The author hopes that these added features will meet the present requirements of engineers and students.

Charles Prelini.

Manhattan College,
New York City.

CONTENTS

PAGE
INTRODUCTORY—The Historical Development of Tunnel Buildingxiii
CHAPTER
I.Preliminary Considerations; Choice between a Tunnel and an Open Cut; GeologicalSurveys[1]
II.Methods of Determining the Center Line and Forms and Dimensions of Cross-Section[9]
III.Excavating Machines and Rock Drills; Explosives and Blasting[22]
IV.General Methods of Excavation; Shafts; Classification of Tunnels[36]
V.Methods of Timbering or Strutting Tunnels[47]
VI.Methods of Hauling in Tunnels[59]
VII.Types of Centers and Molds Employed in Constructing Tunnel Linings of Masonry[66]
VIII.Methods of Lining Tunnels[72]
IX.Tunnels through Hard Rock; General Discussion; Representative Mechanical Installations forTunnel Work[84]
X.Tunnels through Hard Rock (continued); Excavation byDrifts; The Simplon and Murray Hill Tunnels[102]
XI.Tunnels through Hard Rock (continued); Excavation byHeadings[130]
XII.Excavating Tunnels through Soft Ground; General Discussion; The Belgian Method[143]
XIII.The German Method—Excavating Tunnels through Soft Ground (continued);Baltimore Belt Line Tunnel[155]
XIV.The Full Section Method of Tunneling; English Method; American Method; AustrianMethod[166]
XV.Special Treacherous Ground Method; Italian Method; Quicksand Tunneling; Pilot Method[182]
XVI.Open-Cut Tunneling Methods; Tunnels under City Streets; Boston Subway and New York RapidTransit[195]
XVII.Submarine Tunneling; General Discussion; The Severn Tunnel[218]
XVIII.Submarine Tunneling (continued); The Compressed Air Method;The Milwaukee Water-Works Tunnel[225]
XIX.Submarine Tunneling (continued); The Shield System[238]
XX.Submarine Tunneling (continued); The Shield and CompressedAir Method; The Hudson River Tunnel of the Pennsylvania Railroad[263]
XXI.Submarine Tunneling (continued); Tunnels at very ShallowDepth; The Cofferdam Method; The Pneumatic Caisson Method; The Joining Together Sections of Tunnels Built on Land[281]
XXII.Accidents and Repairs in Tunnels during and after Construction[301]
XXIII.Relining Timber-Lined Tunnels with Masonry[315]
XXIV.The Ventilation and Lighting of Tunnels during Construction[325]
XXV.The Cost of Tunnel Excavation and the Time Required for Work[336]

