Transcriber's Note: This cover has been created by the transcriber using the text's original cover and frontispiece and is placed in the public domain.

Transcriber's Note:

Larger versions of most of the illustrations that are laid out horizontally can be seen by clicking on the image's caption.

Mathematical problems could not be represented as in the original as we cannot stack numbers. For equations that occur outside of paragraphs, tables were used. For those appearing within paragraphs the following rules were used: