| CHAP. | PAGE. | |
| I. | Egyptian Finance | [1] |
| II. | Ismail Pasha | [7] |
| III. | The Military Movement | [12] |
| IV. | Triumph of the Army | [17] |
| V. | Foreign Intervention | [23] |
| VI. | Critical Position | [32] |
| VII. | The Riots at Alexandria | [44] |
| VIII. | The Alexandria Bombardment | [60] |
| IX. | Observations on the Bombardment | [75] |
| X. | The Day after the Bombardment | [85] |
| XI. | Alexandria during the Bombardment | [90] |
| XII. | Events on Shore | [98] |
| XIII. | The Situation | [106] |
| XIV. | Military Operations | [114] |
| XV. | The Conference | [120] |
| XVI. | The Porte and the Powers | [127] |
| XVII. | Wolseley's Move to the Canal | [131] |
| XVIII. | De Lesseps and the Canal | [137] |
| XIX. | Seizure of the Suez Canal | [144] |
| XX. | Tel-el-Mahuta to Mahsameh | [153] |
| XXI. | Kassassin | [159] |
| XXII. | Tel-el-Kebir | [168] |
| XXIII. | Capture of Cairo and Collapse of the Rebellion | [180] |
| XXIV. | England and the Porte | [193] |
| XXV. | Restoration of Tewfik and Exile of Arabi | [198] |
| XXVI. | The Soudan and the Mahdi | [210] |
| XXVII. | Arrangements for the Future | [220] |
| XXVIII. | Operations against the Mahdi | [232] |
| XXIX. | The Destruction of Hicks' Army | [243] |
| XXX. | Abandonment of the Soudan: Osman Digna | [250] |
| XXXI. | Baker's Defeat at El Teb | [259] |
| XXXII. | Gordon's Mission | [267] |
| XXXIII. | Souakim Expedition | [272] |
| XXXIV. | Graham's Victory at El Teb | [277] |
| XXXV. | Graham's Victory at Tamaai | [290] |
| XXXVI. | The Gordon Relief Expedition | [309] |
| XXXVII. | Progress to Dongola | [315] |
| XXXVIII. | Advance to Korti | [325] |
| XXXIX. | Stewart's Desert March | [333] |
| XL. | The Battle of Abu Klea | [341] |
| XLI. | The Advance on Metammeh | [347] |
| XLII. | Gordon's Journals | [355] |
| XLIII. | Wilson's Voyage to Khartoum | [361] |
| XLIV. | The Fall of Khartoum | [371] |
| XLV. | The Retreat from Gubat | [386] |
| XLVI. | The Nile Column | [393] |
| XLVII. | Wolseley and the Prosecution of the Campaign | [401] |
| XLVIII. | The Souakim Expedition of 1885 | [408] |
| XLIX. | The Attack on McNeill's Zeriba | [416] |
| L. | Graham's Advance and Withdrawal from the Eastern Soudan | [430] |
| LI. | Evacuation | [437] |
| LII. | Continuation | [443] |
| LIII. | The Mahdist Invasion | [447] |
| LIV. | Finance, the Suez Canal, and the Army of Occupation | [453] |
| LV. | The Eastern Soudan | [459] |
| LVI. | The Nile Frontier | [466] |
| LVII. | Wad-en-Nejumi and Collapse of the Invasion | [474] |
| LVIII. | The Eastern Soudan again | [486] |
| LIX. | In Lower Egypt | [494] |
| LX. | The Dongola Expedition | [501] |
| LXI. | The Reconquest of Dongola | [512] |
| LXII. | The Advance to Berber | [519] |
| LXIII. | On the River—Kassala | [524] |
| LXIV. | From the Nile to the Atbara | [530] |
| LXV. | The Battle of the Atbara | [541] |
| LXVI. | The Advance on Omdurman | [551] |
| LXVII. | The Battle of Omdurman | [559] |
| LXVIII. | The Capture of Omdurman | [574] |
| LXIX. | Fashoda | [584] |
| LXX. | Destruction of the Khalifa | [590] |
| Conclusion | [595] |
THE EGYPTIAN CAMPAIGNS.
CHAPTER I.
EGYPTIAN FINANCE.
Towards the close of the year 1875, Ismail Pasha, then Khedive of Egypt, had about got to the end of his resources. His liabilities on loans, contracted either in his own name or in that of his Government, amounted to £55,332,609; in addition to this there was a "Floating Debt" of £21,334,960—and £1,000,000—due for the expenses of the war with Abyssinia. The Treasury Bills were being daily protested, the salaries of the Government officials were in arrear, and everything pointed to impending bankruptcy.
This was the situation when Ismail sold to the British Government the shares in the Suez Canal Company which he had inherited from his predecessor, Said Pasha.[1]
By the transaction, which was due to the genius of the late Lord Beaconsfield, England made an excellent investment of capital. She also acquired an important interest in the great maritime highway to India, and indirectly in Egypt herself.
Attentive observers regarded what had taken place as only a prelude to a more intimate connection of England with Egyptian affairs, and the financial mission of Mr. Cave, an important Treasury official, undertaken about the same period, naturally strengthened this impression, notwithstanding Lord Derby's declaration that sending the mission to Egypt "was not to be taken to imply any desire on the part of Her Majesty's Government to interfere in the internal affairs of that country."