The Dark Ages, 476-918

by Charles Oman

Haroun-el-Raschid, 786-809.

El Amin, 809-13.

El-Mamun, 813-33.

El-Motassem, 833-41.

Wathek, 841-47.

El Motawakkel, 847-61.

---

INDEX

• Aachen, capital of Charles the Great, [340];
  • cathedral of, [381];
  • partition of, [389];
  • Lothair I. driven from, [409];
  • seized by Charles the Bald, [434];
  • sacked by the Danes, [439].
• Abbasside caliphs, rise of the, [315].
• Abdallah, Moorish chief, invades Italy, [458].
• Abdallah-Abu-Sahr, conquers Africa, [238].
• Abd-el-Melik, caliph, [249], [250].
• Abderahman besieges Constantinople, [247].
• —— viceroy of Spain, slain at Poictiers, [292], [294].
• —— king of Cordova, [345], [364], [506]-[507].
• Abotrites, Slavonic tribe, [360], [361], [427].
• Abu Bekr, first caliph, [216].
• Abu Obeida, Saracen chief, [217], [218].
• Acroinon, battle of, [311].
• Adalbert, stirs up civil wars, [473];
  • beheaded, [473].
• Adalhard dismissed by Louis the Pious, [386];
  • recalled, [391].
• Adaloald, king of the Lombards, [195].
• Adelchis, son of Desiderius, [347], [348], [363].
• Adelgis, duke of Benevento, imprisons Lewis II., [457].
• Africa, kingdom of Vandals in, [8];
  • conquered by Belisarius, [76]-[79];
  • conquered by Saracens, [238], [251].
• Agatho, pope, [278].
• Agila, Visigothic king, [133].
• Agilulf, Lombard king, [170], [193];
  • his conversion to Christianity, [193];
  • wars with the empire, [194].
• Agobard of Lyons, conspires against Lewis the Pious, [394];
  • deposed, [399].
• Aistulf, Lombard king, [327];
  • conquers Ravenna and Benevento, [327];
  • threatens Rome, and is subdued by Pippin, [329];
  • besieges Rome, [330];
  • defeated by Pippin and dies, [331].
• Alahis, duke of Trent, rebels against Berthari and Cunibert, [275].
• Alamanni, ask protection of Theodoric, [25];
  • subdued by Chlodovech, [60];
  • by Charles Martel, [290];
  • by Pippin the Short, [323].
• Alaric II. king of Visigoths, slain by Chlodovech, [26], [63].
• Alboin, Lombard king, [183];
  • invades Italy, [184];
  • murder of, [186].
• Alcuin, at court of Charles the Great, [341], [379], [380].
• Alexandria taken by Saracens, [220], [237].
• Alfonso I., his conquests from the Moors, [507].
• —— II., wars of, with the Moors, [508].
• —— III., wars of, [509].
• Ali, son-in-law of Mohammed, [240].
• Amalafrida, sister of Theodoric, wife of Thrasamund, [28];
  • murdered, [75].
• Amalaswintha, daughter of Theodoric, [29];
  • her regency for Athalaric, [74]-[79];
  • Theodahat her colleague, [80];
  • murdered, [80].
• Amalric, Visigothic king, [26], [63];
  • slain by the Franks, [115].
• Amblève, battle of, [266].
• Amorium, siege of, [255];
  • destroyed by Saracens, [487].
• Amrou, Saracen leader, [220], [237].
• Anastasius I., emperor, [46];
  • character of, [47];
  • quells rebellion of Isaurians, [48];
  • war with Persia, [48];
  • his heterodoxy, [51];
  • troubles with Blue and Green factions and with Vitalian, [51];
  • death, [52].
• —— II., dethrones Leontius, [254];
  • • his orthodoxy, [279];
    • rebels against Leo the Isaurian, [310].
• Anatolic theme, [242].
• Anbasa-ibn-Johim invades Gaul, [292].
• Anchialus, battle of, [316].
• Andalusia, conquests of East-Romans in, A.D. [106], [133]-[134].
• Andernach, battle of, [434].
• Andreas murders Constantinus-Constans, [246].
• Ansegisel, son of St. Arnulf, [178].
• Ansprand, regent for king Luitprand, [279], [280];
  • king of the Lombards, [280].
• Antioch taken by Persians, [92], [155];
  • by Saracens, [219].
• Antonina, wife of Belisarius, [70], [94], [95].
• Aquitaine conquered by Chlodovech, [62];
  • invaded by Saracens, [271], [292];
  • rebellions of, against the Franks, [292], [296], [323], [332], [337], [422].
• Arabia before Mohammed, [213].
• Ariadne, empress, [37], [46], [47].
• Arianism in Africa, [8], [10], [11];
  • in Spain, [62], [130], [141];
  • suppressed by Reccared, [142].
• Aribert, Lombard king, [272], [273].
• —— II., [279], [280].
• Arichis of Benevento rebels against Charles the Great, [348].
• Arioald, Lombard king, [196].
• Arles besieged by Franks, [26], [63];
  • gained and lost by Saracens, [296];
  • kingdom of, [437].
• Armenia conquered by Saracens, [250].
• Arnulf, St., bishop of Metz, [178].
• —— duke of Carinthia, rebels against Charles the Fat, [443];
  • invades Italy, [464];
  • reign of, [468]-[471];
  • defeats the Danes, [469].
• Artavasdus, rebellion of, [313].
• Artemius Anastasius. See [Anastasius II.]
• Ased-ibn-Forat, Saracen leader, [448].
• Asturias, kingdom of, [506]-[510].
• Athalaric, king of Ostrogoths, [74], [79].
• Athaloc, bishop, rebellion of, [142].
• Athanagild, Visigothic king, [133], [134].
• Audoin, Lombard king, [182].
• Augustine, St., his mission to Kent, [202].
• Austrasia, origin of name, [162].
• Authari, Lombard king, [170], [192];
  • his wars with the Franks, [192], [193].
• Auximum taken by Belisarius, [86].
• Avars, the, on the Danube, [146], [183];
  • their wars with the empire, [149], [151], [153];
  • invade Italy, [195];
  • threaten Constantinople, [207];
  • besiege it, [210], [211];
  • subdued by Charles the Great, [361], [362].
• Baduila (Totila), king of the Goths, [97];
  • conquers North Italy, [99];
  • takes Rome, [100];
  • conquers Sardinia and Sicily, [102];
  • defeated by Narses and slain, [104].
• Balearic islands won by the Franks, [364].
• Barcelona taken by the Franks, [365];
  • county of, [508].
• Bardas Caesar, regent for Michael III., [490];
  • murdered by his nephew, [491].
• Bari, Moorish kingdom of, [452];
  • retaken by Lewis II., [457].
• Basil I., the Macedonian, favourite of Michael III., [491];
  • murders his benefactor, [492];
  • his reign, [493];
  • his internal administration and wars, [492];
  • aids Lewis II. against Moors, [457].
• Basiliscus rebels against Zeno, [38].
• Basques, resist the Goths, [223], [224], [229];
  • slay Roland the Frank, [353].
• Bathildis, mother of Clothar III., [257].
• Bavarians, origin of the, [118];
  • rebel against the Franks, [261];
  • subdued by Charles Martel, [290];
  • conversion of, [297];
  • annexed by Charles the Great, [356].
• Begga, daughter of Pippin the Elder, [178].
• Belisarius, early history of, [70];
  • governor of Daras, [69];
  • defeats Persians, [69];
  • leads troops against ‘Nika’ rebellion, [73];
  • conquers Vandals, [76]-[78];
  • his triumph and consulship, [79];
  • conquers Ostrogoths, [81]-[88];
  • refuses Gothic crown, [87];
  • recalled by Justinian, [88];
  • second Persian war, [93];
  • disgraced, [95];
  • commands again in Italy, [99]-[101];
  • defeats the Huns, [108];
  • disgraced and restored, [108].
