He read this day a good deal of my Journal, written in a small book with which he had supplied me, and was pleased, for he said, ‘I wish thy books were twice as big.’ He helped me fill up blanks which I had left in first writing it, when I was not quite sure of what he had said, and he corrected any mistakes that I had made.[451]
In his accurate reproduction of life, Boswell surpasses all the realists and attains to something of the inexhaustibility of nature itself. Delightful as is his book for mere reading, it can never be fully appreciated till it has been used as a work of reference; for such it was intended to be. The work exhibits, according to the title-page, ‘a view of literature and literary men in Great Britain for near half a century.’ Boswell aspired to be not only stenographer but historian. And to the life that he loved he was both.
We reach at last the core of Boswell’s being, his pagan joy in life, that greediness of social pleasure which explains all his faults and suggests all his greatness. He loved social life as other men have loved a noble woman or a noble cause. He solemnly dedicated his life to it and his genius to the recording of it. Only when his work is viewed in the large does one see its grandeur. Like Ulysses, he might have said, when his great work was done, ‘Much have I seen and known, cities of men and manners ... myself not least but honoured of them all.’
I incline to think that this social avidity is the ruling passion not only of Boswell but of all the life that we have been studying, of the salons, the conversationists, the diarists, and the letter-writers. That life at its best blends two kinds of pleasure that seem ordinarily incompatible, those of society and solitude, of association and reflection. In the ‘exchange of mind’ which is its ideal, its disciples find a joy that excels the more passive pleasures of reading, by bringing them directly into the creation of its characteristic product, conversation, and to this it adds the pleasure of seeing the immediate effect of one’s words. Conversation such as this may be said to represent the active, social, and more human side of the intellectual life, while meditation stands for its contemplative and eremitical side. The two are often mutually exclusive. Philosopher and poet belong to the latter class, because the meditative temper naturally shuns social distractions; but diarists, letter-writers, and biographers owe their very existence to this social instinct, and write to exalt it. They cannot bear that the delights which they have experienced should pass away without leaving a memorial. They are determined not only to pluck the passing hour, but to do what they can to preserve the blossom even as it droops in their hand. A withered flower is better than none at all; at worst, it is a pathetic reminder of what has been. The memorialist is one whose face is ever towards the past and the glories that have been, the noctes cæncæque deum. It is in honour of them that his work is done. His office is to record life, not to transfigure it. He cannot aspire to be among those who have seen visions and pointed others towards them; the joy of poetic creation and the passion of adventurous thought are not for him; but it is his to know men and the cheerful ways of men, and to unite us with the heroic minds of old, not in the lonely glory of their visions, but in their more familiar hours and their more human joys.
INDEX
- Addison, Joseph, conversation of, [220];
- Spectator, quoted, [103] n.
- Alembert, Jean d’, birth, [43];
- quoted, [11], [32], [49];
- referred to, [11], [27], [52], [55].
- Anglomania, in Paris, [12] ff.
- Anglomanie, Saurin’s comedy, [12-13].
- Anstey, Christopher, [121].
- Arblay, Mme. d’, see [Burney, Fanny].
- Aurelia, Hoole’s poem, [178].
- Barbauld, Letitia, [124].
- Barmécides, Les, La Harpe’s tragedy, [67].
- Barry, James, portrait of Johnson, [199];
- of Mrs. Montagu, [199];
- relations with Mrs. Montagu, [199].
- Bas Bleu, Hannah More’s poem, [23], [123-24], [125].
- Bath, Earl of, [123], [125].
- Beattie, James, character, [189];
- Essay on Truth, [190];
- Essays, [192];
- Minstrel, The, [190] ff.;
- —— dedicated to Mrs. Montagu, [193];
- presented to George III, [192];
- relations with Mrs. Montagu, [189-95].
- Beauclerk, Topham, [53], [104].
- Beaufort, Duchess of, [153] n., [205].
- Bedford, Countess of, [85].
- Behn, Aphra, [94-96], [257].
- biography, art of, [268] ff.;
- theory of, before Boswell, [270] ff.
- Blount, Martha, [100].
- ‘blue,’ i.e., bluestocking, origin and use of the word, [132-33].
- bluestocking, etymology, [127-28];
- translated into French, [127], [130], [133].
- Bluestocking Club, [123] ff.;
- members of, listed, [123-24];
- origin of, [129] ff.
- bluestockings, as authors, [166] ff.;
- as hostesses, [134] ff.;
- as patrons of the arts, [189] ff.;
- descent from the Marquise de Rambouillet, [22].
- Bocage, Mme. du, [35], [52], [75];
- poem to Mrs. Montagu, [135] n.;
- visits Mrs. Montagu, [105], [135].
- Bolingbroke, Lord, relations with Mme. de Tencin, [45].
- Boscawen, Admiral, [125], [129].
- Boscawen, Mrs. Frances, [153-58];
- assemblies, [153];
- Boswell’s opinion of, [153];
- interest in Mrs. Yearsley, [205];
- letters, [154];
- patron of letters, [154];
- relations with Hannah More, [154-56], [181], [184] ff.;
- —— with Pye, [156] n.;
- —— with Young, [156] n.;
- reports the discovery of new letters by Mme. de Sévigné, [237].
- Boswell, James, announces the Life of Johnson, [278-79];
- biography, knowledge of, [269];
- ——, theory of, derived from Johnson, [269] ff.;
- caricatures of, [277];
- character, [8], [110];
- influence on Johnson, [222-23];
- Life of Johnson, completeness of, [281];
- ——, reception of, [280];
- truthfulness of, [281];
- love of social life, [282];
- quoted, [5];
- references to bluestockings, [126];
- refuses to idealize Johnson, [279];
- Tour to the Hebrides, Johnson reads, [282];
- ——, reception of, [272] ff.;
- ——, reviewed in the Gentleman’s Magazine, [274];
- ——, selection from, [274-76];
- treatment of his contemporaries, [278].
- Boufflers, Mme. de, [53];
- relations with Gibbon, [77];
- —— with Hume, [27];
- —— with Johnson, [53], [104].
- bouts rimés, [117], [119], [120].
- breakfasts, literary, [105] ff.
- Buffon, Georges de, [52].
- Burke, Edmund, [123], [139] n.;
- indebtedness to Johnson’s conversation, [234];
- quoted, [5];
- visits Parisian salons, [66-68].
- Burney, Dr. Charles, [159], [189].
- Burney, Fanny, character, [255], [257];
- Diary, art of, [254] ff.;
- ——, dramatic quality in, [265];
- ——, selection from, [262-64];
- ——, truthfulness of, [265];
- Evelina, reception of, [257];
- friends, [258];
- love of boisterous scenes, [262];
- luck, [256];
- relations with Mrs. Ord, [159-60];
- relations with Mrs. Thrale, [163];
- self-consciousness, [267];
- sensibility, [266];
- sojourn at Court, as Dresser to the Queen, [257], [259] ff.
- Cardigan Priory, salon at, [91].
- card-playing, in salons, [106].
- Carlisle, Countess of, [88].
- Carter, Elizabeth, [172-77];
- catholicity of taste, [176-77];
- Johnson’s opinion of, [174];
- learning, [157], [173];
- Poems, [174];
- relations with Gray, [144];
- —— with Mrs. Montagu, [173];
- romanticism, [175];
- translation of Epictetus, [173-74].
- Cartwright, William, [89].
- Castiglione, Baldassare, his Cortegiano cited, [18] ff.
- Centlivre, Susannah, [100].
- Chapman, George, [85-86].
- Chapone, Mrs. Hester, [177-80];
- Essays, [138], [157];
- familiar letters, [180];
- Letters, [177] ff., [202];
- poems, [179];
- quoted, [132];
- referred to, [124], [179];
- relations with Mrs. Carter, [178];
- —— with Mrs. Montagu, [178];
- —— with Richardson, [177], [180].
- Charles II, relations of, with the Duchess of Mazarin, [97].
