[125] Montecuculi notes that even in his day far into the 17th century, the Turk had not yet taken to the pike.

[126] The arquebus and cannon were novelties to the Mamelukes as late as 1517, if we are to trust the story of Kait Bey.

[127] Richard III of England is said to have adopted this expedient at Bosworth.

[Transcriber’s Notes]

Punctuation and spelling were made consistent when a predominant preference was found in this book; otherwise they were not changed.

Simple typographical errors were corrected; occasional unbalanced quotation marks retained.

Ambiguous hyphens at the ends of lines were retained. Inconsistent hyphenation retained.

This book uses both “Themes” and “themes”, “Zürich” and “Zurich”, “ascendancy” and “ascendency”.

Latinized transliterations of Greek are approximate.

Page [22]: “develope” was printed that way.