• Benedict III., reconciles the sons of Lothair, [425];
  • his quarrel with Photius, [453].
• Benevento, origin of duchy of, [187];
  • invaded by Charles the Great, [349];
  • by Moors, [450];
  • by Byzantines, [460].
• Berengar of Friuli, king of Italy, [445];
  • his wars with Wido, [463];
  • deposed, [463];
  • regains his kingdom, [465];
  • defeats Lewis of Arles, [466];
  • defeats the Moors, [466];
  • murdered, [467].
• Bernard, king of Italy, [377];
  • rebels, [389];
  • death, [390].
• Bernard of Septimania, minister of Lewis the Pious, [386].
• Bertha, marries Ethelbert of Kent, [161].
• —— wife of Pippin the Short, [329];
  • reconciles her sons, [336].
• Berthari, Lombard king, [273];
  • deposed and restored, [273], [274];
  • his reign, [275].
• Bessas, governor of Rome, [99], [100].
• Biorn, jarl, ravages Neustria, [425].
• Blue and Green factions, [50];
  • in the ‘Nika’ sedition, [71]-[73];
  • armed by Maurice, [154];
  • by Phocas, [157].
• Bodolin slays Childerich I., [258].
• Boethius, his imprisonment and death, [30].
• Bohemia conquered by Charles the Great, [361];
  • revolts, [434].
• Boniface, St. (Winifrith), missionary to Germany, [291];
  • archbishop of Transrhenane Germany, [297];
  • reforms the Church, [324];
  • anoints Pippin, [326];
  • martyrdom of, [329].
• Bonus, patrician, defends Constantinople, [210].
• Bordeaux taken by Danes, [421].
• Boso, king of Arles, [437].
• Bretons, independence of, [5], [59];
  • rebellions of, [359], [366], [421], [432], [502].
• Breviarium Alarici, Gothic law book, [132].
• Brunhildis marries Sigibert I., [133];
  • stirs up wars, [163];
  • imprisoned by Chilperich, [164];
  • marries Merovech, [165];
  • her regency, [165]-[168];
  • her second regency, [172];
  • third regency, [174];
  • murdered, [174];
  • character, [175].
• Buccelin, defeated by Narses, [106], [119].
• Buccellarii, [131], [242].
• Bulgarians, ravage Moesia, [49];
  • settle there, [248];
  • defeated by Justinian II., [249];
  • wars of with Constantine Copronymus, [316];
  • with Constantine VI., [319];
  • with Nicephorus I., [480];
  • defeated by Leo V., [482].
• Burgundy, kingdom of, [5];
  • attacked by Franks, [26];
  • subdued by Franks, [115].
• —— Lower, kingdom of, founded by Boso, [437].
• —— Upper (or Transjurane), kingdom of, founded by Rudolf, [445].
• Cardam, king of Bulgaria, [319]
• Carloman, son of Charles Martel Mayor of Austrasia, [298];
  • his campaigns, [323];
  • abdicates, [324];
  • opposes war with Lombards, [328].
• —— son of Pippin the Short, crowned at Soissons, [355];
  • quarrels with Charles, [337];
  • death, [338].
• —— king of Bavaria, [427];
  • rebels against Lewis the German, [427];
  • invades Italy, [433], [461];
  • illness and death, [437]-[438].
• —— son of Charles the Bald, conspires against his father, [429].
• —— king of France, [426];
  • buys peace from the Danes, [441];
  • killed hunting, [441].
• Carthage, taken by Belisarius, [78];
  • by Saracens, [232], [251].
• Casilinum, battle of, [106], [119].
• Castille, county of, [509].
• Charibert I., king of Paris, [160].
• —— II. king of Aquitaine, [178].
• Charles Martel, [264];
  • leader of Austrasians, [265];
  • defeats Neustrians, [266], [267];
  • his rule as mayor, [267]-[269];
  • wars with Saxons and Frisians, [289]-[290];
  • subdues Aquitaine, [292];
  • defeats Saracens at Poictiers, [293]-[294];
  • conquers Provence and Septimania, [296].
• —— the Great, crowned at Noyon, [335];
  • subdues Aquitaine, [337];
  • character of, [338]-[343];
  • conquers Lombards, [347]-[348];
  • expeditions against Saxons, [346]-[351], [353]-[355], [366];
  • invades Spain, [352];
  • conquers the Slavs, [362];
  • the Avars, [362]-[363];
  • wars with East-Romans, [363];
  • with Saracens, [365];
  • with Danes, [368];
  • his introduction of the theory of the empire, [369];
  • coronation as emperor, [373];
  • administration, [375]-[379];
  • encouragement of art and learning, [379];
  • death, [382].
• —— son of Charles the Great, king of Neustria, [359];
  • conquers Bohemia, [361];
  • dies, [377].
• —— the Bald, king of Suabia, [400];
  • imprisoned by his brothers, [397];
  • king of Neustria, [402];
  • wars with Lothair, [407];
  • subdues Aquitaine, [421];
  • vexed by Vikings, [419]-[422];
  • attacked by Lewis the German, [422], [426];
  • issues edict of Pistres, [429];
  • buys peace from the Danes, [420]-[434];
  • invades Provence, [428];
  • invades Austrasia, [432]-[434];
  • emperor, [433]; death, [435].
• Charles, king of Provence, [426];
  • death, [430].
• —— king of Aquitaine, [429].
• —— the Fat, king of Suabia, [427];
  • invades Italy, [433];
  • emperor, [438];
  • buys peace from the Danes, [440];
  • fails to relieve Paris, [442];
  • dethroned [443];
  • death, [443].
• —— the Simple, [441];
  • rebels against Odo, king of France, [499];
  • cedes Normandy to Hrolf, [501];
  • civil wars of, [504]-[505];
  • murdered, [505].
• Childebert I., king of Paris, [111];
  • conquers Burgundy, [114];
  • wars with Visigoths, [115];
  • death, [121].
• —— II., king of Austrasia, [164];
  • wars with Lombards, [170]-[192];
  • with Neustrians, [171];
  • death, [171].
• —— III., king of the Franks, [264].
• —— son of Grimoald, usurper, [256].
• Childerich I., king of Austrasia, [257]-[259].
• —— II., last king of the Franks, [268], [323];
  • dethroned, [325].
• Chilperich I., king of Soissons, [160];
  • murders his wife, [161];
  • wars with Sigibert, [163];
  • atrocities of, [168];
  • death, [169].
• —— II., king of Neustria, [266];
  • invades Austrasia, [266];
  • defeated by Charles Martel, [266]-[267];
  • death, [268].
• Chindaswinth, king of Visigoths, [225];
  • his strong administration, [226].
• Chinthila, king of Visigoths, [225].
• Chlodomer, king of Orleans, [111];
  • slain by Burgundians, [114].
• Chlodovald (St. Cloud), [114].
• Chlodovech I. (Chlodwig), king of the Franks, [25], [26], [58];
  • conquers Northern Gaul, [59];
  • marries Chrotehildis, [59];
  • subdues Alamanni, [60];
  • his conversion, [61];
  • wars with Burgundians, [62];
  • conquers Aquitaine, [63];
  • king of all the Franks, [64].
• —— II., king of Neustria, [179], [256], [257], [264].
• Chlothar I., king of Soissons, [111], [112];
  • murders his nephews, [114];
  • conquers Burgundy, [115];
  • wars with Visigoths, [119];
  • defeated by Saxons, [120];
  • sole king of the Franks, [121];
  • death, [122].