- Charlotte, Queen, [259], [261].
- Chesterfield, Lord, opinion of the salon, [46];
- relations with Mme. de Tencin, [45] ff.
- Cholmondeley, Mrs. Mary, [135], [153].
- Church, of England, [9];
- of Rome, hatred of, in salons, [37].
- circle, seating of guests in, [111], [126], [139], [159].
- Clarence, Duke of, [262] ff.
- Clubs, literary, [5-7].
- Colman, George, [102] n.
- conversation, chief amusement in salons, [25], [135];
- Goldsmith’s, [220], [221];
- ideal of, [7], [20], [25], [223];
- Johnson’s, [217] ff.;
- —— Boswell’s influence on, [222], [227].
- conversazione, nature and office of, [102] ff., [108] ff., [152].
- ‘Cophthi,’ Walpole’s name for bluestockings, [147].
- Cornaro, Caterina, [17].
- cosmopolitanism, of salons, [43], [144], [147] n.
- court of love, [17].
- courts, Renaissance, as predecessors of the salon, [16] ff., [84].
- Cowley, Abraham, verses to Mrs. Phillips, [92].
- Cowper, William, correspondence, charm of, [249-50];
- —— compared with Mme. de Sévigné, [239-40];
- relations with Mrs. Montagu, [197-99];
- translation of Homer, submitted to Mrs. Montagu, [198].
- Crewe, Lady, [131], [135].
- Daniel, Samuel, [84], [85], [86].
- Davies, Sir John, [85].
- Decameron, Boccaccio’s, [18] n.
- declamation, fashionable entertainment in salons, [106].
- Deffand, Mme. du, blindness, [61];
- career and salon, [59-64];
- described by Walpole, [59-60];
- ennui, [60], [63];
- letter to Walpole in manner of Mme. de Sévigné, [238];
- opinion of Burke, [67];
- —— of Gibbon, [77];
- —— of Hume, [51];
- —— of Walpole, [57];
- quoted, [7], [13], [62] n., [64], [75], [238];
- relations with Mlle. de Lespinasse, [61];
- —— with Montesquieu, [60] n.;
- —— with Walpole, [27], [63-65];
- type of her century, [34];
- wit, [29].
- Delany, Mrs. Mary, [160-63];
- friendship with Swift, [161];
- interest in Mrs. Yearsley, [205];
- relations with Miss Burney, [162];
- verses, Miss More’s to, [161].
- democracy, in salons, [25];
- theory of, [9].
- Denham, Sir John, [92].
- diary, as a literary type, [254] ff.
- Diderot, Denis, [52].
- Donne, John, relations with the Countess of Bedford, [86-87].
- Drayton, Michael, [85].
- Dryden, John, [92], [96].
- England, French attitude to, [11] ff.
- Englishman in Paris, Foote’s comedy, [42] n.
- epigram, Garrick’s on Goldsmith, [116];
- Johnson’s on Barnard, [116];
- popularity of, in salons, [26], [115-117], [229];
- Young’s on Chesterfield, [116].
- Este, Beatrice d’, [17].
- feminism, in seventeenth century, [98-99].
- femmes savantes, [28], [35], [78], [83], [98] n., [105].
- Ferguson, Adam, [191].
- Fielding, Sarah, [257].
- Fontenelle, Bernard de, [45].
- Foote, Samuel, quoted, [42] n.
- Frederick, Duke of Urbino, [18] ff.
- friendship, in salons, [26] ff., [210].
- Garrick, David, [123], [139] n.;
- declamation, [106];
- verses, [121].
- Gay, John, [100].
- Geoffrin, Mme., career and salon, [47-50];
- charity, [73];
- described by Walpole, [58];
- maxims, [113];
- praised by Mlle. de Lespinasse, [73] ff.;
- referred to, [25];
- relations with Marmontel, [27];
- —— with Walpole, [58] ff.;
- type of her century, [34], [36];
- wit, [29], [48] n.