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGUREPAGE
  [1].Diagram Showing Manner of Lining in Rectilinear Tunnels10
  [2].B. R. Value’s Device for Locating the Center Line Inside of a Tunnel11
  [3].Triangulation System for Establishing the Center Line of the St. Gothard Tunnel12
  [4].Method of Transferring the Center Line down Center Shafts13
  [5].Method of Transferring the Center Line down the Side Shafts14
  [6].Method of Laying out the Center Line of Curvilinear Tunnels15
  [7].Diagram of Polycentric Sectional Profile19
  [8], [9] and [10].Typical Sectional Profiles for Tunnel20
 [11].Soft Ground Bucket Excavating Machine; Central London Underground Railway22
 [12].Column Mounting for Percussion Drill; Ingersoll Sargent Drill Co.26
 [13].Sketch of Diamond Drill Bit27
 [14].Diagram Showing Sequence of Excavation for St. Gothard Tunnel36
 [15].Diagram Showing Manner of Determining Correspondence of Excavation to Sectional Profile38
 [16].Polar Protractor for Determining Profile of Excavated Cross-Section39
 [17].Joining Tunnel Struts by Halving48
 [18].Round Timber Post and Cap Bearing48
 [19].Ceiling Strutting for Tunnel Roofs49
 [20].Ceiling Strutting with Side Post Supports49
 [21].Sill, Side Post and Cap Cross Frame Strutting49
 [22].Reinforced Cross Frame Strutting for Treacherous Materials49
 [23].Longitudinal Poling-Board System of Roof Strutting50
 [24].Transverse Poling-Board System of Roof Strutting50
 [25].Shaft with Single Transverse Strutting52
 [26].Rectangular Frame Strutting for Shafts53
 [27].Reinforced Rectangular Frame Strutting for Shafts in Treacherous Materials53
 [28].Strutting of Timber Posts and Railway Rail Caps56
 [29].Strutting Made Entirely of Railway Rails56
 [30].Rziha’s Combined Strutting and Centering of Cast Iron57
 [31].Cast-Iron Segment of Rziha’s Strutting and Centering57
 [32].Cast-Iron Segmental Strutting for Shafts58
 [33].Platform Car for Tunnel Work59
 [34].Iron Dump-Car for Tunnel Work60
 [35].Wooden Dump-Car for Tunnel Work60
 [36].Box-Car for Tunnel Work61
 [37].Elevator Car for Tunnel Shafts65
 [38].Ground Mold for Constructing Tunnel Invert Masonry67
 [39].Combined Ground Mold and Leading Frame for Invert and Side Wall Masonry67
 [40].Leading Frame for Constructing Side Wall Masonry68
 [41].Plank Center for Constructing the Roof Arch69
 [42].Trussed Center for Constructing the Roof Arch70
 [43] and [44]. A Typical Form of TimberLining for Tunnels73
 [45].Diagram Showing Forms adopted for Side-Wall Foundations76
 [46] and [47]. Transverse Sections ofTunnels Showing Methods for Increasing the Thickness of the Lining at Different Points79
 [48].Refuge Niche in St. Gothard Tunnel81
 [49].East Portal of Hoosac Tunnel82
 [50], [51] and [52].Arrangement of Drill Holes in the Heading of Turchino Tunnel91
 [53] and [54]. Arrangement of Drill Holes inthe Heading of the Fort George Tunnel91
 [55].Diagram Showing Sequence of Excavations in Drift Method of Tunneling Rock102
 [56].Sketches Showing Sequence of Work in Excavating and Lining the Simplon Tunnel111
 [57].General Details of the Brandt Rotary Drills Employed at the Simplon Tunnel112
 [58].Sequence of Excavation in the Murray Hill Tunnel124
 [59].Traveling Platform for the Excavation of the Upper Side of the Murray Hill Tunnel125
 [60].Timbering Used in the Murray Hill Tunnel126
 [61].Diagram Showing Sequence of Excavation in Heading Method of Tunneling Rock132
 [62].Method of Strutting Roof, St. Gothard Tunnel135
 [63].Sketch Showing Arrangement of Tracks, St. Gothard Tunnel135
 [64].Arrangement of Drill Holes in the Fort George Tunnel137
 [65].Longitudinal Section of the Heading and Bench Excavation at the Fort George Tunnel137
 [66].Diagram Showing the Arrangement of Drill Holes in the Heading and Bench of the Gallitsin Tunnel140
 [67].Diagram Showing Modification of the Heading and Bench Method140
 [68] and [68A]. Diagrams Showing Sequence ofExcavation in the Belgian Method145
 [69].Sketch Showing Radial Roof Strutting, Belgian Method147
 [70].Sketch Showing Roof Arch Center, Belgian Method147
 [71].Sketch Showing Method of Underpinning Roof Arch with the Side Wall Masonry149
 [72].Longitudinal Section Showing Construction by the Belgian Method149
 [73].Diagram Showing Sequence of Excavation in Modified Belgian Method152
 [74].Sketch Showing Failure of Roof Arch by Opening at Crown153
 [75].Sketch Showing Methods of Repairing Roof Arch Failures154
 [76].Diagrams Showing Sequence of Excavation in German Method of Tunneling155
 [77].Diagram Showing Sequence of Excavation in Water Bearing Material, German Method156
 [78].Sketch Showing Work of Excavating and Timbering Drifts and Headings157
 [79].Sketch Showing Method of Roof Strutting157
 [80].Sketch Showing Roof Arch Centers and Arch Construction158
 [81].Sketch Showing Method of Excavating and Strutting Baltimore Belt Line Tunnel162
 [82].Roof Arch Construction with Timber Centers, Baltimore Belt Line Tunnel163
 [83].Roof Arch Construction with Iron Centers, Baltimore Belt Line Tunnel164
 [84].Diagram Showing Sequence of Excavation in English Method of Tunneling167
 [85].Sketches Showing Construction of Strutting, English Method168
 [86] and [87]. Sketches of Typical Timber Roof-ArchCenters, English Method169
 [88].Sequence of Excavation in the American Method172
 [89].Strutting the Heading in the American Method172
 [90].Temporary Timbering of the Roof in the American Method173
 [91].Showing Crown Bars Supported by Segmental Arches173
 [92].Transversal and Longitudinal Section of a Tunnel Excavated and Strutted According to the American Method174
 [93] and [94]. Diagrams Showing Sequence ofExcavation in Austrian Method of Tunneling177
 [95], [96] and [97]. SketchesShowing Construction of Strutting, Austrian Method178
 [98].Sketch Showing Manner of Constructing the Lining Masonry, Austrian Method179
 [99].Diagram Showing Sequence of Excavation in Italian Method of Tunneling183
[100].Sketch Showing Strutting for Lower Part of Section183
[101] and [101A]. Sketches Showing Construction ofCenters, Italian Method184
[102].Sketch Showing Invert and Foundation Masonry, Italian Method.185
[103].Sketch Showing Longitudinal Section of a Tunnel under Construction, Italian Method186
[104].Sketch Showing Sequence of Excavation, Stazza Tunnel186
[105].Sketch Showing Method of Strutting First Drift, Stazza Tunnel187
[106] and [107]. Sketches Showing Temporary StruttingArch Construction, Stazza Tunnel187
[108].Sketch Showing Preliminary Drainage Galleries, Quicksand Method190
[109].Sketch Showing Construction of Roof Strutting, Quicksand Method190
[110].Sketch Showing Construction of Masonry Lining, Quicksand Method191
[111].Sketch Showing Pilot Method of Tunneling193
[112].Diagram Showing Sequence of Construction in Open-Cut Tunnels197
[113].Sketch Showing Method of Timbering Open-Cut Tunnels, Double Parallel Trench Method198
[114].Side-Wall Foundation Construction Open-Cut Tunnels198
[115].Wide-Arch Section, Boston Subway204
[116].Double-Barrel Section, Boston Subway205
[117].Four-Track Rectangular Section, Boston Subway206
[118].Section Showing Slice Method of Construction, Boston Subway206
[119].Double-Track Section, New York Rapid Transit Railway212
[120].Park Avenue Deep Tunnel Construction, New York Rapid Transit Railway214
[121].Harlem River Tunnel, New York Rapid Transit Railway215
[122].Sketch Showing Underground Stream, Milwaukee Water-Works Tunnel229
[123].Sketch Showing Methods of Lining, Milwaukee Water-Works Tunnel232
[124].Longitudinal Section of Brunel’s Shield, First Thames Tunnel241
[125].First Shield Invented by Barlow242
[126].Second Shield Invented by Barlow243
[127].Shield Suggested by Greathead for the Proposed North and South Woolwich Subway245
[128].Beach’s Shield Used on Broadway Pneumatic Railway Tunnel245
[129].Shield for City and South London Railway246
[130].Shield for St. Clair River Tunnel247
[131].Shield for Blackwall Tunnel248
[132].Elliptical Shield for Clichy Sewer Tunnel, Paris249
[133].Semi-Elliptical Shield for Clichy Sewer Tunnel250
[134].Roof Shield for Boston Subway251
[135].Transversal and Longitudinal Section of Prelini’s Shield252
[136].Elevation and Section of Hydraulic Jack, East River Gas Tunnel260
[137].Cast-Iron Lining, St. Clair River Tunnel262
[138].General Elevations and Sections of Shields270
[139].Plan and Elevation of First Bulkhead Wall in South Tube, Manhattan273
[140].Typical Cross-Sections of One Tube of Pennsylvania Railroad Tunnel under the Hudson River278
[141].Sections of Cofferdam, Van Buren St. Tunnel, Chicago283
[142].Showing Working Platforms and Piles Sunk in Dredged Channel286
[143].Showing Sheeting-Piles for the Sides of the Caisson and Trussed Beam for the Roof287
[144].Showing the Caisson with the Working-Chamber287
[145].Showing the Tunnel Constructed within the Caisson289
[146].Showing Sides of the Caisson and Supports for the Roof290
[147].Showing the Roof of the Caisson Formed by the Upper Half of the Tunnel291
[148].Showing the Tunnel Completed by Building the Lower Half within the Caisson292
[149].Transversal Section of the Caissons for the Tunnel under the SeineRiver294
[150].Showing the Joining of the Caissons at the Pont Mirabeau Tunnel under the Seine River295
[151].Cross-Sections and Plans of the Detroit River Tunnel298
[152].Tunneling through Caved Material by Heading306
[153].Tunneling through Caved Material by Drifts307
[154] and [155]. Filling in Roof Cavity Formedby Falling Material307
[156].Timbering to Prevent Landslides at Portal308
[157].Shortening Tunnel Crushed by Landslide at Portal308
[158].Extending Tunnel through Landslide at Portal309
[159] and [160]. Relining Timber-Lined Tunnel316
[161].Relining Timber-Lined Tunnel, Great Northern Ry317
[162].Relining Timber-Lined Tunnel, Great Northern Ry318
[163].Relining Timber-Lined Tunnel, Great Northern Ry319
[164].Construction of Centering Mullan Tunnel320
[165].Centering Mullan Tunnel321
[166].Relining Timber-Lined Tunnel, Norfolk & Western Ry322
[167].Relining Timber-Lined Tunnel, Norfolk & Western Ry323