• Chlothar II., king of Neustria, [169];
  • wars with Austrasians, [174];
  • murders Brunhildis, [174];
  • decline in power of, [178].
• Chlothar III., king of Neustria, [257], [258].
• —— IV., king of Austrasia, [267].
• Chosroes I., king of Persia, [69];
  • makes peace with Justinian, [69];
  • receives embassy from Witiges, [86];
  • war with Justinian, [92]-[96];
  • with Justin II., [147].
• —— II., placed on throne by Maurice, [151];
  • war with Phocas, [155];
  • with Heraclius, [205]-[211];
  • death, [212].
• Chramn, son of Chlothar I., [120];
  • burnt alive, [121].
• Christophorus, rebellion of, [317].
• Chrotehildis (Clotilde) wife of Chlodovech, [59], [60].
• Clair-sur-Epte, treaty of, [502].
• Claudius, general of Reccared, [142].
• Clement, bishop, opposes Boniface, [324].
• Clepho, king of the Lombards, [186].
• Code of Justinian, [109];
  • abridged by Leo the Isaurian, [307];
  • by Basil I. [492].
• Colchis won by Justinian, [108].
• Conrad of Franconia, king of Germany, [475];
  • his troubled reign, [476];
  • defeated by Saxons, [476];
  • death, [477].
• Constans II. See [Constantinus].
• Constantine IV.. or V.., Pogonatus, emperor, [246];
  • saves Constantinople from Saracens, [247];
  • war with Bulgarians, [248].
• —— V. or VI., Copronymus, [312];
  • his iconoclastic zeal, [314]-[315];
  • wars with Saracens, [315];
  • with Bulgarians, [316];
  • death, [317].
• —— VI. or VII., [318];
  • his minority, [318];
  • seizes power, [319];
  • dethroned by Irene, [320].
• —— VII. or VIII. Porphyrogenitus, [494].
• Constantinople, position and importance of, [35];
  • siege of by Avars and Persians, [210], [211];
  • first siege by Saracens, [247];
  • Council of, [248], [278];
  • second siege by Saracens, [301]-[303];
  • Council of, [314];
  • Synod of, anathematises the pope, [454].
• Constantinus (Constans II.), emperor, [237];
  • wars with Saracens, [238]-[239];
  • with Slavs, [240]; his ‘Type,’ [241];
  • attacks Lombards, [244], [274];
  • quarrel with Pope Hadrian, [276];
  • African war, [245];
  • murdered, [246].
• Coronate, battle of, [275].
• Cosmas, rebels against Leo III., [311].
• Crete conquered by Saracens, [484].
• Crumn, Bulgarian king, his victories, [480]-[482].
• Ctesiphon taken by Saracens, [219].
• Cunibert, king of Lombards, [275];
  • crushes rebellion of Alahis, [275].
• Cunimund, king of Gepidae, [183].
• Cyprus, invaded by Saracens, [237];
  • recovered by Basil I., [493].
• Cyzicus, held by Saracens, [247].
• Dagobert I., [178];
  • his wars, [179];
  • aids Sisinand, [223].
• —— II., sent to Ireland, [259];
  • restored and crowned, [259];
  • slain, [259].
• —— III., [264].
• Damascus, taken by Persians, [205];
  • by the Saracens, [217].
• Danelagh, the, [431].
• Danes. See [Vikings].
• Dannewerk, the, [367].
• Daras built by Anastasius, [49];
  • battle of, [69];
  • besieged by Chosroes, [93];
  • taken by Persians, [147].
• Dastagerd, sacked by Heraclius, [211].
• Decretals, the False, [454]-[456].
• Desiderata, wife of Charles the Great, [338].
• Desiderius, Lombard king, [331];
  • allied to Charles the Great, [338];
  • quarrels with the Papacy, [346];
  • dethroned by Charles, [348].
• Digest of Justinian, [103].
• Dizabul, khan of the Turks, [147].
• Droisy, battle of, [171].
• Ducatus Romanus, the, [189], [191], [287].
• Eastphalians, the, resist Charles the Great, [349], [351], [354], [356].
• Ebbo, archbishop of Rheims, [386];
  • conspires against Lewis the Pious, [394];
  • banished, [399].
• Eberhard, feuds of, [473].
• Ebermund, surrenders to Belisarius, [82].
• Ebroin, Mayor in Neustria, [257];
  • imprisoned, [258];
  • tyranny of, [259];
  • murdered, [260].
• Ecloga of Leo the Isaurian, [304].
• Edessa taken by Persians, [95].
• Edictum Rotharis, Lombard code, [197].
• Egica, Visigothic king, [231], [232].
• Egypt, conquered by Persians, [206];
  • by Saracens, [220];
  • revolts from Caliphs, [234].
• Einhard, chronicler, [268], [339].
• El-Mamun, caliph, wars of, with empire, [486];
  • takes Tyana, [487].
• El-Motassem, caliph, wars of, with empire, [487];
  • takes Amorium, [487].
• El-Samah, Saracen leader, [271].
• Elsloo, treaty of, [440].
• Empire, the Holy Roman, theory of, [376].
• Engeltrud, empress, [354], [366];
  • defends Rome, [464].
• England, Vikings in, [418], [431].
• Engrians, the, [349], [351].
• Erchinoald, Mayor in Neustria, [180].
• Eraric, Ostrogothic king, [97].
• Erwig, Visigothic king, [231], [232].
• Eudo, duke of Aquitaine, defeated by Charles Martel, [267];
  • his wars with Saracens, [271], [292]-[293].
• Eudocia, daughter of Valentinian III., married to Hunneric, [10].
• Euphemius, rebellion of, [448].
• Euric, king of Visigoths, [5], [58].
• Eutharic marries Amalaswintha, [29].
• Eutychius, exarch, loses and recovers Ravenna, [282]-[283];
  • besieges Rome, [283].
• Exarchate of Ravenna, [190];
  • conquered by Lombards, [282], [327];
  • given to Papacy by Pippin, [331].
• Exhilaratus, duke of Naples, [281].
• Faenza, battle of, [97].
• False Decretals, the, [454]-[456].
• Faroald, duke of Spoleto, [187];
  • destroys Classis, [193].
• Feudalism, merits and defects of, [413]-[415].
• Fiefs, the great, in France, [497].
• Fiesole besieged by Belisarius, [86].
• Fontenay, battle of, [408].
• Forimpopoli, stormed by Grimoald, [274].
• Formosus, pope, crowns Arnulf emperor, [464].
• Franks in Gaul, [5];
  • converted to Christianity, [61];
  • constitution of the, [122].
  • See under names of kings.
• Fraxinet, Moorish colony at, [462].
• Fredegundis marries Chilperich, [161];
  • murders Sigibert, [164];
  • evil deeds of, [168];
  • her wars against Austrasia [171];
  • death, [172].
• Fridian, St., [263].
• Frisians, ravages of the, [261];
  • subdued by Pippin II., [262];
  • by Charles Martel, [267]-[270];
  • converted to Christianity, [200], [330].
• Fulda Abbey, founded, [324].
• Gainas, the Goth, [34].
• Gaiseric (Genseric), Vandal king, conquers Africa, [7];
  • his rule, [8];
  • his victories, [9].
• Gall, St., [263].
• Galswintha married to Chilperich, [134];
  • murdered, [162].
• Geilamir dethrones Hilderic, [75];
  • defeated by Belisarius, [77], [78];
  • surrenders, [79].
• Genoa sacked by Franks, [117].
• George of Pisidia, poems of, [307].
• Gepidae defeated by Theodoric, [16];
  • exterminated by Avars and Lombards, [146]-[183].
• Gerberga, wife of Carloman, [339], [345].