- Gibbon, Edward, career in salons, [74-80], [211];
- Decline and Fall, popularity of, in salons, [76];
- influence of salon upon, [79];
- Mme. du Deffand’s opinion of, [74-75], [77];
- Mme. Necker’s opinion of, [75];
- quoted, [11];
- relations with Mme. Necker, [77-79];
- Walpole’s opinion of, [76] n.
- Goldsmith, Oliver, account of Parisian salon, [42];
- not a frequenter of the London salon, [211];
- quoted, [32], [103] n., [105], [113];
- visits Mrs. Vesey, [147] n.
- Gonzaga, Elizabeth, of Urbino, [17] ff.; [27], [84].
- gossip, [223], [245], [248-49];
- see also [scandal].
- government, theories of, [11].
- Gray, Thomas, [144];
- at Mrs. Vesey’s, [147].
- Greville, Lady, [153].
- Guibert, Comte de, [67].
- Henrietta Maria, Queen, [88].
- Herries, Lady, [153].
- Hervey, Lady, [135].
- Hesketh, Lady, [197-98].
- Hogarth, William, depiction of the levee, [103].
- Holbach, Baron d’, his salon, [70], [75].
- Holcroft, Thomas, quoted, [112], [170] n.
- Hoole, Rev. Samuel, quoted, [108] ff., [178].
- Hume, Alexander, career in Parisian salons, [50-55];
- death, [55];
- influence of the salon on, [55];
- quarrel with Rousseau, [53] ff.;
- quoted, [5].
- Huntington, Countess of, [87].
- intrigue, flourishes in salons, [89], [95].
- Isabella, of Mantua, [17].
- Italy, courts of, see [courts].
- Johnson, Samuel, conversation, [231] ff.;
- correspondence, [252];
- described by Hoole, [109-10];
- dogmatism, [230];
- levee, [104];
- manner in conversation, [224];
- quarrel with Mrs. Montagu, [199-202];
- quoted, [5], [6], [7], [9], [100], [101], [231] ff.;
- salons, visits, [210-11];
- serenity, [223];
- style in conversation and in writing compared, [229];
- versatility, [226].
- Jonson, Ben, [85].
- Kauffmann, Angelica, [134].
- Kyd, Thomas, [84].
- Lambert, Mme. de, [44].
- landscape, love of, among bluestockings, [148], [176].
- laughter, unpopular in salons, [57].
- Lely, Sir Peter, [97] n.
- Lennox, Charlotte, [257].
- Lespinasse, Julie de, career and salon, [71] ff.;
- relations with Burke, [68];
- —— with d’Alembert, [25];
- —— with Sterne, [71-72];
- Sentimental Journey, imitates, [72] ff.;
- type of romanticism, [34].
- letter-writing, [236] ff.
- levee, [102-05].
- London, a literary centre, [5], [6].
- Lorenzo the Magnificent, [18].
- Lucan, Lady, [135], [153].
- Lyttelton, Lord, Dialogues of the Dead, [167];
- Johnson’s life of, [196] ff.;
- poetry, [157];
- praises Beattie, [190];
- relations with Mrs. Montagu, [139-140], [157].
- Macaulay, Mrs. Catherine, [10], [135].
- Macaulay, Lord, [225], [259], [267], [268].
- Manley, Mrs. Mary, [98], [100].
- Mann, Sir Horace, Walpole’s letters to, [242] n.
- manners, literature of, [3].
- Marmontel, Jean, [52].
- Mascarille, [102].
- Mathias, T. J., [170].
- maxims, see [sentiments].
- Mazarin, Cardinal, [96].
- Mazarin, Duchess of, [96-98].
- men of letters, state of, in eighteenth century, [32].
- Miller, Lady, career and salon, [117-122];
- poems, [120].
- Molière, J. B. P., comedies referred to, [26] n., [28], [29], [102], [107].
- Monckton, Miss, [153].
- Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, [100-01], [237], [252].
