(κ.) Rodrigo, Archbishop of Toledo, "History of the Arabs from Christian and Arabic Sources, carried down to 1140." He died in 1245. The work is full of irrelevant references to Scripture and to profane history. He does not even mention the Christian martyrdoms in the ninth century.

Florez, x. 570-579.

(λ.) Annales Bertiniani, from the French point of view.

Schott, i. 700 ff.

(μ.) Johannes Vasaeus, "Hispaniae Chronicon."

The above writers must not be regarded as of equal value. Some are valuable, but all are meagre to the last degree; others are nearly worthless.

Other authorities there are of a different kind—not historians, but writers on incidental subjects, whose works throw great light on the history of the time. Among these are—

Migne, xcvi.

(a.) Elipandus, Bishop of Toledo; died 810. Letters—

pp. 859-867.