• Germanus, patriarch, deposed by Leo III., [311].
• —— nephew of Justinian, [102].
• Gesalic, rebels against Amalric, [26], [63].
• Givald’s Dyke, siege of, [421].
• Godebert, king of Lombards, [273].
• Godfred, Danish king, [367];
  • invades Frisia, [416].
• —— Viking leader, ravages Neustria, [422];
  • ravages Austrasia, [439];
  • makes peace with Charles the Fat, [440];
  • murdered, [442].
• Godfrid, duke of Suabia, [262].
• Gondomar, king of Burgundy, [114], [115].
• Gozelin, bishop, defends Paris, [440].
• Gregory I., pope, [198];
  • character, [200]; policy and activity of, [201]-[202];
  • treaty with Agilulf, [195], [202];
  • regard for Phocas, [157];
  • for Brunhildis, [202].
• —— II., pope, refuses to acknowledge Philippicus, [279];
  • quarrels with Leo the Isaurian, his letters to Leo, [282];
  • holds synod against Iconoclasm, [284];
  • consecrates Boniface, [291].
• —— III., pope, his disputes with Leo the Isaurian, [284];
  • with Luitprand, [285];
  • asks aid of the Franks, [286].
• Gregory IV., pope, aids rebellion against Lewis the Pious, [396]-[397].
• —— exarch of Africa, rebels, [238].
• Grifo, son of Charles Martel, [298];
  • rebels, [322];
  • claims Bavaria, [325].
• Grimoald, Mayor in Austrasia, [179];
  • his usurpation and death, [256]-[257].
• —— duke of Benevento, murders king Godebert, [273];
  • his wars with East-Romans, [244], [273]-[274];
  • his government, [274].
• —— son of Pippin II., [262]-[264].
• —— II., duke of Benevento, resists Charles the Great, [349].
• Guadalete, battle of, [234].
• Gundimar, Visigothic king, [222].
• Gundobad, king of Burgundy, [5], [25], [26];
  • his war with Chlodovech, [62].
• Gundovald, rebellion of, [170], [379].
• Gunthamund, Vandal king, [11].
• Guntram, king of Burgundy, aids Childebert II., [168];
  • his wars with Visigoths, [140], [142], [170];
  • with Lombards, [191], [192].
• Hadrian I., pope, invited to Council of Nicaea, [318];
  • quarrels with Lombards, [345].
• Hadrian II., pope, humbles Lothair II., [428];
  • his friendship with Lewis II., [453], [458].
• Harald, king of the Danes, [393].
• Haroun-al-Raschid, caliph, invades Asia Minor, [319]-[320];
  • sends embassy to Charles the Great, [359];
  • his war with Nicephorus I., [479]-[480].
• Hatto, bishop of Mainz, minister of Lewis the Child, [473]-[476].
• Helisachar, chancellor of Lewis the Pious, [385].
• Helmichis conspires against Alboin, [85].
• Hemming, Danish king, [368].
• Henoticon, of Zeno, [46].
• Henry, count, slays Godfred, [442];
  • slain in battle, [442].
• —— duke of Saxony, rebellion of, [476];
  • made king, [477].
• Heracleonas, emperor, [234];
  • deposed, [235].
• Heraclius leads fleet against Phocas, [156];
  • emperor, [203];
  • disasters of, [204];
  • victories over Persians, [208];
  • [211]; defeated by Saracens, [217];
  • death, [220].
• Heraclius Constantinus, commands against Saracens, [220];
  • his short reign, [235].
• —— exarch of Africa, defeats Persians, [150];
  • rebels against Phocas, [156].
• Heribert, count of Vermandois, [503]-[505];
  • rebels against Charles the Simple.
• Hermanfrid, Thuringian king, [114].
• Hermenegild rebels against his father, [138];
  • death, [140].
• Hermengarde, wife of Lewis the Pious, [386];
  • death, [390].
• —— daughter of Lewis II., [459];
  • marries Boso, king of Aries, [437].
• Hessi, Eastphalian duke, [351].
• Hijrah, the, [214].
• Hildebrand, Lombard king, [327].
• Hildegarde, queen of Charles the Great, [338].
• Hilderic, Vandal king, [28];
  • dethroned by Geilamir, [75];
  • murdered, [77].
• —— count, rebels against Wamba, [229].
• Hildibad, Gothic king, wins battle of Treviso, [96];
  • dies, [97].
• Hildwin, chancellor of Lewis the Pious, [386];
  • conspires against him, [394].
• Hincmar, archbishop of Rheims, [456].
• Hisham, caliph, invades Anatolic themes, [311].
• —— king of Cordova, [365].
• Hormisdas, Persian king, [149];
  • deposed, [151].
• Hrolf, becomes duke of Normandy, [501];
  • aids Charles the Simple, [511].
• Hruotland (Roland), death of, [353].
• Hukbert, duke of Bavaria, [290].
• Hunold, duke of Aquitaine, [296];
  • rebels against Pippin and Carloman, [323];
  • against Charles the Great, [337].
• Hunneric, king of the Vandals, [10], [11].
• Hungarians. See [Magyars].
• Huns, Cotrigur, threaten Constantinople, [108].
• Hunwulf, brother of Odoacer, [14].
• Hygelac, Danish king, [113], [415].
• Hypatius, nephew of Anastasius, [51], [52];
  • proclaimed emperor in the ‘Nika’ sedition, [71]-[73].
• Iconoclasm, origin of, [308]-[309];
  • edict of Leo the Isaurian, [281];
  • troubles resulting from, [310]-[312];
  • condemned by Council of Rome, [284];
  • affirmed by Council of Constantinople, [314];
  • condemned by Council of Nicaea, [318];
  • restored by Leo V., [483];
  • put down by Theodora, [489].
• Iconoduly, extravagancies of, [308];
  • restored by Irene, [318];
  • by Theodora, [489].
• Illus, minister of Zeno, [38], [43];
  • his rebellion, [44].
• Image-worship. See [Iconoclasm].
• Ingo murders Oskytel, [498].
• Ingunthis, wife of Hermenegild, [137].
• Institutes of Justinian, [110].
• Ireland, Vikings in, [417]-[418].
• Irene, empress, regency of, [318];
  • conspires against her son, [319];
  • blinds him, [319];
  • dethroned by Nicephorus, [320].
• Irminsul, Saxon sanctuary, cast down by Charles the Great, [346].
• Isaurians favoured by Leo I., [36];
  • and Zeno, [38];
  • rebel under Longinus, [48].
• Islam, religion of, [312]-[315].
• Isperich, Bulgarian king, [248].
• Italy, Goths in, [19]-[24];
  • reconquered by Justinian, [80]-[104];
  • Lombard, invasion of, [181];
  • its divisions, [187]-[189];
  • Moors in, [450]-[466].
  • See under Lombards and Papacy, [272]-[288].
• Jebel-Tarik (Gibraltar), [234].
• Jerusalem taken by Persians, [205];
  • by Saracens, [219].
• Jesse of Amiens conspires against Lewis the Pious, [394];
  • death, [399].
• Jews persecuted by Phocas, [156];
  • persecuted by Visigoths, [143], [223], [232].
• John I., pope, sent by Theodoric to Constantinople, [31].
• —— VI., pope, his secular activity, [278];
  • receives estates from Aribert II., [280].
• —— VIII., crowns Charles the Bald, [433];
  • crowns Charles the Fat, [438], [462].
• —— the Patrician, defends Syracuse, [460].
• —— of Cappadocia, minister of Justinian, [71];
  • disgraced, [90].
• —— the Bloody, officer of Belisarius, [85].
• Judith, wife of Lewis the Pious, [391];
  • twice forced into a convent, [395]-[397].