- Montagu, Mrs. Elizabeth, achievements, [141];
- assemblies, [138];
- breakfasts, [105];
- conceit, [202-03];
- Dialogues of the Dead, [167-69], [200];
- Essays on Shakespeare, [169-72], [278];
- ‘female Mæcenas,’ [189];
- ‘femme savante,’ a, [140], [171-72];
- influence in literary world, [202];
- learning, [140], [198];
- loyalty, [195];
- patron of the arts, [189-208];
- quarrel with Johnson, [196], [199-202];
- ‘Queen of the Blues,’ [133];
- relations with Barry, [199];
- —— with Beattie, [189-95];
- —— with Cowper, [197-99];
- —— with Lyttelton, [167], [200];
- —— with Mme. du Deffand, [136-37];
- —— with Mrs. Yearsley, [204] ff.;
- —— with Potter, [195];
- —— with Sterne, [202];
- salon, originates in London, [124].
- More, Hannah, [180-88];
- Bas Bleu, [23], [123-25];
- Bleeding Rock, [181];
- description of an assembly, [106] n.;
- Essays, [156], [187];
- Fatal Falsehood, [185-86];
- Florio, [157], [187];
- Inflexible Captive, [181];
- influence of bluestockings on, [180], [188];
- Ode on the Marquess of Worcester, [155];
- Ode to Mrs. Boscawen, [154] ff.;
- Percy, [154], [183-85];
- piety, [186-88];
- relations with Garrick, [181];
- —— with Mrs. Boscawen, [181] ff.;
- —— with Mrs. Yearsley, [204] ff.;
- —— with Walpole, [187];
- romanticism, [182];
- Sensibility, [156];
- Sir Eldred, [181-83];
- ‘Stella,’ [206];
- Thoughts on the Manners of the Great, [188].
- Necker, Mme., career and salon, [77-80];
- quoted, [7], [14], [38], [63] n.;
- relations with Gibbon, [77] ff.;
- —— with Hume, [27];
- —— with Mrs. Montagu, [136].
- Newcastle, Duchess of, [90] n.
- Opie, John, portrait of Miss More, [157].
- Ord, Mrs. Anne, relations with Miss Burney, [159-60];
- salon, [124], [158-159].
- ‘Orinda,’ see [Phillips, Mrs. Katherine].
- Ossian, [176].
- Otway, Thomas, [96].
- Paoli, General, [147] n.
- Paris, attraction for Englishmen, [15], [36], [38].
- patronage, [30], [84], [189] ff.
- Pembroke, Countess of, [84].
- Pepys, Sir William, [123].
- Percy, Bishop, Reliques, [182].
- Phillips, Mrs. Katherine, [91-94].
- Piozzi, Mme., see [Thrale, Mrs. Hester].
- Pix, Mary, [98].
- Platonic love, [88], [91], [93].
- Polignac, Mme. de, [131].
- Portland, Duchess of, [131], [162], [205], [207].
- Potter, Robert, attacks Johnson’s Lives, [196], [270];
- meets Johnson, [196];
- relations with Mrs. Montagu, [195-97].
- précieuses galantes, [88].
- précieuses ridicules, [29].
- Prior, Matthew, relations with Mme. de Tencin, [44] ff.
- pseudonyms, classical, [89], [91], [95], [206].
- Pye, Henry, poem to Mrs. Boscawen, [156] n.
- Queensbury, Duchess of, [100].
- Rambouillet, Hôtel de, [22] ff.;
- Marquise de, [22] ff., [102] n.
- Raynal, Abbé, [144], [150-51].
- Restoration, influence of, on the salon, [89-90].
- Reynolds, Sir Joshua, indebtedness to Johnson’s conversation, [235].
- Richardson, Samuel, his Daughters, [100];
- fame in France, [14].
- Rousseau, J. J., [9], [40], [54], [59], [176].
- Rowe, Nicholas, relations with Mrs. Phillips, [92] n.
- ruelle, [102] n.
- Rutland, Lady, [87].
- Saint Évremond, Charles de, [96-98].
