[12.] “Lord Lytton,” Sir Edward George. Earle Lytton, son of General William Earle Bulwer, born in 1805. Upon his succeeding to the vast estates of his mother, the heiress of the Lyttons, he by royal license assumed this name, writing it after his own. He is the author of several works, mostly of fiction.
THE CIRCLE OF THE SCIENCES.
[1.] “Syllogism.” Every argument, to be valid, must be placed in regular logical form, which consists of three propositions, two called the premises, and the third the conclusion. The conclusion follows from the premises, so that if the former are true, the conclusion must be. For example: Major premise—It was not lawful to scourge a Roman citizen; minor premise—Paul was a Roman citizen; conclusion—Therefore, it was not lawful to scourge Paul.
[2.] “Dr. Porter.” An American scholar and author, born in 1811. The eleventh president of Yale College.
[3.] “Ruskin,” John. (1819-⸺.) An English author. He has given much attention to the study of art, many of his numerous books being written on that subject.
[4.] “Utopia.” See The Chautauquan for February, 1885.
[5.] “Campanella.” (1568-1639.) An Italian philosopher. He was suspected of joining a conspiracy against the Spanish government, was put to the rack, and finally imprisoned in Spain. Later he was transferred to the inquisition at Rome. On gaining his liberty he went to France. He was famous for undermining other systems of philosophy rather than for establishing one of his own.
[6.] “Owen,” Robert. (1771-1858.) An English social reformer. He lived for a few years in Scotland, where he advocated his theory of communism, an absolute equality in all rights and duties. By the aid of his large fortune he was enabled to distribute great numbers of tracts explaining his views, and these soon won him a large following. He was, however, opposed and attacked on all sides. In 1823 he came to the United States, bought 20,000 acres of land in Indiana, intending to found his community there, but the scheme proved a failure and he returned to England. He spent the rest of his life as a traveler, advocating his views both by his books and public lecturing.
[7.] “Fourier,” (foo-ri-ā) Charles. (1772-1837.) A French writer on social science.