• Julian, bishop of Toledo, [228], [231].
• Julius Nepos, his kingdom, [6];
  • murdered, [13].
• Justin I., emperor, [53];
  • persecutes the Arians, [30];
  • death, [54].
• —— II., emperor, [145];
  • Avaric wars of, [146];
  • Persian wars of, [147];
  • his lunacy, [148].
• Justinian I., nephew and colleague of Justin, [53];
  • emperor, [65];
  • character of, [65];
  • marries Theodora, [65];
  • foreign policy of [68];
  • first Persian war, [69];
  • ‘Nika’ sedition, [71];
  • subdues the Vandals, [76]-[79];
  • Gothic wars of, [81]-[88];
  • his buildings, [89]-[90];
  • financial oppression, [90];
  • second Persian war, [93];
  • theological views of, [107];
  • legal work of, [109]-[110].
• —— II., emperor, [249];
  • wars of, [249]-[250];
  • dispute with pope Sergius, [278];
  • dethroned and banished, [251];
  • escapes, [252];
  • regains throne, [253];
  • his tyranny and death, [253].
• Karlings, table of the, [413].
• Kassim-ibn-Yussuf summons Charles the Great to Spain, [352].
• Khaled, Saracen chief, [217], [218].
• Khazars invade Persia, [211];
  • receive Justinian II., [252].
• Killian, missionary to Thuringia, [263].
• Kobad, king of Persia, wars of with Anastasius, [48];
  • with Justinian, [68].
• Koran, the, [215].
• Lafaux, battle of, [172], [260].
• Lambert of Spoleto, king of Italy, [464];
  • war with Arnulf, [461]-[465];
  • death, [465].
• Lantfrid, duke of Suabia, [290].
• Lauresheim, chronicle of, [373].
• Leander, bishop of Seville, [138].
• Leo I., emperor, [36].
• —— III., the Isaurian, emperor, [255];
  • defends Constantinople, [301], [303];
  • his edict against images, [281], [310];
  • quarrels with Gregory II. and III., [282], [284];
  • victories over Saracens, [311].
• —— IV., the Khazar, his reign and wars, [317].
• —— V., the Armenian, his usurpation, [482];
  • his Bulgarian war, [482];
  • represses image-worship, [483];
  • murdered, [484].
• Leo VI., the Wise, character and reign of, [494];
  • his literary works, [494].
• —— III., pope, delivered by Charles the Great, [372];
  • crowns Charles emperor, [373];
  • death, [387].
• —— IV., pope, his victory over the Saracens, [451].
• Leodegar (St. Leger), his rebellion, [258];
  • rules Neustria, [259];
  • murdered by Ebroin, [259].
• Leon, the kingdom of, [509].
• Leontius, emperor, [251], [253].
• Leova I., Visigothic king, [134].
• —— II., Visigothic king, [143], [221].
• Leovigild, Visigothic king, [132], [135];
  • his wars, [136]-[139];
  • death, [140].
• Lewis the Pious (or Débonnair) son of Charles the Great, king of Aquitaine, [359];
  • conquers Barcelona, [364];
  • emperor, [383];
  • legislation of, [385]-[387];
  • peril, [388];
  • makes Partition of Aachen, [389];
  • second marriage of, [391];
  • twice deposed by rebellious sons, [393], [399];
  • his last war, [401];
  • death, [403].
• —— the German, king of Bavaria, [389];
  • rebels against his father, [396], [401];
  • war with Lothair I., [407]-[408];
  • with Charles the Bald, [422];
  • conquers and loses Neustria, [426];
  • rebellions of his sons, [427];
  • his influence in Germany, [433];
  • death, [434].
• —— II., emperor, [423];
  • wars with his brother Lothair, [425];
  • his dealings with the Papacy, [451]-[452];
  • campaigns against the Moors, [457];
  • imprisoned at Benevento, [457];
  • further victories over the Moors, [458];
  • death, [459].
• —— the Saxon, rebels against his father, [427];
  • defeats Charles the Bald, [434];
  • attacks Neustria, [436];
  • his wars with the Danes, [438];
  • death, [439].
• —— II. (the Stammerer), king of France, short reign of, [436].
• —— III., king of France, [430];
  • his wars with the Danes, [438];
  • victory of Saucourt, [439];
  • death, [439].
• —— the Child, king of Germany, [472];
  • his reign, [472]-[474].
• —— king of Arles, [445];
  • invades Italy, [466];
  • blinded by Berengar, [466].
• Liberius invades Spain, [133].
• Lithosoria, battle of, [316].
• Liutprand, Lombard king, [281];
  • conquers the Exarchate, [282];
  • arbitrates between pope and exarch, [284];
  • aids Charles Martel against Saracens, [285];
  • quarrels with Gregory III., [285];
  • death, [287].
• Logothetes, oppression by the, [90], [96].
• Lombards, origin of the, [182];
  • table of Lombard kings, [183];
  • converted to Christianity, [193];
  • dealings of, with the Papacy,;
  • conquered by Charles the Great, [344]-[348].
• Lothair I., son of Lewis the Pious, [389];
  • his rebellions against his father, [394]-[396];
  • reconciled with Lewis, [402];
  • emperor, [406];
  • wars with his brother, [407];
  • defeated at Fontenay, [408];
  • troubles with the Vikings, [419];
  • allied with Charles the Bald, [421];
  • abdicates, [422].
• —— II., quarrels with his brothers, [425];
  • wars with the Vikings, [428];
  • allied to Charles the Bald, [425];
  • matrimonial troubles of, [428];
  • death, [431].
• Lotharingia, name of, [428].
• Louvain, battle of, [469].
• Lügenfeld, the, [397].
• Luitbert, Lombard king, [279]-[280].
• Luitpold, duke of Bavaria, slain by Magyars, [474].
• Lüneberg Heath, battle of, [438].
• Lupus, Gascon duke, [337].
• Lycandus, theme of, [494].
• Magyars, appearance of the, [471];
  • ravage Italy, [465];
  • their attacks on Germany, [471];
  • slay Luitpold of Bavaria, [474];
  • further ravages of, [476].
• Mallus, Frankish court, [175], [378].
• Mantua, taken by Lombards, [194].
• Manuel, takes Alexandria, [237].
• March of Spain won by Charles the Great, [365];
  • development of, [508].
• Marchfield, assembly of Franks, [269].
• Martin I., pope, disputes with Constans II., [244], [376];
  • banished, [277].
• Martina, wife of Heraclius, [218];
  • her intrigues, [235];
  • banished, [236].
• Maurice, victories of, [149];
  • emperor, [150];
  • Persian war, [150]-[151];
  • Avaric war, [151]-[152];
  • Slavonic war, [153];
  • dethroned and murdered, [154].
• Mayors of the Palace, their office, [123];
  • rising power of, [176];
  • table of, [260];
  • supersede kings, [259].
• Mehdy, caliph, invades empire, [317].
• Merovech marries Brunhildis, [165];
  • murdered by Fredegundis, [166].
• Merovings, their government, [121]-[127];
  • table of the, [166];
  • end of the dynasty, [326].
• Mersen, partition-treaty of, [432].
• Mesopotamia attacked by Persians, [92];
  • conquered by Persians, [155];
  • by Saracens, [220];
  • ravaged by East-Romans, [493].
• Mezecius, usurper in Sicily, [246].
• Michael I., Rhangabe, emperor, [364], [481];
  • restores image-worship, [481];
  • deposed, [482].
• —— II., the Amorian, conspires against Leo V., emperor, [484];
  • • civil wars of, [484];
    • loss of Crete and Sicily, [485];
    • ecclesiastical policy of, [485].