- salon, characteristics, [24] ff.;
- conservatism, [210] ff.;
- conversation in, [25], [125];
- cosmopolitanism of, [43];
- decline of, [209];
- democratic tone, [25];
- failure of, in England, [213];
- first English, [83];
- ideal of, [152];
- influence on authors, [39];
- literary academy, a, [31];
- origin of, [16] ff.;
- original works read aloud, [26], [67], [72] n.;
- patronage, [30], [84], [189] ff.;
- radicalism of, [37];
- room, [24];
- woman’s place in, [16], [33] ff.
- scandal, prevalence of, in salons, [111].
- scepticism, in salons, [10], [37], [42], [52], [150].
- Schwellenberg, Mrs., [260], [264].
- Scudéry, Mlle. de, [26], [95].
- sentiments, popular in salons, [113-15].
- Sévigné, Mme. de, influence of, in England, [237] ff.
- Seward, Anna, [121].
- Shakespeare, William, Mrs. Montagu’s Essay on, [169-72];
- salon spirit in his comedies, [22], [85].
- Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, Rivals, [115];
- School for Scandal, quoted, [103], [104], [107], [112], [115].
- Sheridan, Thomas, [106].
- Spenser, Edmund, [84].
- Sterne, Laurence, describes salons, [37];
- influence of salons upon, [74];
- relations with Mrs. Montagu, [202];
- —— with Mrs. Vesey, [148] ff.;
- Sentimental Journey, quoted, [37], [69];
- imitated by Mlle. de Lespinasse, [72] ff.
- Stillingfleet, Benjamin, [123], [128-30].
- Stuart, Lady Louisa, [126], [139].
- Suckling, Sir John, [89].
- Swift, Jonathan, [100].
- Taylor, Jeremy, relations with Mrs. Phillips, [92-94].
- Tencin, Mme. de, career and salon, [43-47], [102];
- type of her century, [34].
- Tessier, Le, [106].
- Thrale, Hester, Anecdotes of Johnson, [164];
- ——, reception of, [276];
- character, [165];
- not properly a bluestocking, [124];
- relations with Johnson, [163-64];
- —— with Miss Burney, [163-64].
- Tighe, Edward, [106].
- Trotter, Catherine, [98].
- Twickenham Park, salon at, [85].
- Vaughan, Henry, [94].
- Vesey, Agmondesham, [115], [203].
- Vesey, Mrs. Elizabeth, agnosticism, [150];
- bluestocking, use of the word, [130];
- entertains the Literary Club, [33] n., [147];
- relations with Sterne, [148] ff.;
- romanticism, [147], [151];
- salon, [141-52];
- ——, one of the originators, in London, [124].
- Vivonne, Cathérine de, see [Rambouillet, Marquise de].
- Voiture, Vincent, [25].
- Voltaire, François, denounced by bluestockings, [109], [151];
- opinion of, in salons, [37];
- opinion, his, of the English, [12].
- Walpole, Horace, correspondence, art of, [236] ff.;
- gossip, love of, [249-50];
- influence of salons on, [39], [65-66];
- interest in Mrs. Yearsley, [206];
- letter to Rousseau, [54], [59];
- opinion of Gibbon, [76] n.;
- —— of Hume, [51];
- —— of the salon, [56] ff.;
- popularity in Paris, [59];
- quoted, [10], [36], [39], [42], [44] n., [52], [58], [62] n., [66] n., [68], [76] n., [132], [236] ff.;
- relations with Mme. du Deffand, [63-65];
- —— with Mme. Geoffrin, [57];
- salons, career in, [56-66];
- uses the word bluestocking, [132].
- Walsingham, Mrs., [124], [153], [157].
- Woodhouse, the poetical shoemaker, [205].
- Wroth, Lady, [87].
- Yearsley, Mrs. Ann, the poetical milk-woman, career and poems, [204-08].
- Young, Edward, [100], [156] n., [157].
FOOTNOTES:
[1] Hume, Boswell, Burke, and Johnson are quoted in turn. The first reference is to Edinburgh, the rest to London.
[2] Boswell’s Life, Hill’s edition, 2. 75.