[38] Robertson, Hist. of Charles V., Vol. I. note 21. Semichon, La Paix et la Trève de Dieu, Tom. II. pp. 35, 53.
[39] Sismondi, Hist. des Français, Part. V. ch. 9, Tom. X. p. 514.
[40] The pivotal character of Trial by Battle, as an illustration of War, will justify a reference to the modern authorities, among which are Robertson, who treats it with perspicuity and fulness (History of Charles V., Vol. I. note 22),—Hallam, always instructive (Middle Ages, Vol. I. Chap. II. pt. 2),—Blackstone, always clear (Commentaries, Book III. ch. 22, sec. 5, and Book IV. ch. 27, sec. 3),—Montesquieu, who casts upon it a flood of light (Esprit des Lois, Liv. XXVIII. ch. 18-33),—Sismondi, humane and interesting (Histoire des Français, Part. IV. ch. 11, Tom. VIII. pp. 72-78),—Guizot, in a work of remarkable historic beauty, more grave than Montesquieu, and enlightened by a better philosophy (Histoire de la Civilisation en France depuis la Chute de l'Empire Romain, Tom. IV. pp. 89, 149-166),—Wheaton, our learned countryman (History of the Northmen, Chap. III. and XII.),—also the two volumes of Millingen's History of Duelling, if so loose a compend deserves a place in this list. All these, describing Trial by Battle, testify against War. I cannot conceal that so great an authority as Selden, a most enlightened jurist of the Long Parliament, argues the lawfulness of the Duel from the lawfulness of War. After setting forth that "a duel may be granted in some cases by the law of England," he asks, "But whether is this lawful?" and then answers, "If you grant any war lawful, I make no doubt but to convince it." (Table-Talk: Duel.) But if the Duel be unlawful, how then with War?
[41] Robertson, Hist. Charles V., Vol. I. note 22.
[42] Montesquieu, Esprit des Lois, Liv. XXVIII. ch. 19.
[43] Liutprandi Leges, Lib. VI. cap. 65: Muratori, Rerum Italic. Script., Tom. I. pars 2, p. 74.
[44] Sismondi, Hist. des Français, Part. IV. ch. 15, Tom. VIII. pp. 338-347.
[45] Guizot, Hist. de la Civilisation en France, Leçon 14, Vol. IV. pp. 162-164.
[46] Guizot, Hist. de la Civilisation en France, Leçon 14, Vol. IV. p. 151.
[47] "Benoist soient tuit li apaiseur."—Joinville, p. 143.