• —— III., the Drunkard, long minority of, [489];
  • • depravity of, [490];
    • wars of, [491];
    • murdered by Basil the Macedonian, [492].
• Missi Dominici, travelling commissioners of Charles the Great, [378].
• Missionaries in Germany, [263], [291]-[330].
• Mofareg-ibn-Salem, Moorish king in Italy, [452];
  • conquered by Lewis II., [457].
• Mohammed, his character, [213];
  • career of, [214]-[215].
• Mohammedanism, its good and evil points, [214]-[215].
• Monophysite heresy, the, [38], [45], [50].
• Monothelite heresy, [241], [276];
  • condemned by Council of Constantinople, [248], [278].
• Monza, Basilica of, [193];
  • relics in, [226].
• Moors rebel against Hunneric, II.;
  • against Hilderic, [75];
  • conquered by Saracens, [233];
  • invade Spain, [234];
  • their rule in Spain, [234], [506]-[510];
  • invade Italy, [450];
  • defeated by Lewis II., [457]-[458];
  • expelled by Berengar, 466.
• Moslemah besieges Constantinople, [255], [301].
• Moslems. See [Saracens].
• Muavia, governor of Syria, [239];
  • caliph, [245];
  • his wars with Constans, [245].
• Mummolus, general of Guntram, defeats the Lombards, [163], [187];
  • rebellion of, [170].
• Musa, governor of Africa, 234.
• Nanthildis, queen regent, [180].
• Naples besieged by Belisarius, [82];
  • by Baduila, [98];
  • dealings of, with Moors, [461].
• Narbonne held by Saracens, [271];
  • taken by Pippin the Short, [331].
• Narses reinforces Belisarius, [86];
  • conquers the Goths, [102], [105];
  • legend of his message to Lombards, 184.
• Navarre, kingdom of, [509].
• Neustria, origin of name of, [187].
  • See under names of kings.
• Nicaea, Council of, confirms image-worship, [318].
• Nicephorus I., emperor, [320];
  • war with Charles the Great, [363];
  • his Saracen and Bulgarian wars, [479]-[480];
  • his ecclesiastical policy, [479];
  • slain in battle, 480.
• —— Caesar, rebellions of, [317], [318].
• —— Phocas, conquers South Italy, [460].
• Nicetas of Tarsus defends Syracuse, [460].
• —— Oriphas, admiral, defeats the Moors, 457.
• Nicolas I., pope, his quarrel with king Lothair, [428];
  • his quarrel with the patriarch Photius, [453];
  • uses the False Decretals, [454].
• Nineveh, battle of, 211.
• Nordalbingians, wars of, with Charles the Great, [349], [360], [366].
• Noricum, evacuated by Odoacer, [14].
• Norsemen. See [Vikings].
• Odo, defends Paris, [440];
  • proclaimed king of France, [444];
  • Viking wars of, [495]-[496];
  • civil wars with Charles the Simple, [498];
  • death, [499].
• Odoacer, Flavius, patrician, in Italy, [1];
  • his position, [4];
  • wars of, [13], [14];
  • defeated by Theodoric, [15];
  • slain, [18].
• Omar, caliph, takes Jerusalem, [219];
  • conquests of, [237];
  • murdered, [239].
• Ommeyad dynasty, rise of, [245];
  • fall of, [315].
• Oscar, Danish jarl, [420], [421].
• Oskytel, Viking chief, [498].
• Ostrogoths, wars of, with Zeno, [40];
  • conquer Italy, [19];
  • settled in Italy, [22];
  • wars of, with Justinian, [80]-[105].
• Othman, caliph, [238]-[239].
• Othman-abu-Neza, Moorish chief, [292]-[293].
• Otranto besieged by Baduila, [99].
• Paderborn, diet of, [352].
• Padua taken by Agilulf, [194].
• Palermo taken by Belisarius, [81];
  • by the Moors, [449].
• Pandects of Justinian, [109].
• Pantheon plundered by Constans, [277].
• Papacy, power of the, [198]-[199];
  • growth of importance of, [276];
  • its struggles with the emperors, [276]-[279];
  • relations of, with Charles the Great, [374].
• Paris sacked by Danes, [420];
  • again, [425];
  • fortified by Charles the Bald, [430];
  • repels the Danes, [442];
  • fourth siege of, [498].
• Paul the Deacon, [185], [244], [379]-[380].
• Paulus, Visigothic count, rebellion of, [229].
• Pavia, Gothic stronghold, [96];
  • taken by Alboin, [185];
  • besieged by Pippin, [329], [331];
  • taken by Charles the Great, [347]-[348].
• Pelagius, king of Asturias, resists the Moors, [507].
• Peredeo slays Alboin, [185].
• Persian war of Anastasius, [48]-[49];
  • of Justinian, [68]-[69], [92]-[96], [107];
  • of Justin and Tiberius, [147]-[148];
  • of Maurice, [150];
  • of Phocas, [153];
  • of Heraclius, [205]-[212];
  • of the Saracens, [219].
• Peter of Pisa, [341], [379].
• Philippicus, usurper, [253];
  • his quarrel with Gregory II., [279].
• Phocas dethrones and murders Maurice, [153];
  • disastrous reign of, [154], [155];
  • slain, [157].
• Phœnix, battle of, [159].
• Photius, patriarch, his quarrel with the Papacy, [453], [492].
• Pippin I., the elder, [174];
  • Mayor of the Palace, [179].
• —— II., the Younger, leads the Austrasians against Ebroin, [260];
  • his victory at Testry, [260];
  • his government, [261], [263];
  • death, [264].
• Pippin III., the Short, Mayor of Neustria, [298];
  • his wars, [323];
  • ecclesiastical reforms, [324], [330];
  • king of the Franks, [325];
  • crowned by the pope, [329];
  • Lombard wars, [328]-[330];
  • his gift of the Exarchate to the pope, [331];
  • conquers Narbonne and Aquitaine, [331]-[332];
  • death, [333].
• —— son of Charles the Great, ruler of Lombardy, [359];
  • conquers the Avars, [362];
  • death, [377].
• —— son of Lewis the Pious, king of Aquitaine, [389];
  • rebels against Lewis, [394]-[396];
  • death, [401].
• —— the younger, of Aquitaine, disinherited by Lewis the Pious, [401]-[402];
  • fights at Fontenay, [407];
  • wars of, with Charles the Bald, [419]-[421];
  • turns heathen, [431];
  • imprisoned for life, [431].
• Pistres, edict of, [429].
• Plague, great, of A.D. [542], [94].
• Plectrudis, wife of Pippin II., [265]-[267].
• Poictiers, battle of, [271], [293]-[294].
• Pretextatus, bishop, [165];
  • murdered by Fredegundis, [168].
• Procopius, historian, Secret History of, [67].
• Protadius, Mayor of Burgundy, [171]-[173].
• Provence, kingdom of. See Arles, [437].
• Radbod, duke of Frisia, [262].
• Radelchis, duke of Benevento, calls in the Moors, [450].
• Raginfred, mayor of Neustria, [265];
  • rebels against Charles Martel, [290].
• Ramnulf, count of Poictiers, usurpation of, [498], [501].
• Ratchis, Lombard king, [327];
  • abdicates, [327];
  • rebels against Desiderius, [331].
• Ravenna taken by Theodoric, [17];
  • by Belisarius, [87];
  • exarchate of, [188], [190], [198];
  • taken and lost by Luitprand, [282]-[283];
  • taken by Aistulf, [327];
  • given to the Papacy by Pippin, [331].
• Reccared I., Visigothic king, [140];
  • converted to Catholicism, [142];
  • reign of, [143].
• —— II., Visigothic king, [223].
• Recceswinth, Visigothic king, [226]-[267].
