙΟΥ ἘΠΙΤΗΔΕΥΜΑ {OURBIKIOU EPITÊDEUMA}, a fourth century work, printed at the end of the Paris, 1598, edition of Arrian.
[10] The Grand Masters of the infantry and cavalry, the Count of the Palace, and 45 commanders of different corps.
[11] Cf. Ammianus Marcellinus with accounts of the Egyptian crowd at the first battle of El Teb.
[12] Maurice’s Stratêgikon, vi.
[13] At the still fiercer fight, where the army of the usurper Eugenius almost defeated Theodosius, we find that it was the barbarian cavalry of Arbogast, not the native infantry, which had become (only seven years after Maximus’ defeat) the chief force of the Western Empire.
[14] Vegetius, bk. i; ii. (15) and iii. (14).
[15] This Teutonic word is in full acceptation in the sixth century.
[16] Agathias.
[17] Though often called ‘bipennis’ it had not necessarily two blades, that word having become a mere general name for ‘axe.’