[105] In the Pay Roll of the garrison of Rhuddlan castle, 1281, we find ‘paid to Geoffrey le Chamberlin for the wages of twelve cross-bowmen, and thirteen archers, for twenty-four days, £7 8s., each cross-bowman receiving by the day 4d., and each archer 2d.

[106] Nic. Trivet, Annales, 282.

[107] It is surely unnecessary to call in the aid of treachery​--​as historians have so frequently done​--​in order to account for the rout of a force numbered by hundreds, by one numbered by thousands.

[108] The characteristic of their descendants in the second decade of the present century.

[109] 320 miles in eighteen days; a rate surpassing any continuous marching recorded of late years.

[110] See for Henry’s columns of route Viollet-le-Duc’s Tactique des Armées Françaises au Moyen Age.

[111] See Viollet-le-Duc’s Tactique des Armées Françaises au Moyen Age, p. 300.

[112] ‘Gladio ad usum fossarum verso, et ungue verrente tellurem concavant: et ante se campum equis inadibilem mira hostium astucia efficiebat.’ Blondel, iv. 6.

[113] ‘Et si Anglici, incaepto conflictu praestantes, Gallos retrogressos insequi ansi fuissent,’ etc. Blondel, iv. 7.

[114] ‘Fusis enim Anglorum bellis robusti quingenti sagittarii in hortum sentibus conseptum prosiliunt ... ac inexorabili Gallorum ferocitate, ut quisque genu flexo arcum traderet, [in sign of surrender] omnes (nec unus evasit) gladio confodiuntur.’ Blondel, iv. 8.