• Reginald, count of Hainault, rebels against Zwentibold, [470];
  • leagued with Charles the Simple, [474].
• Reginbert, duke of Turin, rebels against Luitbert, [279].
• Rhazates, Persian general, [211].
• Rhodes captured by Saracens, [239].
• Rimini taken by Belisarius, [85];
  • by Luitprand, [282].
• Ripuarian Franks, [56];
  • subdued by Chlodovech, [59].
• Robert the Strong, slain by Vikings, [496].
• —— duke of France, submits to Charles the Simple, [499];
  • fights the Vikings, [501];
  • usurpation of, [503];
  • slain in battle, [504].
• Roderic, Visigothic king, [231]-[233].
• Rodoald, Lombard king, [198].
• Roland (Hruotland), Chanson de, [353].
• Rome taken by Belisarius, [82];
  • besieged by Witiges, [83]-[84];
  • taken by Baduila, [99];
  • recovered by Belisarius, [101];
  • retaken by Baduila, [102];
  • taken by Narses, [104];
  • ruled by Gregory the Great, [201]-[202];
  • visited by Constans, [245];
  • its importance in the 7th century, [276];
  • Council of, [284];
  • besieged by Lombards, [346];
  • threatened by Saracens, [451];
  • stormed by Arnulf, [464].
• Romuald, duke of Benevento, [244], [273];
  • victories of, [274].
• Romulus Augustulus, deposed, [1].
• Roncesvalles, battle of, [353].
• Rorik, Danish chief, [419].
• Rosamund, wife of Alboin, [183];
  • murders him, [185].
• Rothari, Lombard king, [196];
  • his conquests and laws, [197].
• Rothrudis, wife of Charles Martel, [298].
• Rudolf, duke, rebels against Charles the Simple, [503];
  • king, [504].
• —— I., king of Transjurane Burgundy, [445];
  • does homage to Arnulf, [468].
• —— II., dethrones Berenger, [467].
• Rugians defeated by Odoacer, [14].
• Rupert, St., converts the Bavarians, [263].
• Saiones, or ‘king’s men,’ [22], [131].
• Salerno, duchy of, [452];
  • overrun by Moors, [457].
• Salian Franks, [56].
• Samo, leader of Slavs, [177].
• Saracens conquer Syria and Egypt, [214], [219];
  • invade Africa, [238], [245];
  • take Carthage, [251];
  • invade Spain, [234];
  • cross the Pyrenees, [271];
  • ravage Gaul, [292];
  • defeated at Poictiers, [293];
  • besiege Constantinople, [301]-[303];
  • wars with Charles the Great, [352], [364], 365. See also under [Moors].
• Saragossa, Franks defeated at, [129];
  • Charles the Great at, [352].
• Saucourt, battle of, [439].
• Saxons, defeat Chlothar I., [120];
  • invade Austrasia, [265];
  • defeated by Charles Martel, [267], [289], [297];
  • rebel against Pippin the Short, [323];
  • subdued by Pippin, [332];
  • by Charles the Great, [346], [351];
  • later rebellions of, [351], [354], [355], [366];
  • rebel against Lewis the German, [408];
  • defeated by the Danes, [434];
  • rebel against Conrad I., [476].
• Schism of Eastern and Western Churches, [453].
• Sebastopolis, battle of, [250].
• Secret History, the, [67], [68].
• Senate, the Roman, sends embassy to Zeno, [1];
  • trial of Boethius in, [30];
  • reorganised by Baduila, [102].
• Sergius, patriarch, [207]-[208].
• —— pope, refuses obedience to Justinian II., [278].
• —— V., crowns the emperor Lewis II., [423].
• Sharbarz, Persian general, [205]-[210].
• Sicard, of Benevento, murdered, [450].
• Siconulf, first duke of Salerno, calls in the Moors, [450]-[452].
• Sicily conquered by Belisarius, [81];
  • Constans in, [245];
  • attacked by the Moors, [447];
  • long wars in, [449];
  • finally reduced by Moors, [460].
• Siegfred, Viking chief, [439];
  • invades Neustria, [441];
  • besieges Paris, [442].
• Sigibert, king of Köln, ally of Chlodovech, [39];
  • his death, [64].
• —— I., [160];
  • marries Brunhildis, [161];
  • his war with Lombards, [163];
  • with Chilperich, [163];
  • murdered, [164].
• —— II., murdered by Chlothar II., [174].
• —— III., king of Austrasia, [179], [256].
• Sigismund, king of Burgundy, [26]-[27], [114].
• Silverius, pope, and the Senate invite Belisarius to Rome, [83].
• Siroes, king of Persia, murders his father, [212].
• Sisibut, Visigothic king, [222];
  • his chronicle, [222];
  • reign of, [223].
• Sisinand rebels against Swinthila, [179], [224];
  • made king, [225].
• Slavs, cross the Danube, [151]-[152];
  • wars of, with the Franks, [178];
  • with Lombards, [195];
  • settle in Balkan peninsula, [240];
  • defeated by Constans, [241];
  • conquered by Bulgarians, [248];
  • subdued by Constantine V., [315];
  • rebel against Irene, [318];
  • on the Baltic, [360];
  • conquered by Charles the Great, [360]-[362];
  • revolt from the Franks, [409]-[414];
  • subdued by Arnulf, [470].
• Soissons, battle of, [267];
  • council of, [326];
  • Robert of France slain at, [504].
• Soliman, caliph, [254];
  • sends expedition against Constantinople, [255], [300].
• —— -ibn-al-Arabi invites the Franks to Spain, [352].
• Sophia, St., church of, burnt in ‘Nika’ riot, [73];
  • rebuilt by Justinian, [90].
• —— empress, [146];
  • her regency, [148].
• Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, [219].
• Spain. See under [Visigoths], [Saracens], [234].
• Spoleto, duchy of, [187].
• Stauracius, short reign of, [480]-[481].
• Stephanus, minister of Justinian II., [250]-[251].
• Stephen II., pope, asks aid of Pippin the Short, [328];
  • receives the Exarchate, [331];
  • embassy to Charles the Great, [338].
• —— IV. crowns Lewis the Pious, [387].
• —— V. crowns Wido emperor, [463].
• —— VI., pope, [465].
• Strasburg, Oaths of, [409].
• Strategicon of Maurice, [150].
• Strategos, office of the, [243].
• Suabians (Alamanni) rebel against the Franks, [262];
  • subdued by Pippin II., [262];
  • by Charles Martel, [290];
  • by Pippin the Short, [223].
• Suevi, wars of, with Visigoths, [131]-[138];
  • subdued by Leovigild, [139].
• Suidbert, missionary to Hesse, [263], [291].
• Swinthila, Visigothic king, [223];
  • his wars, [224], [370].
• Syagrius, ruler in Gaul, [5]-[57];
  • slain by Chlodovech, [58].
• Symmachus, executed by Theodoric, [31].
• Syracuse, Constans murdered at, [246];
  • besieged by the Moors, [448];
  • taken by the Moors, [460].
• Syria, invaded by Kobad, [69];
  • by Chosroes, [92];
  • conquered by Saracens, [218].
• Taginae, battle of, [104].
• Tarasius, patriarch, [318].
• Tassilo, duke of Bavaria, rebels against Pippin the Short, [332];
  • treaty of, with Charles the Great, [337];
  • deposed, [356].
• Teia, Gothic count, [103];
  • king of the Goths, [104];
  • slain, [104].
• Temporal power of the papacy, its commencement, [197];
  • established by Charles the Great, [344].
• Terbel, Bulgarian king, [302].
• Testry, battle of, [260].
• Teutberga, wife of Lothair II., [428].
• Themes, creation of the, [242];
  • map of the Asiatic, [243].
• Theoctistus, count, minister of Michael III., murdered, [490].
• Theodahat, Gothic king, [80];
  • murders Amalaswintha, [80];
  • at war with Justinian, [81];
  • deposed and slain, [82].
• Theodelinda, wife of Authari, [193];
  • of Agilulf, [194]-[195].
• Theodora, wife of Justinian, [66];
  • her early life, [67];
  • character, [68];
  • conduct during ‘Nika’ riot, [73];
  • death, [106].
• —— wife of Theophilus, empress regent, [488];
  • restores image-worship, [489];
  • banished, [490].
• Theodore, brother of Heraclius, [217], [218].
• Theodoric, son of Triarius, rebels against Zeno, [41];
  • makes terms with him, [42];
  • death, [43].
• —— son of Theodomir, early life of, [42];
  • takes arms against Theodoric, son of Triarius, [41];
  • ravages Thrace and Macedon, [43];
  • makes terms with Zeno, [43];
  • invades Italy, [16];
  • defeats Odoacer, [17]-[18];
  • king of Italy, [19];
  • character and administration of, [21], [22];
  • foreign policy, [24];
  • wars with Franks and Burgundians, [26], [60];
  • king of Spain, [27];
  • troubles of his later years, [29], [30];
  • death, [32].
• Theodosius, brother of Constans, [241].
• —— III., emperor, [254];
  • abdicates, [255].
• Theodota, wife of Constantine VI., [319].
• Theodotus, minister of Justinian II., [250]-[251].
• Theophilus, emperor, [486];
  • wars with Saracens, [487];
  • favours Iconoclasm, [488];
  • marriage of, [488].
• Theudebald, king of Franks, [118];
  • invades Italy, [106].
• —— duke of Suabia, rebels against Pippin, [323].
• Theudebert I., king of Ripuaria, [116];
  • invades Italy, [86], [116]-[117].
• —— II., king of Austrasia, [171];
  • war with Theuderich, [173].
• Theuderich I., king of Austrasia, III;
  • conquers Thuringia, [113];
  • death, [116].
• —— II., king of Burgundy, [172];
  • his war with Theudebert, [173].
• —— III., king of Austrasia, [258]-[259], [264].
• —— IV., last of the Merovings, [268]-[297].
• Theudis, regent in Spain, [27];
  • king of the Visigoths, [115], [128];
  • his defeat in Africa, [132];
  • slain, [133].
• Theudigisel, victory of, at Saragossa, [119], [129];
  • king of Visigoths, [133];
  • slain, [133].
• Theudoald, grandson of Pippin II., [264], [266].
• Thomas, rebels against Michael II., [484].
• Thorgisl, raids of, in Ireland, [418].
• Thrasamund, Vandal king, [28].
• ‘Three Chapters’ of Justinian, [107].
• Thuringia, conquered by Theuderich I., [113];
  • recovers its independence, [261];
  • converted to Christianity, [291], [324].
• Tiberius Constantinus, emperor, [148];
  • makes peace with Avars, [149].
• Tiberius Apsimarus, emperor, [252];
  • executed, [253].
• Totila. See [Baduila].
• Toulouse, Saracens defeated at, [271];
  • Danes at, [420];
  • county of, [497].
• Transimund, duke of Spoleto, rebels against Luitprand, [285].
• Treviso, battle of, [96].
• Tribonian, quæstor of Justinian, [71];
  • aids Justinian’s legal reforms, [109].
• True Cross, the, carried off by Persians, [205];
  • won back by Heraclius, [212];
  • restored to Jerusalem, [217];
  • taken to Constantinople, [219].
• Tulga, Visigothic king, [225].
• ‘Type,’ the, of Constans, [241].
• Urias, Gothic chief, takes Milan, [86].
• Urso, Beneventan duke, [460].
• Utrecht, see of, founded, [330];
  • sacked by Danes, [400], [439].
• Vandals in Africa, [8];
  • table of kings of, [12];
  • their oppressive government, [28];
  • destroyed by Belisarius, [79].
• Varahnes, Persian usurper, [151].
• Verden, massacre of, [342], [355].
• Verdun, partition-treaty of, [409].
• Verina, empress, [38], [44].
• Verona held by Goths, [87];
  • taken by Lombards, [185];
  • taken by Charles the Great, [347];
  • Berengar besieged in, [467].
• Véséronce, battle of, [114].
• Vigilius, pope, imprisoned by Justinian, [107].
• Vikings, first ravages of, [400];
  • description of the, [414]-[17];
  • raids of, in Ireland, [417]-[418];
  • in England, [418]-[431];
  • in Germany, [419]-[438];
  • in Lotharingia, [419]-[469];
  • in Neustria, [419]-[442];
  • conquer Normandy, [501].
• Vincy, battle of, [267].
• Visigoths driven from Gaul, [62];
  • in Spain, [128];
  • become Catholics, [142];
  • government of the, [221];
  • conquered by Moors, [234].
• Vitalian, pope, [245]-[277].
• —— count, rebellion of, [51];
  • slain, [53].
• Waifer, duke of Aquitaine, rebels against Pippin the Short, [332];
  • slain, [337].
• —— duke of Salerno, [458].
• Wala, count, exiled by Lewis the Pious, [386];
  • recalled, [391];
  • conspires against Lewis, [394];
  • banished to Corbey, [395];
  • death, [399].
• Wamba, Visgothic king, [227]-[228];
  • crushes rebellion of Paulus, [229];
  • his laws, [230];
  • deposed, [231].
• Warnacher, Mayor of Austrasia, [176].
• Wathek, caliph, [490].
• Welid, caliph, [254].
• Wends, their war with Dagobert, [178].
• Weregeld among the Franks, [125]-[126].
• Westphalians, wars of, with Charles the Great, [349]-[354].
• Wettin of Reichenau, vision of, [342].
• Wido aspires to French throne, [444];
  • expels Byzantines from Benevento, [460];
  • wars with Berengar, [463];
  • with Arnulf, [460];
  • emperor, [463].
• Wilfrid of York, [259].
• William, count of Toulouse, [365].
• Willibrord, apostle of Frisia, [263];
  • sends missionaries to Germany, [290]-[291].
• Wiltzes subdued by Charles the Great, [360];
  • subdued by the Danes, [361]-[367].
• Winfrith. See [Boniface].
• Wintrio, duke, rebellion of, [172].
• Witiges, Ostrogothic king, [82];
  • besieges Rome, [83];
  • subdued by Belisarius, [87];
  • taken captive to Constantinople, [88].
• Witikind, Saxon chief, [351];
  • leads Saxons against Charles the Great, [353]-[354];
  • submits to Charles, [355].
• Witiza, Visigothic king, [231].
• Witterich, rebellion of, [144];
  • Visigothic king, [221].
• Wulfoald, Mayor of Austrasia, [258];
  • restores Dagobert II., [259].
• Yermak, battle of the, [218].
• Yesdigerd, last king of Persia, [219], [238].
• Yussuf invades Gaul, [296].
• Zabergan, khan of the Huns, [108].
• Zacharias, pope, makes peace with Lombards, [287];
  • encourages Pippin to seize Frankish crown, [326];
  • makes peace with Ratchis, [327].
• Zeno, character and administration of, [37];
  • subdues rebellion of Basiliscus, [38]-[39];
  • makes Odoacer Patrician, [1], [39];
  • wars with the two Theodorics, [42];
  • sends Theodoric to Italy, [15]-[45];
  • his ecclesiastical policy, [45];
  • death, [45].
• Ziadet-Allah, Moorish king, [448];
  • invades Sicily, [449].
• Zotto, first duke of Benevento, [187].
• Zwentibold, king of Lotharingia, [470];
  • rebellions of, [472].

---